The Greek FirePub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.7591/CORNELL/9781501715785.003.0006
M. Santelli
{"title":"Abolitionism, Reform, and Philhellenic Rhetoric","authors":"M. Santelli","doi":"10.7591/CORNELL/9781501715785.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/CORNELL/9781501715785.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the masterpiece of the American sculptor Hiram Powers, The Greek Slave, which addresses the way popular support for the Greeks changed political rhetoric in America, specifically in antislavery and women's rights circles. Even though Americans characterized Ottoman slavery as a mark of despotism, before 1821 few Americans connected Ottoman slavery with American slavery. Slavery inflicted on Americans taken captive by North African states, which were loosely connected with the Ottoman Empire, dominated anti-Ottoman discussion throughout the Barbary Wars and was an important way the American public identified the Turks as tyrannical and despotic. By the close of the Greek Revolution, abolitionist authors, however, began to read philhellenic rhetoric against the grain, calling upon antebellum American audiences to do the same. Many Americans came to realize the contradiction in supporting reform on the other side of the world while similar problems existed at home, particularly with regard to slavery and women's rights.","PeriodicalId":200171,"journal":{"name":"The Greek Fire","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116901261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Greek FirePub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.7591/CORNELL/9781501715785.003.0002
M. Santelli
{"title":"Americans, Greeks, and Ottomans before 1821","authors":"M. Santelli","doi":"10.7591/CORNELL/9781501715785.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/CORNELL/9781501715785.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides context for the years leading up to the Greek War of Independence, tracing how early Americans came to know Greece and the Ottoman Empire. Early American interest in Greece was varied, inspiring merchants, Christian missionaries, politicians, intellectuals, and adventure seekers alike to take notice of the evolving situation within the Ottoman Empire. With Greece perceived as the intellectual and political ancestor of the American Republic, each of these groups at times disagreed but also worked together toward advancing an American presence in Greece and Western Asia. American perceptions of Greece were at first molded by European and American prejudices against the Ottoman Turks. While early Americans saw themselves as having a unique and particular interest in Greece and the Ottoman Empire as a result of their own revolution, the origins of American philhellenism should be understood as being part of a global conversation concerning commerce, diplomacy, and humanitarianism. Existing conflict within the Ottoman Empire combined with European and American interest in the region played an important role in the outbreak of the Greek Revolution and influenced how an American audience came to perceive the war.","PeriodicalId":200171,"journal":{"name":"The Greek Fire","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133732340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Greek FirePub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.7591/CORNELL/9781501715785.003.0003
M. Santelli
{"title":"European Philhellenism Crosses the Atlantic","authors":"M. Santelli","doi":"10.7591/CORNELL/9781501715785.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/CORNELL/9781501715785.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes how Americans embraced European philhellenism and how it first evolved as a movement in the United States. Lord Byron's philhellenism and his subsequent pledge to join the Greek army particularly energized interest in the Greek cause on both sides of the Atlantic. Although the American philhellenic movement initially drew some momentum from its European counterpart, it quickly became a unique one in its own right. More than any other revolution of the nineteenth century, the Greek War of Independence saw Americans in both the North and South quickly connecting it with their own revolution, and they regarded it as their duty to raise public awareness and support for the cause. Americans quickly mobilized an active cause when it became obvious that the U.S. government would neither officially recognize Greek independence nor would provide the Greek army with military aid. This mobilization of popular support for the Greek cause generated what many newspapers termed “the Greek Fire.”","PeriodicalId":200171,"journal":{"name":"The Greek Fire","volume":"279 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122688816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Greek FirePub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.7591/CORNELL/9781501715785.003.0005
M. Santelli
{"title":"Philhellenes Clash with American Commerce","authors":"M. Santelli","doi":"10.7591/CORNELL/9781501715785.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/CORNELL/9781501715785.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the internal conflict that emerged over popular support for the Greek cause. In 1815, after the War of 1812 and the Barbary Wars ended, American merchants hoped they had finally secured the ability to freely conduct business abroad. The goal had always been to advance an American perspective of commerce. National intervention had indeed secured a treaty, but popular intervention on the part of the philhellenes as well as European politics had prolonged the process. American officials not only had to navigate a geopolitical landscape, then dominated by less-than-friendly empires and monarchies, but they also struggled to explain to their Ottoman counterparts the nature of a republican society: some members of the American public may have supported Greek independence, but the United States government desired a friendly and lucrative relationship with the Sublime Porte. By the end of negotiations, the Greek Revolution had served as the backdrop for early American efforts at communicating their political identities to a larger world.","PeriodicalId":200171,"journal":{"name":"The Greek Fire","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131471744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Greek FirePub Date : 2020-11-15DOI: 10.1515/9781501715808-008
{"title":"Conclusion: The Legacy of American Philhellenism","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501715808-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501715808-008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":200171,"journal":{"name":"The Greek Fire","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121870116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Greek FirePub Date : 2020-11-15DOI: 10.1515/9781501715808-005
{"title":"3. Philhellenism Joins with American Benevolence","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501715808-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501715808-005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":200171,"journal":{"name":"The Greek Fire","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115111960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Greek FirePub Date : 2020-11-15DOI: 10.1515/9781501715808-004
{"title":"2. European Philhellenism Crosses the Atlantic","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501715808-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501715808-004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":200171,"journal":{"name":"The Greek Fire","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126826808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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