Hot Isostatic Pressing: HIP’17最新文献

{"title":"Small Modular Reactor Vessel Manufacture/Fabrication Using PM-HIP and Electron Beam Welding Technologies","authors":"D. Gandy, Craig Stover, K. Bridger, S. Lawler, Matt Cusworth, V. Samarov, Charles Barre","doi":"10.21741/9781644900031-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-29","url":null,"abstract":"Many of the same manufacturing/fabrication technologies that were employed for light water reactors (LWR) plants built 30-50 years ago are also being employed today to build advanced light water reactors (ALWRs). Manufacturing technologies have not changed dramatically for the nuclear industry even though higher quality production processes are available which could be used to significantly reduce overall component manufacturing/fabrication costs. New manufacturing/fabrication technologies that can accelerate production and reduce costs are vital for the next generation of plants (Small Modular Reactors (SMR) and GEN IV plants) to assure they can be competitive in today’s and tomorrow’s market. This project has been assembled to demonstrate and test several of these new manufacturing/ fabrication technologies with a goal of producing critical assemblies of a 2/3rds scale demonstration SMR reactor pressure vessel (RPV). Through use of technologies including: powder metallurgy-hot isostatic pressing, (PM-HIP), electron beam welding, diode laser cladding, bulk additive manufacturing, advanced machining, and elimination of dissimilar metal welds (DMWs), EPRI, the US Department of Energy, and the UK-based Nuclear-Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (Nuclear-AMRC) (together with a number of other industrial team members) will seek to demonstrate the hypothesis that critical sections of an SMR reactor can be manufactured/fabricated in a timeframe of less than 12 months and at an overall cost savings of >40% (versus today’s technologies). Major components that will be fabricated from PM-HIP include: the lower reactor head, upper reactor head, steam plenum, steam plenum access covers, and upper transition shell. The project aims to demonstrate and test the impact that each of these technologies would have on future production of SMRs, and explore the relevance of the technologies to the production of ALWRs, SMRs, GEN IV, Ultra-supercritical fossil, and supercritical CO2 plants. The project, if successful, may accelerate deployment of SMRs in both the USA and UK, and ultimately throughout the world for power production. Introduction Over the past decade, EPRI, DOE, Nuclear-AMRC, and various OEMs and vendors have investigated a number of advanced technologies to support the manufacture of small modular reactors (SMRs). Advanced technologies including: electron beam welding for thick sections, powder metallurgy-HIP, diode laser cladding, dissimilar metal joining, and cryogenic machining Hot Isostatic Pressing – HIP‘17 Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 10 (2019) 224-234 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-29 225 are just a few of the examples technologies. Many of these technologies are now mature and can be readily demonstrated from production of SMRs. In early 2016, EPRI and Nuclear-AMRC began assembly of a large project wherein the two organizations planned to demonstrate several of these advanced technologies aimed a","PeriodicalId":202011,"journal":{"name":"Hot Isostatic Pressing: HIP’17","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124433602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hot Isostatic Pressing of Radioactive Nuclear Waste: The Calcine at INL","authors":"Dr. Anders Eklund, Dr. Regis A. Matzie","doi":"10.21741/9781644900031-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-2","url":null,"abstract":"Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing) is a technology that has been around for 60+ years. By using high temperature and high gas pressure, dry metal and ceramic powders can be consolidated and a volume decrease can be achieved. This paper presents the simulations of using the HIPing process at the Idaho National Laboratory to treat the calcine radioactive waste. Once loaded into collapsible canisters, the HIPing would be used to treat the waste before final disposal. The resulting volume reduction was shown to be 20-70% and the cost ratio vs vitrification is 1:1.74. Introduction Hot Isostatic Press (HIP) Hot Isostatic Press has fundamentally two different designs when it comes to contain the high pressurized gas, typically Argon. The two methods are called mono-lithic, sometimes referred to as mono-block, and pre-stressed wire-wound technology. An example of the wire-wound pressure vessel can be seen in Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Pre-stressed wire-wound vessel design. Without pressure applied (left) and with pressure applied (right). The pre-stressed wire-wound HIP will always experience compressive stresses both on the inside and outside of the pressure vessel and the yoke frames during all phases of the HIPing process. This is the safest design and is approved by ASME per ASME Boiler and Pressure vessel code, Section VIII, Division 3. This failure mode is described as “Leak-before-burst”. This means that if the pressure vessel cracks, the gas under high pressure will dissipate through the wire-wound package without any damages to the surrounding equipment and structures. For example, see Fig. 2. Hot Isostatic Pressing – HIP‘17 Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 10 (2019) 11-17 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-2 12 Fig. 2. Pre-stressed wire-wound vessel design showing the compressive stresses of a material fault even under high pressure. The combination of elevated temperatures, 300-2500 °C, and high gas pressures, 50 – 300 MPa, consolidates dry metal and ceramic powders by mechanical deformation, creep and diffusion, and heal internal voids, i.e. metal castings, to substantially improve the strength of any materials. The temperature depends on the material to be HIPed, e.g., Aluminum has lower melt temperature (650 °C) than steel (1550 °C). An example of the effect of HIPing of voids in a material can be seen in Fig. 3. Fig. 3. Cross section of artificial pore before HIPing (left) and after HIPing (right). The HIP cycle itself is strongly dependent, as mentioned before, on the parameters temperature and pressure. But, also time is of the essence in most applications since the material densification is depended on creep and diffusion which are time dependent mechanisms. Conventionally a HIP furnace was cooled naturally which took a lot of time of the total cycle time. A large HIP with a heavy load could take up to 12 hours to cool down before it was possible to open and start a new HIP cycle. Much efforts have been done the ","PeriodicalId":202011,"journal":{"name":"Hot Isostatic Pressing: HIP’17","volume":"185 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132869227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled Uniform Load Cooling in Production Scale HIP Equipment","authors":"","doi":"10.21741/9781644900031-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":202011,"journal":{"name":"Hot Isostatic Pressing: HIP’17","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123447620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Hafnium on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in as-HIPed FGH4097 Powder Metallurgy Superalloy","authors":"Zhang Yi-wen, Jia Jian, Han Shou-bo, Liu Jian-tao","doi":"10.21741/9781644900031-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-5","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation of HIP parameters for EBM Ti-6Al-4V has been performed by Arcam AB and Quintus Technologies AB with the aim to maximize the strength of the HIP:ed material. A lower HIP temperature of 800 °C and a higher pressure of 200 MPa gives the highest strength and is also enough to eliminate all internal defects. By printing material with intentionally induced porosity combined with an optimized HIP cycle the highest strength can be obtained. Introduction Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is widely used today to eliminate internal defects in metallic materials produced by powder bed fusion. The internal defects are mostly lack-of-fusion defects generated during the printing process and entrapped gas porosity coming from the powder particles. These defects act like stress concentrations and crack initiation points in the material, which decreases the material properties. By eliminating these defects within the material, the ductility and especially the fatigue properties are improved [1-5]. Figure 1 shows a cross section of an EBM Ti-6Al-4V material before and after HIP where the typical effect of HIP:ing in terms of defect elimination can be seen. In Figure 2, typical fatigue data of as printed and HIP:ed material of EBM Ti-6Al-4V is shown and it is evident that the HIP process gives much improved fatigue properties compared to as-printed material. This data is generated by Arcam. Figure 1 Micrographs of EBM Ti-6Al-4V before HIP to the left and after HIP to the right Hot Isostatic Pressing – HIP‘17 Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 10 (2019) 1-10 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-1 2 Figure 2 Fatigue data for EBM Ti-6Al-4V, courtesy of Arcam The solidification rates in the EBM process are in the order of 10 – 10 K/s which is very high [6]. The extremely fast solidification generates a very fine microstructure which gives the material a high strength. Any conventional heat treatment at an elevated temperature for a significantly long time, like HIP:ing, will coarsen the microstructure due thermodynamic driving forces. This coarsening of the microstructure will decrease the strength of the material, which is not preferable. The development within EBM printing equipment over the last years has made the as-printed microstructures even finer, which makes this challenge even more significant for the modern EBM machines. In Figure 3 a) and b) the microstructure of as printed material compared to HIP:ed EBM Ti-6Al-4V is shown. The coarsening of the microstructure after HIP is evident. Figure 3 a) and c) shows the difference between the microstructures produced by an older Arcam s12 machine compared to a newer Arcam Q10 machine. Figure 3 Microstructures of EBM Ti-6Al-4V a) As-printed with Arcam s12 b) After HIP (920°C, 1000bar, 2h) with Arcam s12 c) As-printed with Arcam Q10 For Ti-6Al-4V produced by selective laser melting (SLM), the same coarsening of the microstructure and thus decrease of strength has been seen.","PeriodicalId":202011,"journal":{"name":"Hot Isostatic Pressing: HIP’17","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134375374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of HIP Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Titanium Aluminide Additive Manufactured by EBM","authors":"","doi":"10.21741/9781644900031-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":202011,"journal":{"name":"Hot Isostatic Pressing: HIP’17","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121293475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of Diamond/SiC Composites using HIP from the Mixtures of Diamond and Si Powders","authors":"K. Hirota","doi":"10.21741/9781644900031-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":202011,"journal":{"name":"Hot Isostatic Pressing: HIP’17","volume":"184 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124684785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precise Prediction of Near-Net-Shape HIP Components through DEM and FEM Modelling","authors":"Y. Deng, A. Kaletsch, A. Bezold, C. Broeckmann","doi":"10.21741/9781644900031-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":202011,"journal":{"name":"Hot Isostatic Pressing: HIP’17","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122925349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical Strength Evaluation of Superconducting Magnet Structures by HIP Bonding Method","authors":"K. Ueno","doi":"10.21741/9781644900031-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-30","url":null,"abstract":"MTC proposed that production of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) toroidal magnetic field coils support structure \"Radial Plate (RP)\" using the HIP diffusion bonding. HIP allows production cost reductions in materials and machining time. However, insufficient strength of the HIP diffusion bonded sections was an issue. In this study, changes in bonding strength and base material strength were investigated using HIP treatment temperatures as parameters. Mechanical property tests and microstructure observation of the cross sections at the bonded areas after HIP treatment were conducted and as a result it was found that the bonding strength equivalent to the mechanical strength of the base metal can be obtained at 1300[°C]. However, the yield strength at room temperature of the base material after HIP treatment decreased by 24%. Since crystal grain coarsening occurs due to heat input by HIP, design considerations are required to guarantee the specified strength. Furthermore, a full-size mock-up of RP segments was fabricated by HIP. It was confirmed that the yield strength and fracture toughness at 4 [K] at the bonded sections of the mock-up satisfied the specified values required for the RP and uniform quality was obtained. From this study, it was proven that HIP diffusion bonding can be applied to the fabrication of RP segments.","PeriodicalId":202011,"journal":{"name":"Hot Isostatic Pressing: HIP’17","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123882315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experience in HIP Diffusion Welding of Dissimilar Metals and Alloys","authors":"V. Butrim, A. Beresnev, V. Denisov, A. Klyatskin, D. A. Medvedev, D. N. Makhina","doi":"10.21741/9781644900031-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-9","url":null,"abstract":"HIP solid-state diffusion welding is a controlled production operation at all the processing stages. Unlike other known solid-state welding techniques the HIP allows to provide strong and dense bonding with stability properties irrespective of the sizes and a configuration of the contact surfaces of materials welded. Here we present some special pilot examples of HIP diffusion welding of dissimilar metals and alloys: steel XM19-to-steel 316L, bronze Cu-Cr-Zr– to-steel 316L, copper M1–to-steel Fe-18Cr-10Ni-Ti-C, titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V–to-steel Fe18Cr-10Ni-Ti-C, single-crystal molybdenum-to-polycrystal molybdenum and titanium alloy-toaluminum alloy. Introduction Solid-state diffusion welding (DW) is a main way to make a bimetallic structural material for space and nuclear application where a strong and dense bonding of materials with different chemical compositions is needed. This technology produces a monolithic joint resulting from a maximum closing of the contact surfaces due to their local plastic deformation at the increased temperature as well as the formation of metallic bond at the atomic level followed by a mutual diffusion of the components through the surface layers of the materials bonded [1]. Solid-state diffusion welding includes the following obligatory stages: the oxide film removal from contact surfaces, the actual contact formation, the surfaces activation, the chemical bond formation and diffusion. This sequence is true for all known methods of solid-state welding: cold bonding, explosion welding, percussion vacuum welding, friction welding, vacuum roll welding, induction and ultrasonic welding, etc. However, only the diffusion welding is the most universal and reliable method that allows controlling all four key technological parameters of process: temperature, pressure, dwell time and diffusion medium. The method of diffusion welding (DW) with use of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) can be considered as a kind of classical DW wherein technological parameters can be controlled within a wider range. Below we examined the influence of the HIP DW technological parameters on a welded joint quality. Influence of HIP parameters Temperature and pressure Temperature and pressure are mutually dependent parameters in HIP technology. Specified pressure values in a HIP installation chamber are achieved by thermal expansion of working gas as the temperature increases. Thus, with computation of the necessary amount of gas at the room temperature performed, it is possible to reach the HIP operation conditions both in the temperature of 200 °C to 1200 °C and pressure of 20 MPa to 200 MPa ranges under any parameter combination. As the pressure is created by gas, the pressure value will be the same in Hot Isostatic Pressing – HIP‘17 Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 10 (2019) 65-72 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-9 66 any point of the HIP product contact surfaces despite the sizes and configurations of the pa","PeriodicalId":202011,"journal":{"name":"Hot Isostatic Pressing: HIP’17","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115393185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Pressure Heat Treatment - Phase Transformation under Isostatic Pressure in HIP","authors":"M. Ahlfors, A. Angré, D. Chasoglou, Linn Larsson","doi":"10.21741/9781644900031-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-21","url":null,"abstract":"Modern HIP furnaces equipped with forced convection cooling enable very fast cooling rates under isostatic pressure. This does not only give shorter HIP cycles and increased productivity but also allows complete heat treatment cycles to be performed in the HIP unit. It has been shown in previous studies that extreme pressures of several thousand bar can push phase transformation towards longer times for the Fe-C system. The new URQ HIP cooling systems give the opportunity to investigate the impact of pressures up to 2000 bar on phase transformation time dependency. A 4340 steel was used in this study and a comparison of austenite phase transformation time at 100 bar and 1700 bar was performed. The study was performed by isothermal heat treatment of specimens for a specific time followed by quenching. To evaluate the influence of pressure on hardenability, the phase fractions were evaluated using grid method on SEM images. The study found significant influence of HIP pressure on the phase transformation kinetics of the material studied. Introduction Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) is a process mainly used to consolidate powder into solid highquality parts or to eliminate internal defects in parts produced by casting, additive manufacturing or MIM by applying a high isostatic gas pressure and a high temperature. Traditionally the cooling in the HIP system is relatively slow and could take up to 24 hours. In the mid 1980’s the URC HIP furnaces was introduced with a forced convection cooling technology that significantly decreased the cooling time in the HIP system and thereby reduce the total HIP cycle time by up to 50% [1]. In 2010 the URQ HIP furnaces were introduced with achievable cooling rates up to 3000 K/min. The URQ HIP quenching furnaces gives the possibility to perform traditional heat treatments, e.g. martensitic hardening, in the HIP furnace during the HIP cycle. The forced convection cooling technology (URC, URQ) is based on a wire wound pressure vessel design where a thin cylinder is water cooled from the outside and a wire wound package outside the cooling channels. To protect the pressure vessel from heat during a HIP cycle, an insulated furnace within the pressure vessel is used to achieve high temperature for the load in the hot zone but a cool environment closest to the pressure vessel walls. During the forced convection cooling the hot gas inside the furnace is moved to the outside of the furnace at the same time as the colder gas outside the hot zone is pushed into the furnace chamber. This mixing of gas will lead to a cooling effect and at the same time the hot gas outside the furnace is cooled down by the water-cooled pressure vessel walls like a heat exchanger which adds to the cooling Hot Isostatic Pressing – HIP‘17 Materials Research Forum LLC Materials Research Proceedings 10 (2019) 149-156 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644900031-21 150 effect. In the case of a URQ furnace a heat exchanger is also placed inside the pres","PeriodicalId":202011,"journal":{"name":"Hot Isostatic Pressing: HIP’17","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122482687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}