Green Chemistry Series最新文献_第2页

Chapter 15. Governing Resource Flows in a Circular Economy: Rerouting Materials in an Established Policy Landscape 第15章。管理循环经济中的资源流动:在既定的政策环境中重新安排材料

Green Chemistry Series Pub Date : 2019-10-15 DOI: 10.1039/9781788016353-00375

P. Deutz, H. Baxter, D. Gibbs

{"title":"Chapter 15. Governing Resource Flows in a Circular Economy: Rerouting Materials in an Established Policy Landscape","authors":"P. Deutz, H. Baxter, D. Gibbs","doi":"10.1039/9781788016353-00375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016353-00375","url":null,"abstract":"The development of a Circular Economy, whereby resources are kept in circulation for the extraction of maximum value, has captured extensive policy and academic attention. The circularisation of material flows is likely to prove a task for a generation: the challenges are only beginning to be explored and the wider implications are seldom considered. However, circular economy-relevant policies are not new; EU policy makers have already made adjustments to remove inadvertent barriers to resource recovery. This chapter considers how resource recovery in the UK steel industry has been influenced by environmental policies, particularly the 2008 Waste Framework Directive's approach to enabling residues to lose, or avoid altogether, identification as wastes. In this context, we also consider the response to a proposed novel technology to recover vanadium, a high value component, from steel slag. Extensive analysis of policy-related documents at EU and UK level was carried out along with semi-structured stakeholder interviews (including producers of steel slag, industry bodies and regulators). Findings suggest that implementing reforms to earlier regulations necessitates changes to practices engendered by previous institutional arrangements. We face a risk of adding to layers of complexity rather than removing them. Circular economy theory and policy need to be aware of policy legacy.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129832662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Chapter 5. Electrochemistry under Flow Conditions 第五章。流动条件下的电化学

Green Chemistry Series Pub Date : 2019-09-18 DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00153

A. Folgueiras‐Amador, T. Wirth

引用次数: 5

Chapter 2. Green Biotransformations under Flow Conditions 第二章。流动条件下的绿色生物转化

Green Chemistry Series Pub Date : 2019-09-18 DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00050

E. García‐Verdugo, Raúl Porcar, S. Luis, P. Lozano

引用次数: 0

Chapter 14. Integrated Microreaction Systems of Microdevices with Conventional Equipment 第14章。微设备与常规设备的集成微反应系统

Green Chemistry Series Pub Date : 2019-09-18 DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00440

G. Luo, J. Deng, K. Wang

引用次数: 0

Chapter 9. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Nanomaterials 第9章。纳米材料的连续流动合成

Green Chemistry Series Pub Date : 2019-09-18 DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00316

A. Kulkarni, Rajashri B. Jundale

引用次数: 1

Chapter 16. Upscaling the Aza-Diels–Alder Reaction for Pharmaceutical Industrial Needs in Flow Chemistry 第十六章。流动化学中制药工业需要的Aza-Diels-Alder反应的升级

Green Chemistry Series Pub Date : 2019-09-18 DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00485

G. Pascual-Coca, F. Tato, J. F. Soriano, R. Ferritto-Crespo

{"title":"Chapter 16. Upscaling the Aza-Diels–Alder Reaction for Pharmaceutical Industrial Needs in Flow Chemistry","authors":"G. Pascual-Coca, F. Tato, J. F. Soriano, R. Ferritto-Crespo","doi":"10.1039/9781788016094-00485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00485","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, the aza-Diels–Alder (aDA) reaction involving cyclopentadiene (CPD) as a dienophile was optimized and scaled up to obtain 1 kg h−1. The Diels–Alder Reaction (DA) involving CPD is scarce in industrial production because of the difficulty of generating CPD in safe and proper conditions. Here, we describe a methodology to continuously generate CPD up to 60 mL min−1 and incorporate an aDA reaction at a low temperature for industrial scale processing. The optimization of the aDA reaction from batch mode in the lab to a continuous flow, multi-kilogram scale is described in detail. Beyond the role of solvent, temperature and acid catalysis in the reaction, different configurations of flow reactors and different reactor sizes were key to the development and construction of the scale-up process to reach the targeted production. The introduction of static mixers into the flow process had a significative impact on the overall productivity of the system. Particular attention was paid to maintaining green chemical principles, reducing solvent use and minimizing impurities in the process. The final setup reached a continuous simple and safe production, taking full advantage of flow chemistry technological benefits in its operation.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133603190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chapter 4. Perspectives on the Use of Flow Systems to Carry Out Organic Photochemical Reactions 第四章。利用流动系统进行有机光化学反应的展望

Green Chemistry Series Pub Date : 2019-09-18 DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00129

K. Mizuno, K. Kakiuchi

引用次数: 0

Chapter 12. New Microreactor Designs for Practical Applications Realized by Additive Manufacturing 第十二章。基于增材制造的新型微反应器设计

Green Chemistry Series Pub Date : 2019-09-18 DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00388

P. Löb

{"title":"Chapter 12. New Microreactor Designs for Practical Applications Realized by Additive Manufacturing","authors":"P. Löb","doi":"10.1039/9781788016094-00388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00388","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous processing is playing an increasing role in the development and manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. Linked to this development is the interest in flow chemistry that means milli- or even microstructured reactors and their use for continuous processing. These reactors enable a precise control over the chemical process due to their small internal structuring and with that the access to unusual process conditions (Novel Process Windows). Additionally, other more operational advantages of interest for chemical production purposes are linked to the flow chemistry approach – like addressing the need for flexible and modular production concepts, the straightforward scale-up approach and the amenability to automated operation and integration of process analytical technologies. Classic unit operations like mixing and heat exchange are thereby already addressed by a range of commercially available devices. With the advent or broader uptake of additive manufacturing techniques in general, these technologies are also increasingly applied for miniaturized chemical reactors. While current examples mainly stem from lab-scale investigations, there is a clear trend and ambition towards addressing industrial application and the related harsh process conditions and higher throughput ranges. This chapter briefly recaps central aspects of flow chemistry and the related reactor technology before introducing the main additive manufacturing techniques used for the realisation of microsystems and micro- and milli-structured reactors as well as describing corresponding examples. A special focus is given thereby on selective laser melting to realize finely structured 3D chemical reactors in metal since this technique is seen as most promising for realising structured reactors against the background of industrial chemical production.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125744865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Chapter 10. NMR Microcoils for On-line Reaction Monitoring 第十章。用于在线反应监测的核磁共振微线圈

Green Chemistry Series Pub Date : 2019-09-18 DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00340

M. V. Gomez, A. Velders

{"title":"Chapter 10. NMR Microcoils for On-line Reaction Monitoring","authors":"M. V. Gomez, A. Velders","doi":"10.1039/9781788016094-00340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00340","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most important and powerful analytical tools available to the scientific community, and to synthetic chemists in particular. Standard, commercially available, high-field NMR spectrometers (running from 4.7 to 23.5 T, corresponding to 200, respectively 1000 MHz 1H Larmor frequency) have their radiofrequency antennas incorporated in probe heads that allow measuring samples in 5 mm tubes. Commercial probe heads that allow on-flow monitoring of reactions are based on, typically 5 mm, saddle coil designs, but these require relatively large amounts of material and/or have poor filling factors and correspondingly poor mass sensitivity. In 1994 Sweedler and co-workers launched the field of microcoil NMR spectroscopy, and the past two decades have seen several groups starting to fabricate their own small-volume probe-heads. Here we provide an overview of the different types of NMR microcoils that haven been developed to measure volumes in the lower microliter and (sub-)nanoliter scale, and then focus on the main geometries of microcoils exploited for use in reaction monitoring as solenoids, planar spiral, and stripline coils. Several examples are presented of on-flow and stationary reaction monitoring with such microcoils. The rapid progress in the field promises that many more groups will enter the field of NMR microcoil reaction monitoring in the coming years.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125818515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chapter 11. Flow Chemistry Systems Based on Membranes 第十一章。基于膜的流动化学系统

Green Chemistry Series Pub Date : 2019-09-18 DOI: 10.1039/9781788016094-00366

J. Sánchez-Marcano

{"title":"Chapter 11. Flow Chemistry Systems Based on Membranes","authors":"J. Sánchez-Marcano","doi":"10.1039/9781788016094-00366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016094-00366","url":null,"abstract":"In flow chemistry systems based on membranes, a dense or porous membrane is activated with a catalyst or a biocatalyst in order to couple reaction and separation in the same unit, resulting in an intensified process called catalytic membrane reactor (CMR). In this chapter the basic principles and concepts of CMRs are defined and the different configurations: CMRs for selective product removal, CMRs for the selective additions of reactants, flow-through membrane reactors (FTMRs) and enzymatic membrane reactors (EMRs) are described. Furthermore, a short account of some representative works of the peer reviewed literature and monographs works is given. CMRs have been successfully applied at laboratory scale to enhance the conversion of reactions which are limited by the thermodynamic equilibrium through selective product removal, in oxidation and hydrogenation reactions and improving the contact between the catalyst and substrates while decreasing mass transfer limitations. CMRs have already proven economic and strategic value in bio-transformations for the high-added value chemicals production. Such processes which take place at low temperature allow the use of polymer membranes which are commercially available materials. Further advances are expected on the development inorganic membranes for high temperature applications to be applied in high temperature reactions.","PeriodicalId":202204,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128820725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1