Planta Medica International Open最新文献

{"title":"Triterpene Profiling of Neem Exudate (Toddy) Using UHPLC-QTOF-MS and its Anti-inflammatory Activity","authors":"R. Biswal, D. Patnana, S. Pulukool, Venketesh Sivaramakrishnan, Ashish Pargaonkar, R. Dandamudi","doi":"10.1055/a-1397-8510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1397-8510","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is one of the richest sources of secondary metabolites. More than 250 natural products have been characterized from various parts of the neem tree. These include diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, coumarins, hydrocarbons, and fatty acids. Many of these products possess therapeutic properties. Neem exudate or toddy is a milky white liquid with a strong smell secreted from the angle between the 2 main branches of old trees. Profiling of neem toddy for the presence of active metabolites was done by an in-house database using UHPLC-QTOF-MS. Fifty-seven metabolites were identified from the full scan of electrospray ionization positive and negative mode from the neem toddy extract by using UHPLC-QTOF-MS. Further confirmation of 31 of these metabolites was done by obtaining MS/MS spectrum from UHPLC-QTOF-MS. Principal component analysis study of metabolites from neem toddy with leaves, seed, seed coat, and bark revealed that they are closely related to those contained in neem seeds and seed coats. Azadirachtin, nimbidiol, 22,23-dihydroazadirachtin, nimbonone, nimbonolone, nimosone, and 6-deacetylnimbinene were found to be some of the most abundant metabolites in neem toddy. The neem toddy extract showed significant anti-inflammatory activity when tested in N9 murine microglial cells with 25 ng of recombinant mouse tumor necrosis factor alpha protein (active) using qRT-PCR. The active metabolites in neem toddy could be further explored for their therapeutic potentials.","PeriodicalId":199864,"journal":{"name":"Planta Medica International Open","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126340006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation of Adenosine and Cordysinin B from Anredera cordifolia that Stimulates CRE-Mediated Transcription in PC12 Cells","authors":"Y. Ohizumi, M. Kawada, Maki Kamada, A. Nakajima, K. Kajima, N. Uozumi, Yasumasa Hara, Yuanqiang Guo, M. Ishibashi","doi":"10.1055/a-1395-6510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1395-6510","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Alzheimer’s disease is a typical neurodegenerative disorder, and its prevention or treatment poses great concern in advanced countries. In our survey of numerous natural resources with neurotrophic activities, we found that Anredera cordifolia improved memory impairment and increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) response element-mediated transcription, an important step in signal transduction for memory formation. The extracts of this food were dissolved in methanol and then partitioned with three organic solvents and water, separating into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water layers. The n-butanol layer with the strongest activity on cyclic AMP-response element-dependent transcription was fractionated using silica gel column chromatography and then the activity was monitored using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography to give adenosine and cordysinin B, respectively. Both compounds showed a concentration-dependent increase in cyclic AMP-response element-mediated transcription activity. These results suggest that both adenosine and cordysinin B may participate in improving the action of A. cordifolia on memory impairment, and these actions, at least in part, result from the activation of adenosine A1, A2A, and A2B receptors.","PeriodicalId":199864,"journal":{"name":"Planta Medica International Open","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126547455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction and Fractionation Effects on Antiplasmodial Activity and Phytochemical Composition of Palicourea hoffmannseggiana","authors":"Leticia Hiromi Ohashi, D. Gontijo, M. F. A. Nascimento, L. Margalho, G. Brandão, A. Oliveira","doi":"10.1055/a-1375-6456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1375-6456","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present study on Palicourea hoffmannseggiana, which was collected at Marapanim, state of Pará, Brazil, comprises the preparation of different stem and leaf extracts and fractions. Ethanol, hydroethanol, and water extracts were prepared by several methods and evaluated for in vitro activity against resistant Plasmodium falciparum (W2 strain), disclosing a low parasite growth inhibition effect (< 50%). Dereplication by UPLC-DAD-ESI−MS of the leaf ethanol extract showed the presence of two known alkaloids, lyalosidic and strictosidinic acids, along with a sinapoyl ester of lyalosidic acid, with m/z 719.33 [M+H]+, which is possibly a new monoterpene indole alkaloid representative. Sequential liquid-liquid acid-base alkaloid separations from the leaf ethanol extract as well as directly from leaf powder afforded fractions of increased parasite growth inhibition, reaching up to 92.5±0.7%. The most bioactive fractions were shown to contain the β-carboline alkaloids harmane and 4-methyl-β-carboline, along with N-methyl-tryptamine and N-acetyl-tryptamine, while monoterpene indole alkaloids were detected in inactive fractions of these processes. The present results demonstrate that these preliminary fractionation methods can lead to significantly active fractions supporting an adequate scale-up to carrying out the isolation of anti-plasmodial compounds.","PeriodicalId":199864,"journal":{"name":"Planta Medica International Open","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123507310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS in Phytochemical Profiling of Sage (Salvia officinalis) and Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)","authors":"Ravikishore Velamuri, Y. Sharma, J. Fagan, J. Schaefer","doi":"10.1055/a-1272-2903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1272-2903","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract UHPLC with QTOF-MS is widely used as a powerful tool for metabolomic analysis. This technology has recently been applied to the analysis of polyphenols in food and herb extracts. Sage (Salvia officinalis) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), belonging to the family Lamiaceae, are known for their potent antioxidant properties due to the presence of polyphenols. We have developed a sensitive and reproducible UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-based method for comprehensive phytochemical profiling and the identification and quantitation of specific polyphenolic compounds present in sage and rosemary leaves. The herbs were extracted ultrasonically using methanol as the solvent. In sage, rosmarinic acid (17 678.7±673.4 µg/g) and 12-methoxy carnosic acid (21 918.3±715.4 µg/g) were found in the highest concentrations among all polyphenols. In contrast, rosmarinic acid (14 311.0±636.4 µg/g), luteolin-3'-acetyl-O-glucuronide (1488.50±47.58 µg/g), and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide (1053.68±68.83 µg/g) were observed in the highest concentrations in rosemary. Sagerinic acid, rosmanol, rosmadial, carnosol, and carnosic acid were found in abundance in both sage and rosemary. The pentacyclic triterpenoid, corosolic acid ([M - H]¯ m/z 471.35), was detected for the first time in both plants. Of the 47 polyphenolic compounds identified in each plant, 38 compounds were found in common in rosemary and sage. A flavonoid compound, baicalin ([M -H]¯ m/z 445.08), was identified for the first time in S. officinalis. Also, pectolinarigenin ([M - H]¯ m/z 313.07), a dimethoxyflavone, was detected for the first time in both sage and rosemary leaves.","PeriodicalId":199864,"journal":{"name":"Planta Medica International Open","volume":"103 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121013192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The N-Methyl-(2S, 4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline-Enriched Methanol Fraction from Sideroxylon obtusifolium Shows an Anticonvulsant Activity Associated with its Anti-inflammatory/Antioxidant Actions","authors":"P. D. de Aquino, I. R. Lustosa, Caren Nádia Soares de Sousa, A. Chaves-Filho, F. Lima, Alan Diego da Conceição Santos, N. Gramosa, E. Silveira, G. S. de Barros Viana","doi":"10.1055/a-1328-5093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1328-5093","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, resulting from excessive neuronal discharges. Sideroxylon obtusifolium is used in Brazil for its anti-inflammatory/antioxidant properties, known to be involved with epilepsy. The anticonvulsant effects of the methanol fraction from S. obtusifolium leaves, rich in N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, were investigated on pilocarpine- and pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion models. Mice were pretreated with N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (50, 100, 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and, 1 h later, by pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.) or pentylenetetrazole (80 mg/kg, i.p.). The animals were observed for latency to the first convulsion and latency to death. Immediately after death, brain areas from the pilocarpine groups were harvested for biochemical measurements. The latency to the first convulsion and latency to death increased after N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline treatment compared with the pilocarpine- or pentylenetetrazole-only groups. In both convulsion models, sodium valproate (reference drug) was used as a positive control. Additionally, the decreases in striatal dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid contents observed in the pilocarpine-only group were partially prevented in the N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline-treated groups. While brain gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate contents decreased and increased, respectively, after pilocarpine only, these changes were also prevented by N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline. Similarly, N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline reduced the brain oxidative stress by decreasing the levels of nitrite and lipid peroxidation and increasing the glutathione content of the pilocarpine-only group. The increases in hippocampal expressions for interleukin 6, interferon-gamma, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, after pilocarpine only, were decreased to normal levels by N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline. In conclusion, the study showed significant anticonvulsant effects for N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, probably related to its anti-inflammatory/antioxidant properties. N-Methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline effects were potentiated by VPA (sodium valproate), thus it may also interact with the GABAergic system, as we had recently shown.","PeriodicalId":199864,"journal":{"name":"Planta Medica International Open","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131023771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypolipidemic Activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) Seed Oil and Its Mechanism of Action","authors":"K. Oriakhi, P. Uadia","doi":"10.1055/a-1323-0786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1323-0786","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present study was designed to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum oil and its mechanism(s) of action. The oil was extracted using the Soxhlet method and subjected to column chromatography/spectroscopic techniques. GC-MS analysis was performed on the oil to identify 15 constituents with 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (ω-3 fatty acid or α-linolenic acid) (68%) showing the highest proportion. Isolation and purification of the oil gave three compounds, namely, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and stearic acid (octadecanoic acid). Thirty-five rats were used and divided into seven groups for the in vivo hypolipidemic study. Findings from this study showed significant decreases (p<0.05) in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in rats fed a normal diet and receiving T. conophorum oil (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) for 20 days. But there were significant increases (p<0.05) in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino transferase, malondialdehyde, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, and C-reactive protein levels with a decline in the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in rats fed the high cholesterol diet when compared to those fed a normal diet. However, oral administration of T. conophorum oil and atorvastatin for 20 days resulted in a significant lowering (p<0.05) of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino transferase, malondialdehyde, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, and C-reactive protein levels with a rise in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in rats nourished with the high cholesterol diet. The study showed that T. conophorum seed oil possesses hypolipidemic and cardioprotective properties.","PeriodicalId":199864,"journal":{"name":"Planta Medica International Open","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133686431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant-Produced Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) Promotes Cell Proliferation and Collagen Production","authors":"K. Rattanapisit, Angkana Jantimaporn, Pornjira Kaewpungsup, B. Shanmugaraj, P. Pavasant, Katawut Namdee, W. Phoolcharoen","doi":"10.1055/a-1289-1265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1289-1265","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Human fibroblast growth factor regulates a broad spectrum of biological functions, including cell proliferation and tissue differentiation, and has a wider application in tissue engineering. Here, we described the production of human basic fibroblast growth factor in plants by using a geminiviral vector system. In this study, we transiently expressed basic fibroblast growth factor containing a C-terminus 8X-Histidine with and without a barley alpha amylase signal peptide in Nicotiana benthamiana. The expression level of basic fibroblast growth factor without the signal peptide was found to be higher than the basic fibroblast growth factor with the signal peptide. Further, the recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor was purified from the plant crude extract by two-step purification viz., ammonium sulfate precipitation and Ni-affinity chromatography. Our results demonstrated that the purified plant-produced basic fibroblast growth factor was biologically active and promotes the proliferation of human periodontal ligament stem cells and human follicle dermal papilla cells in vitro. Moreover, the plant-produced basic fibroblast growth factor also induced collagen production in human dermal fibroblast cells. Our results suggest the potential use of plant-produced basic fibroblast growth factor as an antiaging and hair growth-promoting agent in the cosmetic industry.","PeriodicalId":199864,"journal":{"name":"Planta Medica International Open","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126325670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saikosaponin D Ameliorates Mechanical Hypersensitivity in Animal Models of Neuropathic Pain","authors":"Gyeongbeen Lee, Yeonju Nam, Woo Jung Kim, B. Shin, J. Lee, Hwantae Park, Pansoo Kim, Ji Hyun Lee, Yongmun Choi","doi":"10.1055/a-1302-4570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1302-4570","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We have previously identified saikosaponins as transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 antagonists and showed that saikosaponin D improves neuropathic pain induced by the anticancer drug vincristine in mice. In order to gain more insight into the therapeutic effects of saikosaponin D, we tested saikosaponin D in animal models of neuropathic pain induced by either streptozotocin, which mimics diabetes, or paclitaxel, a commonly used chemotherapy treatment. Our findings indicate that although saikosaponin D improved pain outcomes in neuropathic pain models, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of saikosaponin D appear to differ between streptozotocin- and paclitaxel-induced pain. Streptozotocin-induced neuropathic pain was significantly alleviated 30 minutes after oral administration of saikosaponin D, while 1-day oral administration of saikosaponin D had little effect on paclitaxel-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Attenuation of paclitaxel-induced mechanical hypersensitivity was evident only after repeated administration of saikosaponin D. Although the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of saikosaponin D remain to be elucidated, our results shed new light on the therapeutic potential of saikosaponin D in the management of neuropathic pain caused by diabetes or chemotherapy.","PeriodicalId":199864,"journal":{"name":"Planta Medica International Open","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124093915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GC-MS Analysis, Bioactivity-based Molecular Networking and Antiparasitic Potential of the Antarctic Alga Desmarestia antarctica","authors":"P. Colepicolo-Neto, H. Debonsi, Gustavo Souza dos Santos, K. C. Rangel, Thaiz Rodrigues Teixeira, L. R. Gaspar, Péricles Gama Abreu-Filho, L. M. Pereira, A. P. Yatsuda, M. E. Gallon, L. Gobbo-Neto, Leandro da Costa Clementino, M. Graminha, Laís Garcia Jordão, A. Pohlit","doi":"10.1055/a-1219-2207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1219-2207","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Leishmaniasis, malaria, and neosporosis are parasitic diseases that affect humans and animals, causing public health problems and billions in economic losses. Despite the advances in the development of new drugs, the severe side effects of available leishmaniasis treatments, the Plasmodium spp. resistance to antimalarial drugs, and the lack of a specific treatment against neosporosis lead us to the search for new anti-protozoan molecules from underexplored sources such as the Antarctic marine environment. Herein, we describe for the first time the chemical profile of Desmarestia antarctica crude extract and fractions using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS (molecular networking) approaches, and evaluate their antiparasitic activity against Leishmania amazonensis, Neospora caninum, and multi-drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity in 3T3 BALB/c fibroblasts and Vero cells was evaluated. D. antarctica fraction E ( IC50 of 53.8±4.4 μg mL− 1 and selectivity index of 3.3) exhibited anti-promastigote activity and was fourfold more selective to L. amazonensis rather than to the host cells. D. antarctica fraction D (IC50 of 1.6±1.3 μg mL− 1 and selectivity index of 27.8), D. antarctica fraction F (IC50 of 3.1±2.1 μg mL− 1 and selectivity index of 23.1), and D. antarctica fraction H (IC50 of 3.1±2.0 μg mL− 1 and selectivity index of 12.9) presented the highest antiparasitic effects against N. caninum with no cytotoxic effects. Also, D. antarctica fraction D presented a significant antiplasmodial inhibitory effect (IC50 of 19.1±3.9 μg mL− 1 and selectivity index of 6.0). GC-MS analysis indicated palmitic acid, myristic acid, fucosterol, phthalic acid, di(2-methylbutyl) ester, loliolide, and neophytadiene as the main components in the active fractions. In addition, this is the first report of a biological screening of macroalgae secondary metabolites against N. caninum parasites.","PeriodicalId":199864,"journal":{"name":"Planta Medica International Open","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116560226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological Activity of Matricaria chamomilla Essential Oils of Various Chemotypes","authors":"M. Höferl, Jürgen Wanner, N. Tabanca, Abbas Ali, V. Gochev, E. Schmidt, V. Kaul, V. Singh, L. Jirovetz","doi":"10.1055/a-1186-2400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1186-2400","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla L., which is commonly used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes, can be differentiated between several chemotypes. In the current study, six essential chamomile oil samples of various origins (four of commercial sources, one of cultivation, one of wild collection) were examined regarding their composition and biological activities, i. e., antibacterial, antifungal, mosquito repellent, and larvicidal effects. GC-MS analyses revealed that the samples largely varied in composition and could be attributed to various chemotypes. In contrast to the other two samples, the four commercial samples were unusually high in trans-β-farnesene. The overall antimicrobial effects were only moderate, but it could be shown that a higher content in α-bisabolol and a smaller in α-bisabolol oxides A and B had a positive effect on overall activity. All samples had a biting deterrent effect comparable to DEET. Higher concentrations of (Z )- and (E )-spiroethers improved larvicidal activity, whereas trans-β-farnesene had the opposite effect. In conclusion, the importance of α-bisabolol for the biological activity of chamomile essential oil could be demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":199864,"journal":{"name":"Planta Medica International Open","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121390319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}