{"title":"Radio Telescopes","authors":"J. Findlay","doi":"10.1887/0750309172/b1256c21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1887/0750309172/b1256c21","url":null,"abstract":"A radio telescope is used in radio astronomy to measure the intensity of the radiation received from various parts of the sky. Such a telescope must be able both to detect and to locate faint radio sources of small angular size, and also to measure the brightness distribution across extended radio sources or over large sky areas. Ideally the telescope should be capable of making such measurements over a wide frequency range and for different types of polarization of the incoming waves. The noise powers available in radio astronomy are very small, and some of the radio sources have angular sizes or angular structure of, perhaps, only one second of arc, so that a radio telescope needs both high gain and good resolving power. The paper describes various types of radio telescopes which have been built and tested, and outlines the astronomical needs which they fulfill. The parabolic reflector antenna is first described, with particular reference to the fully steerable 210-foot telescope at the Australian National Radio Astronomy Observatory and to the 300-foot transit telescope at the U. S. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Of the telescopes which use fixed or partly fixed reflector surfaces, those at the University of Illinois, at the Nançay station of the Paris Observatory, and at the Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory in Puerto Rico are described in some detail. Instruments in which the resolution is improved without a corresponding increase of collecting area, such as the cross-type antennas, are briefly described.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121665695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theories of the Origin of Radio Sources","authors":"E. Burbidge, G. Burbidge","doi":"10.1109/TME.1964.4323142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1964.4323142","url":null,"abstract":"A discussion is given of the properties of the strong nonthermal radio sources and particularly of those of extragalactic origin. These sources radiate by the synchrotron process. The properties of the galaxies associated with the sources are described. A review is then given of the various theoretical proposals which have been made to try to explain how the generation of very large fluxes of relativistic particles (with total energies ≥ 10660 ergs) in very short times (~106 years or less) has taken place. Finally, the requirements which must be fulfilled for a satisfactory theory of the origin of such sources are outlined.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115768784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Parametric Amplifiers for High Sensitivity Receivers","authors":"M. Uenohara, J. Elward","doi":"10.1109/TME.1964.4323155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1964.4323155","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristics of parametric amplifiers, including effective input noise temperature, bandwidth, stability, and gain compression are discussed. Two specific amplifiers, a liquid nitrogen cooled L-band unit for a radio astronomy observatory, and a three-channel unit for a satellite vernier auto track system, are described, and the characteristics of these amplifiers are presented.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116955387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Systems Approach to Theory of Computing Systems","authors":"M. Mesarovic","doi":"10.1109/TME.1964.4323126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1964.4323126","url":null,"abstract":"A formal system is introduced which is capable of representing a universal Turing machine. This enables the input, state-output representation of the computing systems that allows the study on a unified basis of the larger systems involving computer-like subsystems. It has been shown how some problems and concepts associated with the theory of Turing machines can be applied to engineering system and vice-versa. This has been made possible by using the proposed formal system.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125995251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Challenge That Is Ours","authors":"E. Cook","doi":"10.1109/TME.1964.4323118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1964.4323118","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132393951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Optimal Data Association Problem in Surveillance Theory","authors":"R. Sittler","doi":"10.1109/TME.1964.4323129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1964.4323129","url":null,"abstract":"This paper contains a theoretical analysis of the data association problem of a common type of surveillance system. By a method of inverse probability, the optimal data processor is obtained which permits maximum likelihood estimates to be made of the true data-surveillance object association. The maximum likelihood estimator is given in a form that lends itself to sequential computations performed in real time as the data arrives. Examples of the use of this estimator make clear the precise mathematical meaning of such terms as tentative, confirmed, and established data tracks, and the concept of search areas. The analytical technique is of general use in a variety of surveillance situations. Computer implementations are possible.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129929536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theory and Performance Limitations of Analog Systems","authors":"W. Brown, R. Crane, R. Harger, C. J. Palermo","doi":"10.1109/TME.1964.4323127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1964.4323127","url":null,"abstract":"A unified view of the large amount of progress which has been made in the analysis of systems such as radar, communications, imaging systems, etc., is presented. The basic theory of complex parameter systems and the role of phase lock in such systems is given in Section II. Performance limitations due to phase errors, stochastic delays, and clipping are discussed in Sections III and IV. Section V gives some results of ifitering for the modulus of a complex signal, and Section VI treats some problems in scatter communications. The following are some of the solutions presented. Phase lock provides a factor-two improvement in signal-to-noise ratio in coherent receivers. If r(x) denotes random deviation from constructing a straight antenna and δ is the standard deviation of d2r/dx2, then there exists a Gaussian illumnation which provides a radius of gyration beamwidth of √λδ/2π. Hard limiting of radar or analog communication signals prior to processing in an optimum receiver results in an rms error in signal estimation of 32 per cent in the presence of Gaussian statistics. With Gaussian statistics, the processor which minimizes E(|Jf-h|2) where f is signal and h is system output (where additive noise is present) also minimizes E [(|f|2-|h|2)2] save for a correction of mean value which is required in the latter case. In the section on scatter communications, the relation between \"cloud size statistics\" and coherence bandwidth is presented along with the performance gain available through the use of space diversity in the receiving system.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"186 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116135718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Future Trends in Energy Conversion on a Very Large Scale","authors":"O. Mawardi","doi":"10.1109/TME.1964.4323123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1964.4323123","url":null,"abstract":"The expected philosophy in the future trend for energy conversion on a large scale is outlined in this paper. Following a brief review of the basic concepts of irreversible thermodynamics a scheme is described which outlines a method of searching for new conversion processes. Some examples are then given to demonstrate the method.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130028332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Example of Design for Minimum Total Cost, Counter-Flow Heat Exchangers","authors":"C. Zener","doi":"10.1109/TME.1964.4323122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1964.4323122","url":null,"abstract":"Many types of equipment have two costs: the cost of the work potential dissipated by the equipment in operation, and its initial capital cost. The correct design minimizes the total cost. A mathematical technique has recently been developed for obtaining algebraic expressions for the minimum cost, as well as for the optimum design parameters in terms of the physical parameters of the system and of various unit costs, such as electric power and fuel costs. The present paper illustrates this mathematical optimization technique through its application to the design of a counter-flow heat exchanger. Algebraic expressions are obtained for the following design parameters: flow velocities and surface area per unit rate of heat exchanged. This mathematical technique is equally applicable to design problems where properties other than cost are to be minimized, such as weight.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127681842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Planning of Systems","authors":"L. K. Kirchmayer","doi":"10.1109/TME.1964.4323120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1964.4323120","url":null,"abstract":"The methodology of planning systems to meet stated goals in an optimum manner while recognizing all pertinent constraints is being given increasing attention by systems engineers. In the electric utility industry the greatly increased complexity of the systems required to meet anticipated load growth, the advent of large-scale interconnection of systems, increasing investment costs and the pressure for continued economy of service have necessitated continuing efforts to achieve more comprehensive and exacting approaches to system planning. Significant progress in system planning has been achieved to date in the electric utility industry. Integrated digital computer programs have been devised which permit the modeling of the technical and economic performance of future system design alternatives and aid the system planner in obtaining an optimum total system beginning with the sources of fuel and ending with the final delivery of power to the customer. By the methods presented in this paper the total present worth cost of various alternative system designs may be readily obtained. Limited work has been undertaken concerning the direct optimum synthesis of a system plan. The major difficulty in direct synthesis arises from the complex interrelationships of the variables and the high dimensionality of the problem.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1964-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121497553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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