{"title":"Introductory Chapter: The Overview of Phosphorous Recovery","authors":"Huanhuan Li, Tao Zhang","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85967","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorus (P) is a finite, non-substitutable, non-renewable, and geographically restricted resource. Substantial interest in P availability was sparked [1]. Some researchers demonstrated sufficient availability to sustain production beyond the twenty-first century, or a maximum occurring late twenty-first century [2–4]. But there are no financial incentives to support mineral resource inspections worldwide without the exploitation of phosphate deposits. The anthropogenic influences on this critical resource are likely to bring about a number of challenges to P sustainability. Advances in technology, public health, and food production over the last couple of centuries have fundamentally interrupted the natural global P cycle. Phosphate deposits have been mined to supply human production, which generated a mostly one-way flow of P from mines to farms to surface waters, ultimately impairing freshwater and coastal waters environment and function [5]. Rapid increases in human population and the subsequent need for high agricultural productivity have led to substantial increases in fertilizer use [6]. The P used as fertilizer consumes more than 80% of the P resources [7]. P is simultaneously an important non-renewable agricultural nutrient and an environmental pollutant [8].","PeriodicalId":20030,"journal":{"name":"Phosphorus - Recovery and Recycling","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81849633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phosphorus Fertilizer: The Original and Commercial Sources","authors":"S. Samreen, Sharba Kausar","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82240","url":null,"abstract":"Earlier the original source of phosphorus (P) fertilizer was bones; as time passes, the supply of P fertilizer will get exhausted. Today, rock phosphate is the only raw material in the form of P fertilizers. There are two types of rock phosphates: igneous and sedimentary; both have the same phosphate mineral, i.e., calcium phosphate of apatite group. The general formula for pure rock phosphate is Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (X) 2 , where X is F−, OH− or Cl−. These minerals are called apatites. The most common rock phosphate mined is fluorapatite, which contains impurities like CO 3 , Na and Mg. Carbonatefluorapatite (francolite) is primary apatite mineral in the majority of phosphate rocks. The high reactivity of some phosphate rocks is due to the occurrence of francolite. The major deposits are found in the US followed by China, Morocco and Russia. The US produced about 33% of the world’s rock phosphate, although nearly 50% of the world reserves are in Morocco. P fertilizers are produced from either acid-treated or heat-treated rock phosphate to break the apatite bond and to increase the water soluble P content. There are many commercially available P fertilizers like rock phosphate, phosphoric acid, calcium orthophosphates, ammonium phosphates, ammonium polyphosphate and nitric phosphates.","PeriodicalId":20030,"journal":{"name":"Phosphorus - Recovery and Recycling","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83212800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phosphorus Recovery by Crystallization","authors":"H. Hiroyuki, Inoue Katsutoshi","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81549","url":null,"abstract":"A bubble column, a fluidized bed, and a continuous stirred tank reactor were evaluated as equipment for recovering phosphorus from various wastewaters. Magnesium was added to the solution which contained ammonia and potassium with phosphorus at high concentrations such as livestock wastewater, dehydrated water from a sewage plant, and synthetic livestock wastewater. Magnesium ammonium phosphate or magnesium potassium phosphate could be recovered by adjust-ing the pH of the solution. Alternatively, calcium was added and then the pH was adjusted to obtain hydroxyapatite solid conditions without seed crystals.","PeriodicalId":20030,"journal":{"name":"Phosphorus - Recovery and Recycling","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85776176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Simulations Suggest Possible Triply Bonded Phosphorus≡E13 Molecules (E13 = B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl)","authors":"Jia-Syun Lu, Ming‐Chung Yang, M. Su","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77055","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of substitution on the potential energy surfaces of RE13 ☰ PR (E13 = B, Al, Ga, In, Tl; R = F, OH, H, CH3, SiH3, SiMe(Si t Bu3)2, Si i PrDis2, Tbt, and Ar* is studied using density functional theory (M06-2X/Def2-TZVP, B3PW91/Def2-TZVP and B3LYP/LANL2DZ + dp). The theoretical results demonstrate that all triply bonded RE13 ☰ PR compounds with small substituents are unstable and spontaneously rearrange to other doubly bonded isomers. That is, the smaller groups, such as R 〓 F, OH, H, CH3 and SiH3, neither kinetically nor thermo-dynamically stabilize the triply bonded RE13 ☰ PR compounds. However, the triply bonded R ’ E13 ☰ PR´ molecules, possessing bulkier substituents (R´ = SiMe(Si t Bu3)2, Si i PrDis2, Tbt and Ar*), are found to have a global minimum on the singlet potential energy surface. In partic- ular, the bonding character of the R ’ E13 ☰ PR´ species is well defined by the valence-electron bonding model (model [II]). That is to say, R ’ E13 ☰ PR´ molecules that feature groups are regarded as R 0 -E13 P-R 0 . The theoretical evidence shows that both the electronic and the steric effects of bulkier substituent groups play a prominent role in rendering triply bonded R 0 E13 ☰ PR 0 species synthetically accessible and isolable in a stable form.","PeriodicalId":20030,"journal":{"name":"Phosphorus - Recovery and Recycling","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78431224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phosphorus Microbial Solubilization as a Key for Phosphorus Recycling in Agriculture","authors":"A. Saeid","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81487","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter describes the phenomenon of microbial solubilization carried out both by bacteria and fungi in the natural environment. The mechanism of dissolving phosphorus compounds by microorganisms, the importance of phosphorus solubilization for its accessibility to plants, as well as the possibility of using microbial solubilization in the process of valorization of secondary raw materials were discussed in this chapter. It was underlined that by using the biofertilizers, we can be able to reduce the amount of arti-ficial fertilizer needed for cropping. Moreover, few models were mentioned to describe this phenomenon to express the changes observed during the solubilization process.","PeriodicalId":20030,"journal":{"name":"Phosphorus - Recovery and Recycling","volume":"93 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87754505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phosphorus Eutrophication and Mitigation Strategies","authors":"L. Ngatia, Robert Taylor","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79173","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorus (P) eutrophication in the aquatic system is a global problem. With a negative impact on health industry, food security, tourism industry, ecosystem health and economy. The sources of P include both point and nonpoint sources. Controlling P inflow from point sources to aquatic systems have been more manageable, however controlling nonpoint P sources especially agricultural sources remains a challenge. The forms of P include both organic and inorganic. Runoff and soil erosion are the major agents of translocating P to the aquatic system in form of particulate and dissolved P. Excessive P cause growth of algae bloom, anoxic conditions, altering plant species composition and biomass, leading to fish kill, food webs disruption, toxins production and recreational areas degradation. Phosphorus eutrophication mitigation strategies include controlling nutrient loads and ecosystem restoration. Point P sources could be controlled through restructuring industrial layout. Controlling nonpoint nutrient loads need catchment management to focus on farm scale, field scale and catchment scale management as well as employ human intervention which includes ferric dosing, on farm biochar application and flushing and dredging of floor deposits. Ecosystem restoration for eutrophication mitigation involves phytoremediation, wetland restoration, riparian area restoration and river/lake maintenance/restoration. Combination of interventions could be required for successful eutrophication mitigation.","PeriodicalId":20030,"journal":{"name":"Phosphorus - Recovery and Recycling","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83767562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phosphorus Recovery and Recycling","authors":"H. Ohtake, S. Tsuneda","doi":"10.1007/978-981-10-8031-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8031-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20030,"journal":{"name":"Phosphorus - Recovery and Recycling","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83634565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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