Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery最新文献

{"title":"Photobiomodulation for Preventive Therapy of Recurrent Herpes Labialis: A 2-Year <i>In Vivo</i> Randomized Controlled Study.","authors":"Paola Aragon Zanella,&nbsp;Luiz Fernando Onuchic,&nbsp;Elieser Hitoshi Watanabe,&nbsp;Luciane Hiramatsu Azevedo,&nbsp;Ana Cecília Corrêa Aranha,&nbsp;Karen Müller Ramalho,&nbsp;Carlos de Paula Eduardo","doi":"10.1089/photob.2022.0054","DOIUrl":"10.1089/photob.2022.0054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in the prevention of recurrent herpes labialis (RHL) through a randomized controlled clinical trial. <b><i>Background data:</i></b> RHL is a lifelong infection that effects patients' quality of life. In the literature PBMT has shown positive results preventing RHL, decreasing recurrences and severity of lesions. Despite the good results reported, there are still few controlled clinical studies published on the subject. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> For this study, 158 volunteers were recruited and were randomly divided into three study groups: Laser 1-1 J/point (L1J): <i>n</i> = 61, Laser 2-2 J/point (L2J): <i>n</i> = 50, and placebo-0 J/point: <i>n</i> = 47. The treatment consisted of a protocol of 15 sessions throughout 6 months and 2 years of follow-up posttreatment. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The results showed that L1J presented the most satisfactory results concerning the reduction of the number of lesions per year and less severity of recurrences in the long-term evaluation when compared with L2J. Both Laser Groups (L1J and L2J) were statistically more efficient than placebo in all aspects analyzed. All patients who received laser treatment (L1J and L2J) and presented recurrences had significant improvement in frequency and/or severity of lesions. No patient had side effects from treatment. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> PBMT can be effective in the reduction of the frequency of recurrences of RHL and in the severity of postirradiation lesions that may appear.</p>","PeriodicalId":20111,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":"40 10","pages":"682-690"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9603276/pdf/photob.2022.0054.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33501086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intravascular Laser Irradiation of Blood Improves Functional Independence in Subacute Post-Stroke Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study from a Post-Stroke Acute Care Center in Taiwan.","authors":"Ming-Wei Lai,&nbsp;Chia-Hsin Yang,&nbsp;Pi-Yu Sung,&nbsp;Sen-Wei Tsai","doi":"10.1089/photob.2022.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2022.0042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> To investigate the effect of intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) in patients with post-stroke disability. <b><i>Background:</i></b> Helium-neon intravascular laser at a wavelength of 632.8 nm has been applied in post-stroke rehabilitation for many years in Taiwan. Data were collected from our practice to validate its effectiveness. <b><i>Materials and methods:</i></b> This was a single-center, retrospective, observational study. Data from 34 patients with first-episode ischemic stroke who participated in the post-acute care program and had an initial modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 4 between July 2018 and June 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Twelve patients who received conventional rehabilitation plus ILIB were in the ILIB group. Twenty-two patients who received conventional rehabilitation only were in the control group. Assessments, including the mRS, Barthel Index (BI), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), 6-min walk test (6MWT), and Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the upper extremity (FMA-UE), were performed to evaluate any post-treatment improvement. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Patients who received ILIB had significantly superior mRS scores than those who received only conventional rehabilitation (<i>p</i> = 0.028). Patients in the ILIB group experienced more improvements in the BI, 6MWT, and FMA-UE; however, these were nonsignificant. In addition, the control group experienced a greater improvement in the BBS than the ILIB group. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of action of ILIB therapy fully. There was no major adverse event reported in patients receiving ILIB therapy. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> ILIB improved independence in post-stroke patients, suggesting that ILIB is a promising treatment for facilitating post-stroke recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":20111,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":"40 10","pages":"691-697"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33501566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photobiomodulation Literature Watch May 2022.","authors":"James D Carroll","doi":"10.1089/photob.2022.0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2022.0076","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20111,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":"40 10","pages":"728-730"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33517722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Treatment of Myofascial Pain Syndrome of the Upper Trapezius Muscle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Mohamed Salaheldien Mohmed Alayat,&nbsp;Kadrya Hosney Battecha,&nbsp;Ahmed Mohamed Elsodany,&nbsp;Omer Abdulaziz Alzahrani,&nbsp;Abdulmajeed Khalaf Allah Alqurashi,&nbsp;AbdulAziz Talal Jawa,&nbsp;Yazan Saleh Alharthi","doi":"10.1089/photob.2022.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2022.0056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> This systematic review aimed to investigate the efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on pain and pressure pain threshold (PPT) in patients with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) of the upper trapezius muscle. <b><i>Materials and methods:</i></b> A total of 17 studies (944 patients) were included; data regarding participants, intervention parameters, outcome measures, time of measurement, and follow-up were extracted. Evaluation of the methodological quality was performed by Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used to assess the quality of evidence. A meta-analysis was performed on 16 studies, and standardized mean difference (SMD), corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI), and overall effect size (ES) were calculated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Meta-analysis using a random-effect model was performed to evaluate the effects of PBMT alone or PBMT plus exercise (EX) compared with placebo, medical treatment, physical therapy (PT) modality, manual therapy, or complementary PT. Assessment according to the PEDro scale revealed 12 high-quality, 3 fair-quality, and 2 low-quality studies. According to the GRADE system, studies exhibited low to medium quality of evidence, with medium ES [SMD -0.54 (95% CI -1.05 to -0.02)] for studies using PBMT alone and large ES [SMD -0.80 (95% CI -1.35 to -0.26)] for PBMT+EX. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The present systemic review revealed that PBMT is an effective PT modality for reducing pain and increasing PPT in patients with MPS of the upper trapezius. PBMT, when combined with EX, had more significant effects in reducing pain and increasing PPT compared with controls. The low-quality studies with low to moderate quality of evidence limit the confidence in the effect estimate and recommend further high-quality studies for standardization of treatment protocols and irradiation parameters. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021241155.</p>","PeriodicalId":20111,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":"40 10","pages":"661-674"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33501084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Efficacy of Continuous Low-Irradiance Phototherapy Against Multidrug-Resistant Organisms.","authors":"Patrick McMullan,&nbsp;Alexander B White,&nbsp;Oluwadara Coker,&nbsp;Steven Opal,&nbsp;Shayan A McGee,&nbsp;Gary Rogers","doi":"10.1089/photob.2022.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2022.0016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> The objective of this study is to report on the bactericidal effects of blue light administered at low irradiance for extended periods of time. <b><i>Background:</i></b> Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) utilize biofilms that can limit the efficacy of antibiotics, causing infection and impaired wound healing. Unlike high-energy systems, continuous low-irradiance phototherapy (CLIP) avoids thermal injury of healthy tissue and can be delivered for extended periods. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Four MDRO species, two of which contained different antibiotic resistance genes, were exposed to 405 nm irradiation <i>in vitro</i>. The microbes were incrementally exposed to increasing dose-rates (irradiance; mW/cm²) over a 24-h time period. Cell viability and biomass reduction assays were conducted to quantify the antibacterial/antibiofilm effects. Primary human dermal fibroblasts were also exposed to CLIP to assess whether these dose-rates would impair cell viability or proliferation. <b><i>Results:</i></b> CLIP exposure utilizing irradiances as low as 2.78 mW/cm² delivered over 24 h resulted in a >3.0-log (>99.9%) and >2.0-log (>99.0%) microbial load reduction when organisms were grown in planktonic and biofilm-encapsulated conditions, respectively. Crystal violet biofilm assays revealed destruction of extracellular biofilm architecture following CLIP exposure. Human fibroblast viability and proliferation were unaffected by CLIP. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> This is the first report demonstrating the antimicrobial efficacy of CLIP for MDROs found in infected wounds. CLIP did not compromise cultured human fibroblast growth and survival. This study demonstrated that very low fluence rates (irradiances) delivered over extended periods are potently antimicrobial. There is translational potential for CLIP to be fabricated as a wearable device that would enable continuous ambulatory care of wounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":20111,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"613-621"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40372532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the Potential of Blood Transvascular Sublingual with Light-Emitting Diode Irradiation in COVID-19 Patients: A Pilot Clinical Study.","authors":"Mateus Domingues Miachon,&nbsp;Nathali Cordeiro Pinto,&nbsp;Stella Regina Zamuner,&nbsp;Maria Cristina Chavantes","doi":"10.1089/photob.2021.0177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2021.0177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Due to the high morbidity and mortality rates of this century, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on the health of the global population. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The aim was to evaluate the disturbing impact of in-hospital stay length and the appeal of severe problems for supplemental oxygen for our patients with COVID-19 in moderate stage who were undergoing transvascular blood irradiation onto sublingual vessels. The demand for supplemental oxygen and the serum oxygen levels were measured, and the impact on the length of hospital stay was assessed. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This randomized, prospective, clinical pilot study evaluated the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients admitted to the ventilatory care unit and undergoing treatment protocol usage of light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation by transvascular application onto the sublingual vessels daily. Patients were selected and enrolled into two groups: the Placebo group (<i>n</i> = 7) that received conventional treatment by the device off (LED-<i>off</i>), and the photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) group (<i>n</i> = 7) that also received the same therapy plus LED irradiation. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There was a statistically significant clinical improvement, such as a reduction in serum creatinine, and oxygen usage per few days less in the PBMT group compared with the Placebo group. All patients in the PBMT group had normalized SatO₂, while a quarter of patients in the Placebo group required longer O₂ supplementation until hospital discharge. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The surveillance of clinical improvement in moderate stage indicated that the daily PBMT was able to diminish oxygen supplementation within a short time, besides reducing the hospital stay length in the PBMT group, particularly, when compared with the Placebo group. Clinical Trial Registration number: The study was reviewed by the Ethics Committee in UNINOVE research under number 42325020.6.0000.5511 and approved through number 5,090,119.</p>","PeriodicalId":20111,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"622-631"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40356163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photobiomodulation Literature Watch April 2022.","authors":"James D Carroll","doi":"10.1089/photob.2022.29025.lit","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2022.29025.lit","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20111,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"656-658"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40372531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Evaluation of Diode Laser-Assisted Surgical Periodontal Therapy: A Randomized Split-Mouth Clinical Trial and Bacteriological Study.","authors":"Şeyma Bozkurt Doğan,&nbsp;Gülçin Akça","doi":"10.1089/photob.2022.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2022.0035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Stage 3 grade C periodontitis (S3GCP) has always been a challenge for clinicians. However, it is proposed that the use of lasers in addition to periodontal therapy can result in a more efficient therapy outcome. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The aim of this clinical study was to determine the effects of additional application of diode laser (DL, 810 nm ±5) on clinical and microbiological values during Modified Widman Flap (MWF) periodontal surgery in the S3GCP patients. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A total of 18 patients were randomly assigned to the test site (MWF + activeDL) and the control site (MFW alone). Clinical parameters and microbial samples were taken preoperatively, and postoperatively at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. Visual analog scale (VAS), tissue edema (TE), tissue color (TC), and pain medication (PM) consumption, were evaluated postoperatively at 10th day. <b><i>Results:</i></b> All bacteria were significantly decreased at follow-up times compared with preoperative amounts in both therapy sites (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Bacterial amounts of <i>Treponema denticola</i>, <i>Prevotella intermedia</i>, <i>Tannerella forsythia</i>, and <i>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans</i> at 6 weeks, <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> and <i>T. denticola</i> at 3 months, <i>T. denticola</i> and <i>A. actinomycetemcomitans</i> at 6 months were statistically lower in the test site than the control site. All clinical parameters significantly improved after MWF surgery at follow-up times compared with preoperative values in intragroup comparisons, but a significant difference was not detected in the intergroup comparison. No differences were found in terms of VAS, PM, TE, and only TC was statistically more pink in the test site than the control site. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The present study findings suggest that the use of DL together with MWF may have positive effects in the therapy of S3GCP patients by reducing the microbial load. Clinical Trial.org: NCT05108727.</p>","PeriodicalId":20111,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"646-655"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40356161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Cognitive Symptoms of Patients with Dementia: A Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Ali Kheradmand,&nbsp;Sonia Donboli,&nbsp;Parisa Taheri Tanjani,&nbsp;Abdollah Farhadinasab,&nbsp;Faraj Tabeie,&nbsp;Mohsen Qutbi,&nbsp;Tahereh Kordmir","doi":"10.1089/photob.2021.0135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2021.0135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> To investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as a new nonpharmaceutical approach to improve cognitive symptoms in patients with dementia. <b><i>Background:</i></b> Routine pharmacological treatment of dementia patients is inefficient and has considerable adverse effects. Recent attempts to develop nonpharmaceutical approaches are considered favorable for patients with dementia. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Thirty-two patients with dementia were randomly divided into the same population of LLLT and sham groups. The LLLT group underwent transcranial LLLT, and the sham group received the same protocol with a zero-intensity laser. All patients in the two groups were evaluated using the minimental state examination (MMSE) and clinical dementia rating (CDR) tests at the time of admission as baseline at 2 and 6 weeks postintervention. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The rate of change of MMSE scores in sham and LLLT groups was 0.13 ± 0.96 and 2.31 ± 1.81 in week 2 (<i>p</i> = 0.00005) and also -0.25 ± 0.86 and 2.53 ± 1.73 in week 8 (<i>p</i> = 0.000003). In the LLLT group, the mean scores of CDR were 1.28 ± 0.71, 1.28 ± 0.71, and 1.25 ± 0.80 at baseline, week 2, and week 8 (<i>p</i> = 0.605 and <i>p</i> = 0.742), respectively. The mean scores of CDR in the sham group were 1.69 ± 0.73, 1.75 ± 0.68, and 1.72 ± 0.82 at baseline, week 2, and week 8, respectively. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> These findings suggest that laser therapy could be a promising treatment modality and an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in dementia patients. <b><i>Clinical Trial Registration:</i></b> IRCT20191018045148N1 was obtained from the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT.ir).</p>","PeriodicalId":20111,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"632-638"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40372533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From the Lab to the Field: Translating Applications of Near-Infrared Light from Laboratory to the Field to Improve Honeybee Mitochondrial Function and Hive Health.","authors":"Jaimie Hoh Kam,&nbsp;Christophe Brod,&nbsp;Anthony Gourde,&nbsp;Muriel Brod,&nbsp;Glen Jeffery","doi":"10.1089/photob.2022.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2022.0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> Bee populations are under threat from diverse sources from climate change to insecticide use. These culminate in physiological stress undermining mitochondrial function. In laboratory environments, mitochondrial stress can be ameliorated by long wavelength light that protects insects individually against stress. In this study, we ask if these results can be translated to large insect communities and complex environments in the form of field honeybee hives. <b><i>Materials and methods:</i></b> We embed 670 nm light devices into honeybee hives in the field, and in sampled populations measure mitochondrial function, resistance to insecticide exposure, and the maintenance of hive temperatures in challenging summer conditions. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We show that 670 nm light increases the mitochondrial function and protects bees when they are exposed to imidacloprid in the winter supplementary feed. Hives with 670 nm lights maintained stable temperatures compared with controls in adverse weather conditions. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> This proof-of-principal study opens the door to widespread use of long wavelength light to protect honeybee hives from the increasing threats undermining their physiology that can cause colony collapse.</p>","PeriodicalId":20111,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":" ","pages":"604-612"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33447168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}