Pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Telitacicept versus Belimumab in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Young Ho Lee, Gwan Gyu Song","doi":"10.1159/000553545","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000553545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study was designed to assess the comparative efficacy and safety of telitacicept and belimumab in adult patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science from database inception through March 2026 to identify retrospective observational studies comparing telitacicept and belimumab in adult patients with SLE. A meta-analysis was conducted to pool efficacy data, reporting odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for treatment response. The study protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; Registration No. CRD420261420984).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 215 records screened, 5 studies (676 patients; 340 receiving telitacicept and 336 receiving belimumab) met the inclusion criteria following full-text assessment. Telitacicept was associated with significantly improved rates of lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS) at 24 weeks (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.03-3.39, p = 0.041; 2 studies, I2 = 0%, p = 0.92) and complete renal response at 24 weeks (OR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.10-5.15, p = 0.027; 2 studies, I2 = 0%, p = 0.88) compared to belimumab, utilizing fixed-effects models due to absence of heterogeneity. The Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Responder Index-4 (SRI-4) response at 24 weeks (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.04-3.91, p = 0.038; 1 study) and complete renal response at 52 weeks (OR = 2.67, 95% CI = 1.17-6.09, p = 0.019; 1 study) were also significantly greater with telitacicept. Prednisone tapering to ≤7.5 mg/day at 24 weeks approached statistical significance (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.00-2.43, p = 0.049; 1 study). Analysis of safety endpoints showed no statistically significant differences between groups for overall adverse events (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 0.96-1.53, p = 0.088; 3 studies, I2 = 0%, p = 0.95), or serious adverse events (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.43-1.08, p = 0.072; 2 studies, I2 = 0%, p = 0.89).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Telitacicept suggests greater efficacy over belimumab in achieving LLDAS, SRI-4 response, complete renal response, and reduction in prednisone dosage in patients with SLE, without notable differences in rates of adverse events, serious adverse events, or infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":20209,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13472599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148423523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inflammatory Conditions Determine Glucocorticoid Effects on Spontaneous or Immunoglobulin-Induced Neutrophil Death.","authors":"Marjolaine Hugonnet, Darien Toledo, Giselle Hevia, Stefanie Graeter, Doris Willi, Laurence Feldmeyer, Dietmar Cholewa, Ulf Kessler, Stephan von Gunten","doi":"10.1159/000553445","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000553445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neutrophils play a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. While glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory agents, they are known to promote neutrophil survival, which may worsen neutrophil-driven conditions. In contrast, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and IgA promote neutrophil death, offering potential therapeutic benefits in neutrophil-predominant diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Neutrophils isolated from healthy donors and patients with acute appendicitis, together with an ex vivo appendicitis tissue model, were used to evaluate the effects of IgA, IVIG, and dexamethasone on neutrophil survival and apoptosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, we found that dexamethasone effects on neutrophil survival and its interaction with IVIG-induced neutrophil death are differentially influenced by cytokines or microbial components. Dexamethasone inhibited IVIG-induced neutrophil death in unprimed or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-primed cells, but not in lipopolysaccharide-primed cells. The effects of dexamethasone were mediated by glucocorticoid receptor signaling and genomic regulation, suppressing apoptotic and non-apoptotic death pathways. In an ex vivo model of appendicitis, despite dexamethasone's pro-survival effects, neutrophils underwent significant death in response to IVIG or IgA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight the context-dependent nature of dexamethasone's effects and underscore the importance of local inflammatory or microbial factors in therapeutic outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20209,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148412718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Anifrolumab in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, Extension Studies, and Real-World Cohorts.","authors":"Young Ho Lee, Gwan Gyu Song","doi":"10.1159/000553444","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000553444","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Anifrolumab, a type I interferon receptor antagonist, has shown effectiveness in treating moderate-to-severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To fully understand its long-term efficacy, glucocorticoid (GC)-sparing potential, and cumulative safety profile in everyday clinical practice, it is essential to combine up to 4 years of long-term extension (LTE) trial data with emerging real-world evidence (RWE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was performed across major electronic databases to identify phase 2/3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), LTE studies, and RWE cohorts assessing anifrolumab in SLE. Comparative odds ratios (ORs) for RCTs were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel method, while pooled proportions for single-arm RWE cohorts were estimated using a random-effects model. Primary outcomes included BICLA response, Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS), GC reduction (to ≤7.5 mg/day), and herpes zoster (HZ) incidence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten studies were included, comprising phase 2/3 RCTs, their LTEs (TULIP-LTE, MUSE-LTE), and four European RWE cohorts. In the RCTs (N = 1,093), anifrolumab significantly improved BICLA responses compared to placebo (pooled OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.42-2.41, p < 0.001) and enhanced the likelihood of achieving a target GC dose of ≤ 7.5 mg/day (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.52-3.29, p < 0.001). In the pooled RWE cohorts (N = 294), the estimated attainment rate for LLDAS at 6-12 months was notably high at 75.8% (95% CI 68.4-82.5%). Additionally, 72.5% of real-world patients achieved a >50% reduction in GC dosage. Regarding safety, there was no significant increase in overall serious adverse events (OR 0.82, p = 0.25). Although anifrolumab was linked to a higher risk of HZ (OR 3.45, 95% CI 1.95-6.10, p < 0.001), both LTE and RWE data indicated that these cases were mainly mild to moderate and manageable.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Anifrolumab offers rapid, strong, and sustained disease control while providing significant GC-sparing effects in both tightly controlled clinical trials and diverse real-world populations. The long-term safety profile remains stable; however, preventative measures, such as HZ vaccination, should be implemented as part of standard care.</p>","PeriodicalId":20209,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13461115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148397561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and Efficacy of Efbemalenograstim Alfa for Patients at Risk for Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Prasanjit Das, Sreejoi Dutta, Shampa Maji, Bisweswar Ojha, Alapan Das, Bhairav Kumar Pathak, Arkapal Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.1159/000553270","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000553270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN) and its severe complication, febrile neutropenia, remain major challenges in oncology. Although granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) have reduced the incidence of these complications, limitations related to dosing schedules, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-associated concerns, and pharmacokinetic variability persist. Efbemalenograstim alfa (F-627) is a novel non-PEGylated Fc fusion G-CSF designed for once-per-cycle administration. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of efbemalenograstim alfa compared with placebo or standard G-CSFs in patients at risk of CIN.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024628001). MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and <ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http://ClinicalTrials.gov\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">ClinicalTrials.gov</ext-link> were searched from inception to October 22, 2025. Randomized controlled trials evaluating efbemalenograstim alfa in patients receiving myelotoxic chemotherapy were included. Efficacy outcomes included duration of severe neutropenia (DSN), incidence of severe neutropenia (ISN), and depth of absolute neutrophil count (ANC) nadir. Safety outcomes included adverse events, serious adverse events, and treatment discontinuations. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five randomized controlled trials involving approximately 800 patients with breast cancer receiving myelotoxic chemotherapy were included. Compared with placebo or standard G-CSFs, efbemalenograstim alfa demonstrated comparable efficacy in reducing DSN during the first chemotherapy cycle (MD -0.32 days; 95% CI: -0.79 to 0.14) and ISN (RR 0.86; 95% CI: 0.73-1.03). A significant improvement in ANC nadir was observed (MD + 0.40 ×109/L; p = 0.0002). Rates of serious adverse events (RR 0.71; 95% CI: 0.29-1.70), adverse events, and treatment discontinuations were comparable between groups. Heterogeneity was primarily attributable to the inclusion of a placebo-controlled study.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Efbemalenograstim alfa demonstrated efficacy and safety comparable to currently available long-acting G-CSFs for the prevention of CIN. Its Fc fusion structure enables once-per-cycle administration without PEGylation, supporting its potential as an alternative long-acting G-CSF. Further studies are needed to evaluate long-term outcomes and real-world effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":20209,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13592792/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148387880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ciprofol versus Propofol for General Anesthesia Induction in Major Orthopedic Surgery: Efficacy and Safety Analyses Pertaining to Anesthetic Parameters.","authors":"Xia Yao, Hui Wang, Yue Zhang, Jicheng Han","doi":"10.1159/000552425","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552425","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Propofol is the standard agent for anesthesia induction but is frequently associated with injection-site pain and hemodynamic instability. Ciprofol (HSK3486), a novel GABA_A receptor agonist, has emerged as a potential alternative. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ciprofol compared to propofol when induction of general anesthesia in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, 245 patients (ASA I-II) were allocated into ciprofol (CL, n = 107) or propofol (PL, n = 138) cohorts for major orthopedic surgery. All participants received midazolam (0.03 mg/kg), sufentanil (0.3 μg/kg), and preoxygenation. Induction was initiated with ciprofol (0.4 mg/kg over 30 s) or propofol (2 mg/kg). Successful induction required a modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) score ≤1 within 1 min. Persistent sedation failure necessitated a secondary dose (0.2 mg/kg of in ciprofol in CL cohort; PL: 1 mg/kg propofol in PL cohort). If failure continued, 0.5 mg/kg propofol served as rescue sedation for both groups. Post-intubation, anesthesia was maintained via sevoflurane in 50% oxygen.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both cohorts achieved high induction success rates. One-minute post-administration, the median OAA/S score was 1 for both groups, though the PL cohort exhibited a higher frequency of deep sedation (OAA/S = 0) compared to the CL cohort (p < 0.001). The median time to successful induction was comparable between CL (49 s) and PL (48 s) (p = 0.136). However, the CL cohort demonstrated significantly greater hemodynamic stability, with a lower incidence of hypotension (9% vs. 28% in PL, p < 0.001). Furthermore, ciprofol significantly reduced injection-site pain, with a median VAS of 4 compared to 5 in the propofol group (p < 0.001), and a lower proportion of patients experiencing moderate-to-severe pain (p = 0.018). Bispectral index changes also favored the CL cohort (49.89 ± 3.15 vs. 40 ± 3.35, p < 0.001). Regarding intubation-related adverse events, the PL cohort experienced significantly higher rates of hypotension (28%) compared to the CL cohort (9%; p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ciprofol is a highly effective alternative to propofol for anesthesia induction in major orthopedic surgery. It provides rapid onset and successful sedation while offering superior clinical advantages, specifically reduced injection-site pain and enhanced hemodynamic stability during the critical induction and intubation phases.</p>","PeriodicalId":20209,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147960221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiplatelet Therapy after Endovascular Intracranial Aneurysm Surgery: Comparative Effectiveness and Safety Insights from Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Qiuling Chen, Yaowang Lin, Cheng Liu, Qiuqiong Jiang, Jianglin Li, Hui Zhan","doi":"10.1159/000552257","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms - particularly stent-assisted coiling and flow diversion (FD) - requires antiplatelet (AP) therapy to prevent thromboembolic complications. However, standard fixed-dose regimens may not account for individual variability in drug response or device-specific thrombogenicity. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of tailored AP protocols versus standard regimens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library identified 27 eligible studies (n = 8,452 patients) comparing tailored AP strategies - including platelet function testing (PFT)-guided adjustments, potent P2Y12 inhibitors, and surface-modified device protocols - with standard dual AP therapy. Primary outcomes were thromboembolic events and major hemorrhage within 30 days. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model with a 2× scaling factor and 1.0 continuity correction to address zero-event cells (\"Khanafer effect\"). Subgroup and trial sequential analyses (TSAs) were conducted to assess robustness and certainty.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tailored AP protocols significantly reduced thromboembolic events (RR 0.45; 95% CI: 0.37-0.54; p < 0.001), with TSA confirming adequate information size. Major hemorrhage was also reduced (RR 0.52; 95% CI: 0.32-0.83; p < 0.05), though heterogeneity was high (I2 = 77.5%). Subgroup analysis revealed the greatest benefit in surface-modified FD using single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) (RR 0.06 for ischemia; RR 0.11 for hemorrhage). Tailored clopidogrel (PFT-guided) and potent P2Y12 inhibitors (prasugrel/ticagrelor) both demonstrated superior ischemic protection without increasing bleeding risk. Efficacy was consistent across ruptured and unruptured aneurysm cohorts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Tailored AP therapy significantly improves ischemic outcomes without compromising safety in patients undergoing endovascular aneurysm treatment. Surface-modified devices enabling SAPT offer a promising evolution in neurointerventional care. These findings support a shift from fixed-dose regimens toward personalized protocols informed by platelet biology and device technology. Further large-scale trials are warranted to standardize individualized AP strategies into clinical guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":20209,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147960240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects and Safety of <italic>Ginkgo biloba</italic> Extract on Hyperlipidemia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Ke Wang, Yan Sun, Xuying Zhu, Liyu Tao, Xiaoyu Liang, Siyan Xu, Yiding Sun","doi":"10.1159/000552374","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552374","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Previous studies have explored the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (Gbe) on hyperlipidemia; however, the results were inconclusive. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of Gbe on hyperlipidemia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Wanfang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched until December 31, 2024. Mean difference was pooled using random-effects models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten randomized controlled trials were included in our study. Compared with proprietary Chinese medicine, the effect of Gbe on hyperlipidemia was not statistically significant, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Compared with western medicine, the effect of Gbe on HDL was statistically significant (MD = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.28, I2 = 81.06%, p = 0.017), not on TC, TG, and LDL. In the age-specific analysis, we found that the effect of Gbe on TC was statistically significant among 50-60 age group (MD = -0.43, 95% CI = -0.85, -0.01, I2 = 83.76%, p = 0.042). Notably, among participants aged ≤50 years, TG reduction is greater in the control group than in the Gbe group (MD = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.21, I2 = 0.00%, p = 0.012). In the dose-specific analysis, the medium-dose group of Gbe had a more significant reduction on TC and TG (TC: MD = -0.69, 95% CI = -1.02, -0.37, I2 = 51.3%, p < 0.001; TG: MD = -0.34, 95% CI = -0.53, -0.15, I2 = 0.00%, p = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Gbe demonstrates a greater therapeutic effect on HDL compared with Western medicine and shows non-inferiority to proprietary Chinese medicine in improving HDL levels. Gbe shows a significant therapeutic effect on TC levels among individuals aged 50-60 years and in the medium-dose group.</p>","PeriodicalId":20209,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and Safety of Avacopan in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Young Ho Lee, Gwan Gyu Song","doi":"10.1159/000551892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Avacopan, an oral C5a receptor antagonist, has been identified as a promising glucocorticoid-sparing agent in the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). Although individual randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have indicated its therapeutic potential, there remains a need for comprehensive integration of efficacy and safety data to guide clinical decision-making.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a meta-analysis of three pivotal RCTs-CLASSIC (n = 42), CLEAR (n = 67), and ADVOCATE (n = 331)-including a total of 440 individuals diagnosed with AAV. Primary endpoints encompassed clinical response, sustained and early remission rates, changes in renal function, as well as safety outcomes such as serious adverse events, infections, organ toxicity, hematologic complications, and glucocorticoid-related adverse effects. Summary effect estimates were derived using risk ratios (RR), mean differences (MD), and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Study heterogeneity was quantified using the I² statistic and corresponding p-values.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Avacopan was associated with efficacy outcomes that were equivalent to or exceeded those achieved with standard-of-care regimens. Clinical response (RR = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.98-1.19) and early remission (RR = 2.85; 95% CI: 0.95-8.54) favored avacopan. Improvements in renal parameters, including eGFR and renal response, were consistent but modest. Notably, avacopan substantially decreased glucocorticoid-related adverse events (RR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.70-0.87; p <0.0001), particularly the incidence of diabetes, psychiatric complications, and general GC toxicity. Avacopan did not result in any significant increase in serious infections, mortality, or treatment discontinuations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Avacopan represents a highly effective and safer option compared to traditional glucocorticoid-based regimens for AAV. The capacity to sustain disease remission with reduced steroid-associated harm highlights its potential utility in evolving vasculitis treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20209,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147634098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Statement.","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000549042","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000549042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article \"Tanshinone IIA Affects Autophagy and Apoptosis of Glioma Cells by Inhibiting Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway\" [Pharmacology. 2017;99(3-4):188-195. https://doi.org/10.1159/000452340] by Lijuan Ding, Shudong Wang, Weiyao Wang, Peng Lv, Donghai Zhao, Feier Chen, Tianjiao Meng, Lihua Dong and Ling Qi has been retracted by the Publisher and the Editor.After the publication of this article, concerns were raised about the integrity of some of the data presented. Specifically, similar features appear between the two panels \"FITC-A 740 Y-P\" and \"FITC-A Mixed\" in Figure 3b of the article. In addition, panels in Figure 3b of this article are the same as panels in Figure 3 of another article by different authors, published subsequently in a different journal [1], specifically:Figure 3b panel \"FITC-A Tan IIA\" is the same as Figure 3c of [1].Figure 3b panel \"FITC-A 740 Y-P\" is the same as Figure 3a of [1].Figure 3b panel \"FITC-A Mixed\" is the same as Figure 3b of [1].The authors did not respond to requests to comment on the concerns and provide the raw data within the given timeframe despite multiple attempts of contact. We contacted the authors' institution to request an investigation. However, we did not receive a response. Given the severity of the concerns raised, this article is being retracted. The authors have not responded to our correspondence regarding this retraction despite multiple attempts of contact.</p>","PeriodicalId":20209,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"50"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145573658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Management of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Perspectives.","authors":"Nan Li, Likun Liu, Xixing Wang, Shulan Hao","doi":"10.1159/000549133","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000549133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, and the liver is its main site of distant metastasis. Colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) is a major cause of CRC-related death. Current treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, have limited efficacy and often cause substantial side effects.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review examines the emerging role of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in managing CRLM, focusing on its ability to modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, suppressing angiogenesis, and reversing immune evasion. TCM provides a holistic, multi-targeted approach, but most supporting evidence comes from preclinical studies in cell and animal models, with limited clinical validation.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>TCM shows promise for targeting the CRLM-related TME. Most evidence is preclinical; well-designed clinical trials are urgently needed. Standardization, pharmacokinetics, and regulatory issues remain major barriers to clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":20209,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"33-49"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145541756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}