{"title":"Refusal to Sit Up in a 9-Month-Old Infant.","authors":"Sarah Calvert","doi":"10.1542/pir.2024-006370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2024-006370","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20007,"journal":{"name":"Pediatrics in review","volume":"46 9","pages":"520-522"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aarti C Bavare, Catherine E Foster, Amanda L Wollam, Judith R Campbell
{"title":"Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Pediatrics: A Review.","authors":"Aarti C Bavare, Catherine E Foster, Amanda L Wollam, Judith R Campbell","doi":"10.1542/pir.2024-006506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2024-006506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are a common and significant health care-associated infection in hospitalized and nonhospitalized pediatric patients with central venous catheters. Interventions to prevent such infections have evolved over the last 2 decades, resulting in significant reductions in CLABSI rates through the development and implementation of evidence-based guidelines on prevention and management recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Healthcare Safety Network and pediatric infectious diseases and health care epidemiology professional societies. This review provides a detailed synopsis of CLABSIs in children, including the definition, pathogenesis, risk factors, prevention, and treatment principles.</p>","PeriodicalId":20007,"journal":{"name":"Pediatrics in review","volume":"46 9","pages":"510-519"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sudden Unexpected Infant Death.","authors":"Rebecca F Carlin, Rachel Y Moon","doi":"10.1542/pir.2024-006449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2024-006449","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20007,"journal":{"name":"Pediatrics in review","volume":"46 9","pages":"528-530"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hannah Harrison, Krista Krol-Buch, Sage T Green, Trong Le
{"title":"Refractory Pneumonia in a Previously Healthy 12-Year-Old Boy.","authors":"Hannah Harrison, Krista Krol-Buch, Sage T Green, Trong Le","doi":"10.1542/pir.2023-006137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2023-006137","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20007,"journal":{"name":"Pediatrics in review","volume":"46 9","pages":"523-527"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cannabis Use in Adolescents.","authors":"Lily Rabinow, Emily Dries, Neal D Hoffman","doi":"10.1542/pir.2024-006514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2024-006514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cannabis (also called marijuana) is naturally derived from the cannabis plant and can be consumed in many different product formulations that have varying concentrations of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the most prevalent psychoactive substance. Almost half of states in the United States have legalized recreational use for adults. Fortunately, longitudinal epidemiological studies indicate that less than 20% of youth report current cannabis use and that their lifetime use has actually decreased over the last few decades. Nevertheless, with the increasing availability of different formulations with higher concentrations of THC and notable increase in use among adults, pediatricians need to be more knowledgeable about cannabis and its health effects on children and adolescents. Clinical syndromes, both acute and chronic, evidenced-based screening tools, and treatment modalities are described. Pediatricians can play a unique role in both preventive counseling and engagement in reduction of its use among youth.</p>","PeriodicalId":20007,"journal":{"name":"Pediatrics in review","volume":"46 9","pages":"482-493"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recognizing a Few of the Vaccine Preventable Diseases.","authors":"Hugh D Allen, Kriti Puri, Joseph A Zenel","doi":"10.1542/pir.2025-006848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2025-006848","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20007,"journal":{"name":"Pediatrics in review","volume":"46 9","pages":"467-481"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rickets.","authors":"Sumana Narasimhan, Andrew Lavik, Moises Auron","doi":"10.1542/pir.2024-006494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2024-006494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rickets remains one of the most common nontransmissible pediatric diseases, especially in low- to middle-income countries. Rickets is characterized by impaired mineralization of growing bone resulting in bone frailty, deformities, impaired growth and development, and pain with standing or walking. Nutritional rickets is the most common cause of bone disease in the world. The most frequent etiology of rickets is vitamin D deficiency, with pathognomonic biochemical and radiologic characteristics. However, even in the context of appropriate vitamin D levels, other causes for rickets need to be considered, such as decreased calcium intake or absorption, metabolic bone disorders, abnormal phosphorus metabolism, and specific genetic forms that are not responsive to vitamin D therapy. Biochemical tests measuring serum and urine calcium and phosphorus, vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase, and parathyroid hormone allow differentiation between various forms of rickets. Treatment of rickets helps optimize growth and reduce disability. Nutritional rickets is treated with vitamin D repletion, most commonly with ergocalciferol. The treatment of hypophosphatemic rickets depends on the etiology of the condition and may include calcitriol, phosphorus, and, more recently, burosumab.</p>","PeriodicalId":20007,"journal":{"name":"Pediatrics in review","volume":"46 9","pages":"494-509"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transfusions in Pediatrics.","authors":"Kara Wong Ramsey","doi":"10.1542/pir.2024-006451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2024-006451","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20007,"journal":{"name":"Pediatrics in review","volume":"46 9","pages":"531-533"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandra Pennal, Elizabeth-Anne Campione, Aliyah King, Miriam Weinstein
{"title":"Atopic Dermatitis Part 2: Management.","authors":"Alexandra Pennal, Elizabeth-Anne Campione, Aliyah King, Miriam Weinstein","doi":"10.1542/pir.2024-006587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2024-006587","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The goal of management of atopic dermatitis (AD) or eczema, is to achieve disease control in the absence of a cure. This review aims to outline the current management and treatment of AD and explore gaps in knowledge about the effectiveness of treatment control. Although there is no concrete definition of or specific features that constitute \"control\" in this context, control includes reducing disease activity, decreasing symptoms, and ultimately improving quality of life. Therapeutic patient education (TPE) improves outcomes and includes information about the disease; recognition of active disease; trigger reduction where possible; moisturization; and instructions on medication use. Applying moisturizers consistently is part of standard care and plays a role in flare prevention. Topical corticosteroids (TCS), for which there is good evidence to support efficacy and safety, are frequently used topical treatments. Despite the infrequent incidence of side effects, the use of TCS is often hindered by fear of these side effects. To ensure adherence to treatment, it is essential to assess and address patients' and caregivers' concerns about steroid use. Effective alternative topical treatments include calcineurin inhibitors, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, and Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKI). Ancillary therapies may play a role in some selected patients, for example, wet-wrap therapy and bleach baths, but add complexity to management plans with inconsistent supporting evidence. Antihistamines are no longer routinely recommended. When topical therapy fails, systemic treatment options may be considered, including phototherapy, traditional immune-suppressant therapy, and newer agents such as biologic therapy or JAKI.</p>","PeriodicalId":20007,"journal":{"name":"Pediatrics in review","volume":"46 8","pages":"425-436"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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