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COURTS MARTIAL AND THE CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE OF THE ROMANIAN ARMY IN WORLD WAR ONE 第一次世界大战中罗马尼亚军队的军事法庭和军事司法法典
STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.53477/2668-5094-21-26
Liviu Corciu
{"title":"COURTS MARTIAL AND THE CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE OF THE ROMANIAN ARMY IN WORLD WAR ONE","authors":"Liviu Corciu","doi":"10.53477/2668-5094-21-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-26","url":null,"abstract":"The century that passed over the memories of the Great War, as it was called in the era, should allow all of us, no matter what side we had chosen at that time, to think on allaspects of the day-by-day life in the frontline. And to admit as well, that not all the soldiers and officers who had taken part in, were heroes. They were normal people, with hearts and feelings, trapped in an abnormal environment, fighting for their side of “King and Country” against all destructive means of the industrial war. So, it was of great importance to maintain a proper discipline among those troops which were sent day after day in slaughter attacks. And for this reason, was used the military justice and the Code of military justice, named differently by country, but having the same role: to support the war effort. One of the supportive elements was the preemptive effect, the deterrence of any potential act of breaking the discipline. Equally counted the way this contribution came into effect.Keywords: military justice; discipline; court martial; world war; war effort.","PeriodicalId":202020,"journal":{"name":"STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132996760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CHINESE ENGAGEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA AND EUROPE: INSIGHTS FOR ROMANIA 中国在拉丁美洲和欧洲的参与:罗马尼亚的见解
STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.53477/2668-5094-21-15
R. Ellis
{"title":"CHINESE ENGAGEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA AND EUROPE: INSIGHTS FOR ROMANIA","authors":"R. Ellis","doi":"10.53477/2668-5094-21-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-15","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines Chinese commercial, political, and security engagement with Latin America and the Caribbean, comparing it with similar engagement in Europe. It findsevidence that PRC engagement globally is driven by a strategy focused on re-orienting the world to the economic benefit of the PRC, with nonetheless important political, institutional,and security engagement in support of these objectives and the consequences of their pursuit. It finds common elements in China’s pursuit of secure sources of supply, markets andtechnology across regions, its use of the PRC government supporting roles, with differences reflecting the governance and political structure of each partner, the economic opportunitiesavailable, and the imperatives of geography. It finds that PRC “soft power” over political and business elites in both regions is significant, based more in the expectation of benefit than analignment of values, and thus can coexist with mistrust of the PRC. It finds that Europe can not only gain insights from examining Chinese engagement in Latin America, but that engagementimpacts Europe directly through the roles of its companies as both competitors and partners of European ones in the region, and through intraregional supply chains and the flows of fundsthrough mergers and acquisitions by China of stakes in European companies.Keywords: PRC, China, Latin America, Belt and Road, BRI, Infrastructure, Security Engagement.","PeriodicalId":202020,"journal":{"name":"STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College","volume":"57 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126009559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
HMONG. THE SECRET ARMY 苗族。秘密军队
STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.53477/2668-5094-21-25
George Bizadea
{"title":"HMONG. THE SECRET ARMY","authors":"George Bizadea","doi":"10.53477/2668-5094-21-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-25","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to analyze the role of the Hmong population in the Indochina conflict. US President Dwight D. Eisenhower considered Laos a buffer state according to theDominion Theory and as such much more strategically important than Vietnam. To avoid the fall of Laos under communism and thus the spread of communism in the region, Eisenhower turned to the services of the C.I.A., because he could not intervene officially in Laos without violating the Geneva Convention.Keywords: Indochina; Laos; Vietnam; war; United States of America; Hmong, Central Intelligence Agency.","PeriodicalId":202020,"journal":{"name":"STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114589557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
ASPECTS REGARDING THE MANAGEMENT OF UNCONVENTIONAL THREATS 非常规威胁管理方面
STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.53477/2668-5094-21-04
Sergiu-Mihai Ioniță
{"title":"ASPECTS REGARDING THE MANAGEMENT OF UNCONVENTIONAL THREATS","authors":"Sergiu-Mihai Ioniță","doi":"10.53477/2668-5094-21-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Our research focuses on analysis of the extended international framework of cooperation for countering unconventional threats and on detailing the modalities ofintelligence and police cooperation in the field of contemporary unconventional threats.Keywords: security; cooperation; threats; terrorism; organized crime; prevention; tackling","PeriodicalId":202020,"journal":{"name":"STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125971207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
THE POWER OF STATES AS THE BASIS FOR PROMOTING NATIONAL INTERESTS IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 在国际关系体系中，国家权力是促进国家利益的基础
STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.53477/2668-5094-21-10
A. Stoica
{"title":"THE POWER OF STATES AS THE BASIS FOR PROMOTING NATIONAL INTERESTS IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS","authors":"A. Stoica","doi":"10.53477/2668-5094-21-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-10","url":null,"abstract":"The exercise of national power by each state is an accepted reality of international relations. Its individual power and distribution is one of the major determinants of a state'sbehaviour in international relations. However, the unlimited use of power by states can be a source of war, anarchy and chaos in international relations. State power, its estimates and measurement tools have always been a matter of interest to political and military leaders, who needed fairly objective parameters to make decisions with fundamental implications for the evolution and behaviour of states in the system of international relations. These issues of state power are the focus of this article.Keywords: power, elements of power, determinants of power, national interests, international relations, quantification of state power.","PeriodicalId":202020,"journal":{"name":"STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126071633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
FORECASTS OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY IN THE POSTPANDEMIC PERIOD 大流行后时期经济复苏的预测
STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.53477/2668-5094-21-24
D. Mureşan
{"title":"FORECASTS OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY IN THE POSTPANDEMIC PERIOD","authors":"D. Mureşan","doi":"10.53477/2668-5094-21-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-24","url":null,"abstract":"The globalized system brings with it global problems, solvable through solutions applied worldwide, with the involvement of global and regional actors. The COVID-19pandemic that humanity has gone through has led to an integrative process of managerial policies and practices, through which competing states, and not only, that have so far developed on the idea of adversity, have become functionally compatible. This proves that the fundamental advantage at the end of the global pandemic can be determined, which is the ability of organizations to generate models, solutions and directions relevant to overcoming crises.Organizations have had to respond to a sudden, unforeseen crisis, the rapidly changing nature of which shows that organizational readiness depends on the ability to make use of human strengths, such as decision-making and adaptability, not just during a one-time crisis, but on a regular basis. It means constantly cultivating resilience, courage, judgment and flexibility to navigate a dynamic reality. Keywords: digital economy, pandemic crisis, economic recovery.","PeriodicalId":202020,"journal":{"name":"STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123127910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO COUNTER UNCONVENTIONAL THREATS 应对非常规威胁的国际合作概念框架
STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.53477/2668-5094-21-03
Sergiu-Mihai Ioniță
{"title":"CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO COUNTER UNCONVENTIONAL THREATS","authors":"Sergiu-Mihai Ioniță","doi":"10.53477/2668-5094-21-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-03","url":null,"abstract":"Unconventional threats to the security climate in South-Eastern Europe and, specifically oriented on states openly engaged in the fight against international terrorism,organized crime and the proliferation of WMD (weapons of mass destruction) will persist due to logistical disparities between states. Regarding common work, aimed at applying juridicinternational framework, in the field of fighting terrorism, in the field of countering crime, measures such as cutting terrorism financing, denying access of terrorist groups to biologicand chemical substances, devices or nuclear technologies, communication systems are a common necessity for all nowadays democratic countries.In this paper, our research focuses on the analysis of the extended framework of international cooperation for counterting unconventional threats and on detailing the modalities ofinformative and police cooperation in the field of contemporary unconventional threats.Keywords: security, cooperation, threats, terrorism, organized crime, prevention, countering.","PeriodicalId":202020,"journal":{"name":"STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127065176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
THE UNEXPLOITED POTENTIAL OF RELATIONS WITH INDONESIA, A LONG-TERM GEOSTRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP 与印尼关系的未开发潜力，一种长期的地缘战略伙伴关系
STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.53477/2668-5094-21-21
Dragoș Andrei Sîrbu
{"title":"THE UNEXPLOITED POTENTIAL OF RELATIONS WITH INDONESIA, A LONG-TERM GEOSTRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP","authors":"Dragoș Andrei Sîrbu","doi":"10.53477/2668-5094-21-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-21","url":null,"abstract":"Trade and investment exchanges between Romania and Indonesia are almost nonexistent. However, Indonesia, the largest economy within the Association of Southeast AsianNations (ASEAN) and also a country on a gradually rise, consolidated and visible on the global stage, being considered the sixth emerging economy in the world, represents the premises for the exploitation of the special economic potential that can outline a geostrategic construction of the Romanian-Indonesian bilateral relations.Keywords: EU, Indonesia, Romania, ASEAN, trade, bilateral relations, strategic partnership","PeriodicalId":202020,"journal":{"name":"STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College","volume":"534 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124515705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
MILITARY EDUCATION AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF COMPLEMENTARY VALUES IN ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVES 军事教育和价值互补对实现目标的贡献
STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.53477/2668-5094-21-09
R. Popescu
{"title":"MILITARY EDUCATION AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF COMPLEMENTARY VALUES IN ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVES","authors":"R. Popescu","doi":"10.53477/2668-5094-21-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-09","url":null,"abstract":"In Romania, the army as a social force, respects and promotes national values, simultaneously with the defense of national interest. The values and moral principles of thearmy's ethics are largely reflected in the process of education and training of children, these landmarks have always existed and represent models for many generations. The results of the current studies conducted among the school population, compared to the values collected 20 years ago, show us a significant decrease in the level of accumulation of appropriate motric luggage among students. This paper brings to attention the results of a study carried out with 85 subjects, 55 students and masters aged between 19 and 25years old. Communication of leaders at inter-ministerial level, can produce adaptations of the curricular contents of traditional education for the benefit of military education. Through the synergistic action of the leaders, an important contribution can be made to the complex approach of training the future specialists, in the context of the change of Romanian military realities.Keywords: communication, values, adaptation, realism, efficiency.","PeriodicalId":202020,"journal":{"name":"STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129464034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
THE GLOBAL POLITICAL IMPACT OF THE CORONA-VIRUS PANDEMIC 冠状病毒大流行的全球政治影响
STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.53477/2668-5094-21-02
Mihaela Huşanu
{"title":"THE GLOBAL POLITICAL IMPACT OF THE CORONA-VIRUS PANDEMIC","authors":"Mihaela Huşanu","doi":"10.53477/2668-5094-21-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-02","url":null,"abstract":"The Coronavirus pandemic has put profound pressure on the democratic electoral system around the world. Many national and regional elections, as well as referendums werepostponed, while others took place in a form adapted to the acute health crisis. The pandemic affected not only the actual conduct of election campaigns, which, due to health restrictions,used the online environment extensively, but also national public agendas. Issues such as public health, social and economic inequality, violations of individual rights and freedoms, as a resultof measures to prevent the risk of infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, have come to the fore. The crisis has generated unpredictable and potentially disastrous results, from the collapse ofmainstream (traditional) parties to the emergence of new leaders and new political parties, some with strong extremist orientations. How has the Coronavirus pandemic changed theperception of the electorate and how has this perception influenced voting in times of crisis?Keywords: pandemic; Coronavirus; crisis; democracy; elections; impact","PeriodicalId":202020,"journal":{"name":"STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134300952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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