Camera Praehistorica最新文献

{"title":"The age and cultural affiliation of the Ekven burial ground through the analysis of its ceramic collection","authors":"Oksana Yanshina","doi":"10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-96-115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-96-115","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main problems in studying the Ekven burial ground is determining its age and cultural affiliation. From the very first years of its research to the present, the typology of harpoon tips and the stylistic analysis of ornaments on bone items constitute the basis for solving the corresponding range of issues. This approach allowed defining that the burial ground belongs to the early phase of the sequence of the Neo-Eskimo cultures, namely the Old Bering Sea culture. Meanwhile, an analysis of the ceramic collection of the Ekven burial ground shows that the site contains only ceramics typical of the late Birnirk culture, characterized by circular and arched ornamental patterns. This differentiate the Ekven burial ground from other reference sites of the ancient Bering Sea culture located on the American side of the Bering Strait and containing ceramics that preserve the ancient traditions of Paleo-Eskimo ceramics, characterized by linear and “checked” imprints on the vessels surfaces. Such situation is rather contradictory and requires some explanation. Apparently, the materials from the Ekven burial ground have not yet been fully understood, and research to determine its cultural affiliation needs to be continued. The article provides a brief overview of the materials related to the establishment of cultural and chronological affiliation of the burial ground, summarizes the data on its absolute dating and the results of the analysis of its ceramics. Several possibilities for resolving the contradictions that arose after studying the Ekven ceramic collection are discussed.","PeriodicalId":202037,"journal":{"name":"Camera Praehistorica","volume":"641 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139178640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Directions and dynamics of population processes in Siberia and the Far East during the Neolithic-Bronze and Early Iron Ages: cranial metric evidence","authors":"V. Moiseyev, A. Zubova","doi":"10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-116-129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-116-129","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study is estimation of direction and dynamics of population processes from Neolithic to historical times on the vast territories of Northern Eurasia including Siberia, Russian Far East and Japanese archipelago. To achieve this cranial metric data on 62 ancient and 40 historical samples were analyzed by means of canonical variate analysis using mean intra-group correlation matrix. The obtained results reveal that in Neolithic three basal group of population can be detected in Siberia and Far East mainland. Basically the interaction of these groups explains morphological population landscape in post-Neolithic times. The first group, represented by the Baraba Neolithic series, is obviously the descendants of the Upper Paleolithic tribes of Western and Central Siberia. The second group is related to Boisman-2 sample from Primorye. The cranial characteristics of this series can be detected in Neolithic from Primorye to Baikal region. The third group is represented by a cranial series from the Diring-Yuryakh burial ground of the Ymyakhtakh culture located in Yakutia (Sаkha). Although this sample is not closely related to other ancient series used in the analyses it contributed to historical ethnic groups adjacent to Tuva and Mongolia. In Western Siberia massive gene flow related to Afanasievo in Eneolithic and especially Andronovo people in Bronze Age is detected. At the end of the Early Iron Age, the western migration vector changed to the eastern one. The results of canonical variate analysis reveal high level of morphological similarity between Baraba Neolithic sample, Jomon, and Epi-jomon. This result needs to be verified by other independent sources including morphologic and genetic studies.","PeriodicalId":202037,"journal":{"name":"Camera Praehistorica","volume":"112 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139178417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The east of the Neanderthal universe: a comparative analysis of Sukhaya Mechetka and Altai Micoquian complexes","authors":"Ksenyia Kolobova, A. Kharevich, P. Chistyakov, E. Bocharova, I. Tyugashev, Sergey Markin, John Olsen","doi":"10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-20-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-20-39","url":null,"abstract":"Late European Neanderthals, associated with the Micoquian techno-complex, spread over vast area from Western Europe to the Altai. There were no sites found in the territories to the east of the Volga region. The key site of the Eastern Micoquian, Sukhaya Mechetka, which was discovered in 1951 in the Volgograd region, was for a long time the eastern outpost of Neanderthals in Eurasia. In the last five years, the results of paleogenetic analysis have confirmed the archaeological hypothesis of the migration of late European Neanderthals, the producers of the Micoquian, from Central and Eastern Europe to Altai. Until then, the genesis of Altai industries was associated with a wide range of European and Near Eastern techno-complexes, and anthropological remains were interpreted more in a Near Eastern context. In this regard, the industry of the Sukhaya Mechetka site, located on the route of the supposed migration of the Micoquians, acquires additional relevance in the research of the variability of the easternmost complexes of this cultural tradition. The attributive and technological analysis of tool kit from Sukhaya Mechetka was carried out and, using mathematical statistics methods, their results were compared with the available data on the Altai sites: Chagyrskaya and Okladnikov Caves. The new data were supplemented by the published materials from the Sukhaya Mechetka site. As a result, high level of technical-typological similarity of the compared industries in the context of primary flaking, bifacial tool production, tool typology and morphology was revealed. The structure of the Sukhaya Mechetka tool kit is closest to the Chagirskaya Сave, which is characterized by a large number of simple side-scrapers. At the same time, the site lacks of high-quality raw materials used to make bifacial items and intensively worked unifacial tools. In the Okladnikov Cave complexes this deficit is less. In composition and morphology of unifacial and bifacial tools, Sukhaya Mechetka is closest to the assemblages of the Antonovka I site and Chagyrkaya Cave. They share similarity with Okladnikov Cave in terms of a significant number of leaf-shaped and crescent-shaped tools. Some new characteristics were additionally determined for the assemblage of Sukhaya Mechetka. It was established that the primary decortications of cores was carried out outside the site. We also reconstructed the stages of production, rejuvenating and reshaping of bifaces on the site.","PeriodicalId":202037,"journal":{"name":"Camera Praehistorica","volume":"304 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139177746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size does matter: metric variability of the upper second molars and differentiation of the Middle and Late Pleistocene Homo in Eurasia","authors":"A. Zubova, V. Moiseyev","doi":"10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-144-156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-144-156","url":null,"abstract":"Dental data are one of the most important sources of information on the evolution of ancient hominids. It preserves information about both the early stages of ontogenesis and the postnatal period of life. It is generally accepted that one of the main evolutionary trend within the genus Homo over the past two million years was reduction of teeth size. This trend substantially accelerated in modern Homo sapiens during the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic. It is assumed that a number of factors could influence the teeth reduction process. However, no detailed understanding of its patterns, limits and chronological and territorial variability has been revealed so far. In this study, we analyze the variability of the upper second molar sizes in Neanderthals, Denisovans, Homo antecessor, Middle Pleistocene Homo from Sierra de Atapuerca (Gran Dolina), Homo erectus, Middle and Late Pleistocene Homo from China other than H. erectus, and compare them with the characteristics of the modern H. sapiens. The main goal of our analysis was to identify local chronological and geographical patterns in the evolution of the size of the second upper molars and assess their compliance with the general epochal trend. The results of the analysis showed that before the appearance of the Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens, two distinct local trends existed on the territory of Eurasia. The first trend, which can be detected in the European pre-sapiens humans, was a decrease in the molar size of the upper second molars. The second one, which got spread in the Middle Pleistocene in Asia, on the contrary, consisted of a sharp increase of the molar size, which formed the morphological specificity of the Denisovan lineage. No stable geographic differentiations of the size of the upper second molars are observed within H. sapiens sample.","PeriodicalId":202037,"journal":{"name":"Camera Praehistorica","volume":"758 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139178246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal bones with impact holes from the Upper Paleolithic sites of Byki","authors":"Natalya Akhmetgaleeva, Natalya Burova","doi":"10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-56-65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-56-65","url":null,"abstract":"The work is focused on the analysis of two holes of impact origin on the tubular bones of ungulates from the Upper Paleolithic sites of Byki on the Seim River. The materials of the sites belong to the Bykovskaya archaeological culture of hunters on ungulates and small fur animals. The dating of the sites is about 20-19 kur BP. A detailed description of the features of the identified holes is given. Assumptions based on traceological analysis of the edges of the pits, the nature of the damage and the possible causes of their occurrence are considered. The first hole was recorded on the humerus of a horse from the Byki-1 site. It has elliptical shape and is located near the epiphysis on the lateral side of the diaphysis. It can be characterized as a perforated-depressed fracture of bone tissue. The nature of the damage to the bone indicates that the hole was caused by a close-range blow to soft tissue as a result of hunting activity. The second hole of impact origin is located on a fragment of a metatarsal bone of a reindeer from the Byki-7 (Ia) site. This is a figure-of-eight shape hole, located near the epiphysis. The bone is broken off along a similar hole located on the reverse side opposite the first hole. Presumably, this fragment of bone was part of some kind of item, and the holes were needed for fastening. However, the primary throwing origin of the holes cannot be ruled out.","PeriodicalId":202037,"journal":{"name":"Camera Praehistorica","volume":"243 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139177334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bone cuts-marks: the effect of inclination and lithic tool type on morphometric characteristics","authors":"A.S. Koliasnikova, Ksenyia Kolobova, P. Chistyakov, Arthur Gicqueau","doi":"10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-40-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-40-55","url":null,"abstract":"The study of cut-marks on bones from archaeological complexes is required to reconstruct many aspects of societies’ activities, including hunting, economic and food activities of ancient humans. The profile of cut-marks can be influenced by shape of the tool edge and its inclination to the bone. To determine this influence an experimental modeling was carried out. Experimental lithic tools were used to produce cut-marks at 90˚ and 45˚ to the bone surface of the cleaned from meat domestic cow’s scapula. Classical statistical methods were applied to analyze the metric parameters and the opening angle. To analyze the shape without dimensional characteristics, the 2D geometric-morphometric analysis was used. Cross sections for geometric-morphometric analysis were obtained using an industrial profilometer. The results reveal that the type of stone tool and its position in the hand during operation significantly influence the shape and size of cut-marks. Perpendicular cutting marks are on average deeper and have a smaller opening angle than those produced by oblique cutting for the three cutting edge types. Several groups of cuts made by different types of blades, but at the same angle, have similar opening angles, while when one tool is held differently, the opening angles differ significantly. The cut-marks made with one-sided and two-sided retouched tools differ in size and opening angle at different inclinations of the tools, but have the similar shape. The traces made with an unretouched edge have different shape and size according to the inclination of the tool. This study is the first step to create a digital comparative collection of experimental cuts that will be used for further studies of cut-marks.","PeriodicalId":202037,"journal":{"name":"Camera Praehistorica","volume":"117 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139178444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dental and alveolar pathologies of the Early Iron Age population of the Upper Ob region based on the materials of the Bystrovka-3 burial ground)","authors":"M. Kishkurno","doi":"10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-130-143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-130-143","url":null,"abstract":"The study is focused on the analysis of distribution of the dentoalveolar pathologies (caries, calculus, periodontitis, dental fluorosis, antemortem enamel chips, alveolar abscess, antemortem loss of teeth), which are generally used for revealing the diet component composition of ancient groups and as the markers of the stress episodes (enamel hypoplasia, child dental caries). In addition, several anomalies in the structure of the dentition (dystopia, crowding, hypo- and hyperdentia) are considered. The study is based on the anthropological materials of the Bolsherechenskaya culture of the Bystrovka-3 burial ground, dated to the second half of the 1st millennium BC. The series consist of 130 skulls: 46 male, 34 female, 26 infants and 24 individuals whose gender could not be determined. The frequencies of the pathologies of the Bystrovka-3 sample were compared with those of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages populations of Western Siberia. The results of the study reveals that diet of the Bystrovka-3 people included both animal and plant products. The presence of endemic fluorosis on the teeth of four people (two female and two infants) may indicate the migration of a small group of people from outer regions with high fluoride content in soil and water to the Bolsherechye area. It was also found that the representatives of the study group experienced significant stress caused by adverse environment event. In addition, in the main group several rather rare dentoalveolar anomalies were identified, which, according to some researchers, are hereditary. Comparative analysis of frequencies of dentoalveolar pathology of the study group and the Neolithic-Bronze Age population of the south of Western Siberia revealed that the component composition of the diet of Bolsherechye people had significant differences from that of the Bronze Age pastoralists and is more similar to the Neolithic and pre-Andronovo bronze populations of Baraba forest-steppe, which had similar economy structure based on fishing, gathering and hunting.","PeriodicalId":202037,"journal":{"name":"Camera Praehistorica","volume":"124 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139177884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kostenki 4 ground stone tools in the collection of Kunstkamera museum (MAE RAS)","authors":"M. Zheltova, Sergey Lisitsyn","doi":"10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-66-95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-66-95","url":null,"abstract":"Tools made of soft rock materials at the Upper Paleolithic sites are usually represented by pebbles that were used for various domestic purposes without intentional modification of their shape. In the Neolithic period, the anisotropic stone raw materials were processed for manufacturing tools (such as axes, adzes, chisels, etc.) by abrasion — grinding, cutting edge sharpening, surface polishing. During the Upper Paleolithic, the occurrences of this technology use are rare due to the lesser role of woodworking in the life of glacial hunters. An exception is a series of ground tools from the Pavlovian sites in Central Europe, as well as from a few Gravettian sites similar to them by culture in the Kostenki-Borshchevo locality on the river Don. The largest assemblage of the ground tools originating from the site Kostenki 4 (excavations by A.N. Rogachev in 1937–1938) is housed in MAE RAS. Among these items there are rounded biconvex and plano-convex items (discs), rod-shaped and bullet-shaped items, as well as objects and fragments with polished surfaces and edges. The site comprises materials of a full cycle of manufacturing polished products, including a set of raw materials — quartzite abrasive tiles, pebbles and pieces of slate, dolomite, marl. The major part of collection consist of a series of bifacially treated blanks and amorphous items with the localized grindings. Polished discs and rods stand out for their peculiarity even against the background of the Holocene Stone Age ground tools, remaining beyond typological analogies. The traces of utilization such as short scratches and dints have surface localization instead of cutting edges or tips. The function of these objects as retouchers was determined through a traceological examination by S.A. Semenov. However, the presence of commonly used pebble and flint retouchers in the collection, combined with labor costs during grinding and mass production of such items, leaves the question of their usage open. The article presents a description of polished items from the collection of Kostenki 4, stored in the MAE (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as the results of studying the issues of their manufacture and functioning.","PeriodicalId":202037,"journal":{"name":"Camera Praehistorica","volume":"123 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139177429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation of non-professional estimates of sex and age on the bones of the skeleton: results of testing participants in the search movement","authors":"I. Shirobokov","doi":"10.31250/2658-3828-2023-1-130-137.","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/2658-3828-2023-1-130-137.","url":null,"abstract":"Participants of the search movement in Russia theoretically should possess basic knowledge about the anatomy of the human skeleton, as well as age and sex-related bone variability. In practice, the knowledge of searchers in this field depends solely on their personal interest in studying the subject. The results of testing, which examined the ability of searchers to use graphic schemes for determining sex and age, were quite low. The ratings are characterized not only by extreme variability but often poorly correlate with the proposed analysis schemes. More experienced searchers were generally more accurate in their evaluations. This circumstance is probably more related to their greater concentration on the task than to real positive experience of comparing skeletal characteristics and a person’s passport age. Undoubtedly, the unsatisfactory results are partly explained by the conditions of the test — the mass gathering of a large number of people, background noise in the hall, and time constraints of the event. Overall, the testing proved to be eloquent evidence of the low effectiveness of group classes devoted to anthropological techniques for individuals not specializing in anthropology.","PeriodicalId":202037,"journal":{"name":"Camera Praehistorica","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122057621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Stone Age Sannikov Land: human dimensions","authors":"V. Pitulko","doi":"10.31250/2658-3828-2023-1-30-83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31250/2658-3828-2023-1-30-83","url":null,"abstract":"The New Siberian Islands are one of the most remote and hardly accessible regions of the Russian Arctic. Due to that, their discovery and initial study took about 300 years. For dozens of thousand years during the Late Pleistocene, this area was a part of drained arctic shelf, a part of which still existed around 9000 years ago. In certain sense, it was the Sannikov Land of the Stone Age. In 1914, the Zhokhov Island became the last one to be discovered out of large islands of the archipelago. Fifty years afterwards, archaeological material was found on it. The Zhokhov site, studied in 1989–1990 and 2000–2005, is one of the northernmost archaeological sites in the world. Human activity at the Zhokhov site falls within the interval 8300–7750 14C years ago, with the most intense occupation spanning 8050–7900 14C BP, that is, roughly CA 9000 calendar years ago. Excavations yielded a unique collection that includes lithic material presenting microprismatic technology, polished stone tools, a variety of artefacts made of non-durable materials (diverse osseous material and wood), including hunting equipment, home utensils, basketry and birch bark products, as well as sled parts. Excavations yielded a large number of animal bone remains, almost exclusively belonging to the reindeer and polar bear. It is shown that in the reconstructed annual economic cycle of the Zhokhov dwellers in winter, the most important role was played by polar bear hunting. Mass procurement of this dangerous animal for food is a unique hunting specialization, while mass accumulation of his bone remains can not be taken as an evidence for the bear cult. It is shown, that the Zhokhov hunters widely used dog sleds and thus the land transportation system was the most important innovation of the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary. The Zhokhov site environments of 9000 years ago were quite comfortable for the Arctic regions. Open landscapes were the most important feature of their habitat providing unlimited opportunities for traveling across the region, especially in winter and spring and thus provided conditions for effective movement of people goods, and genes including long-distance transport.","PeriodicalId":202037,"journal":{"name":"Camera Praehistorica","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126942060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}