Keyang Xu, Qibiao Wu, Zhao Lingyun, Romario Nguyen, Fatema Safri, William Yang, Yikun Xu, Yun Ye, Hiu Yee Kwan, Qiang Wang, Xiuming Liang, Muhammad J A Shiddiky, Majid E Warkiani, Jacob George, Jianfeng Bao, Liang Qiao
{"title":"Extracellular vesicles as a promising platform of precision medicine in liver cancer.","authors":"Keyang Xu, Qibiao Wu, Zhao Lingyun, Romario Nguyen, Fatema Safri, William Yang, Yikun Xu, Yun Ye, Hiu Yee Kwan, Qiang Wang, Xiuming Liang, Muhammad J A Shiddiky, Majid E Warkiani, Jacob George, Jianfeng Bao, Liang Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural carriers of biological information and play pivotal roles in intercellular communication. EVs are biocompatible, have low immunogenicity, and are capable of traversing biological barriers, making them ideal tools for disease diagnosis and therapy. Despite their promising prospects, the full realization of EVs potential faces several challenges. This article aims to comprehensively review the biological and molecular features of EVs, their applications in liver cancer and possible underlying mechanisms, and the critical challenges affecting the clinical translation of EVs-based therapies in liver cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":19918,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological research","volume":" ","pages":"107800"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renee Gabrielle Fajardo, Akash Uddandam, Jessie Cunningham, Cristina Longo, Sonia M Grandi
{"title":"Pediatric infections in the first year of life following maternal biologic exposure for autoimmune disorder treatment: A systematic review.","authors":"Renee Gabrielle Fajardo, Akash Uddandam, Jessie Cunningham, Cristina Longo, Sonia M Grandi","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107792","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pregnancy induces immunologic and physiologic changes that can alter disease activity for women with autoimmune disorders (AD), and if exacerbated, may necessitate treatment. Biologics are increasingly prescribed due to their targeted effects, but transplacental transfer to the fetus may increase potential risks to the infant. This review examines the risk of infection and respiratory distress in the first year of life among infants born to women with AD using biologics during pregnancy versus infants exposed to standard therapies. We systematically searched five databases from January 2012 to June 2023. Inclusion was restricted to cohort and case-control studies including infants born to women with rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, or systemic lupus erythematosus prescribed a biologic or standard therapy during pregnancy. Quality assessment was performed using the ROBINS-I tool for observational studies. Due to between-study heterogeneity in effect estimates and outcomes, studies were not pooled. Of 2975 identified citations, 10 studies were included. In three studies examining the risk of infant infection, findings were inconsistent largely due to lack of precision (OR range: 0.6-1.4, 95% CI range: 0.2-2.8). For respiratory distress, two studies reported an increased risk among infants exposed to biologics (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.03,1.74 and RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.06, 2.18) while one did not. Most studies (80%) had a moderate risk of bias. The findings suggest conflicting results for the risk of infant infection and possible associations with respiratory distress. Given the limited number of studies, additional studies are needed to inform treatment decisions for AD during pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19918,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological research","volume":" ","pages":"107792"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mengyao WU , Kunzhui CHEN , Xiyin ZHENG , Yingbin SHEN , Tak-Ho LO , Xinquan YANG
{"title":"A galactoglucomannan from Termitomyces intermedius: Structural characterization, anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory activities","authors":"Mengyao WU , Kunzhui CHEN , Xiyin ZHENG , Yingbin SHEN , Tak-Ho LO , Xinquan YANG","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Termitomyces</em> mushrooms exhibit a wide range of beneficial properties, yet detailed structural characterization and exploration of their structure-activity relationships, particularly in the anti-obesity contexts, remain limited. A novel galactoglucomannan (TIP-1–1) was isolated from <em>Termitomyces intermedius</em>. Structural analysis showed TIP-1–1 is a 2.7 kDa polysaccharide mainly composed of glucose, galactose and mannose (mass ratio: 75.7: 10.7: 13.6). The backbone contained linear 1,6-linked β-Glcp, 1,3-linked β-Glcp, 1,6-linked α-Galp, and 1,3,6-linked α-Manp contained a branched structure that substituted primarily with 1,3,6-linked α-Manp and 1,3-linked β-Glcp residues. Functionally, TIP-1–1 mitigated HFD-induced obesity in mice by reducing body weight, fat mass, and improving glucose homeostasis and lipid profiles, with effects comparable to GLP-1. It suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines such as NO, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, leptin and restored adiponectin and IL-10 levels both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em>, suggesting anti-inflammatory mechanisms underlying its anti-obesity effects. In lipid metabolism studies, TIP-1–1 inhibited adipocyte lipogenesis by activating AMPK, suppressing the expression of ACC and FASN, and reducing triglyceride accumulation. Mechanistically, <em>AMPK</em> siRNA knockdown abolished these effects, confirming its central role in TIP-1–1-mediated suppression of <em>de novo</em> fatty acid synthesis. These findings established TIP-1–1 as a dual-acting anti-obesity agent with therapeutic potential via anti-inflammatory and AMPK/ACC/FASN lipogenic inhibition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19918,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological research","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 107768"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pharmacological mechanisms and drug delivery systems of ginsenoside Rg3: A comprehensive review","authors":"Zhong-Wei Yao , He Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ginsenoside Rg3, as one of the major active components of <em>Panax ginseng</em>, exhibits significant anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, wound healing and immunomodulatory pharmacological effects and has been developed as an adjuvant therapy in clinical practice. However, its poor water solubility and low permeability result in limited bioavailability, restricting its clinical application. This review systematically summarizes the pharmacological mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg3, including its anti-tumor effects through multiple signaling pathways that inhibit cancer cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and suppress tumor angiogenesis; anti-inflammatory properties via the inhibition of NF-κB and related factors; antioxidant effects by increasing antioxidant enzyme levels and regulating the Nrf2 pathway; antidiabetic effects via the promotion of insulin secretion by inhibiting the MAPK pathway; hepatoprotective effects via the attenuation of hepatic inflammation through suppressing NF-κB phosphorylation; wound-healing-promoting effects via modulating the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway, and immunomodulatory activities through immune cell regulation and inhibition of PD-L1 glycosylation. Additionally, this review discusses the pharmacokinetic properties of Rg3, such as rapid oral absorption but low plasma concentration and bioavailability. Furthermore, this review highlights various drug delivery systems, including liposomes, solid dispersions, cyclodextrin inclusion complexes, microspheres, electrospun nanofiber membranes, hydrogels, nanoparticles, micelles, and microneedles, which have been developed to improve its physicochemical properties and enhance its therapeutic efficacy. By systematically summarizing the pharmacological mechanisms and formulation optimization strategies of Rg3, this review provides theoretical insights and technical support for future research and clinical translation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19918,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological research","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 107799"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yafeng Qi , Jingnan Yan , Xixi Huang , Xiaodan Jiang , Rongrong Li , Jiayi Wan , Yangyang Li , Zhiming Miao , Zhongyang Song , Yongqi Liu , Liying Zhang , Zhiming Zhang
{"title":"Targeting tumor-associated macrophage polarization with traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients: Dual reversal of chemoresistance and immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment","authors":"Yafeng Qi , Jingnan Yan , Xixi Huang , Xiaodan Jiang , Rongrong Li , Jiayi Wan , Yangyang Li , Zhiming Miao , Zhongyang Song , Yongqi Liu , Liying Zhang , Zhiming Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemotherapy resistance and immunosuppression are major causes of tumor treatment failure. The polarization state of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is a central regulatory hub for both processes. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has the characteristics of multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway. It regulating M1/M2 polarization is promising due to the high plasticity of TAMs. This review comprehensively explores the anti-tumor effects of TCM active components through multiple targets such as metabolic reprogramming. The mechanism includes regulating TAM's polarization, reversing chemotherapy resistance, and modulating immunosuppression. Furthermore, we also summarize the synergistic effects of TCM multi-component and the exploration of mechanisms promoted by new technologies. While most studies are still in the preclinical stage, these insights highlight the potential of TCM as a cancer treatment and highlight avenues for future research and clinical application to improve patient outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19918,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological research","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 107788"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Therapeutic Potential of Plant-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles in Sepsis: A Network Meta-analysis.","authors":"Wen-Yi Lai, Ching-Wei Chuang, Yu-Chen Huang, Chun-Jen Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107795","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by systemic inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction. Plant-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have emerged as promising therapeutic agents due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. This study conducted a network meta-analysis to identify the most effective plant-derived sEVs for reducing sepsis-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. The analysis included 13 studies evaluating 10 plant-derived sEVs in sepsis-mimicking conditions, with primary outcomes focused on cytokine levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in vitro and in vivo. Secondary outcomes included nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and cell viability. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251011005). Ginger-derived sEVs were identified as the most effective, significantly reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α), increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-10), and suppressing ROS production. They also enhanced Nrf2 expression and improved cell viability, highlighting their role in antioxidant defense and cytoprotection. In conclusion, ginger-derived sEVs are the most effective plant-derived sEVs for mitigating sepsis-induced inflammation and oxidation in both in vitro and in vivo sepsis-mimicking models.</p>","PeriodicalId":19918,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological research","volume":" ","pages":"107795"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Danielle G Carvalho, Juliana C N Kenski, Daniel A Moreira, Matheus A Rajão, Oscar Krijgsman, Carolina Furtado, Mariana Boroni, João P B Viola, Daniel S Peeper, Patricia A Possik
{"title":"Resistance to BRAF inhibitors drives melanoma sensitivity to Chk1 inhibition.","authors":"Danielle G Carvalho, Juliana C N Kenski, Daniel A Moreira, Matheus A Rajão, Oscar Krijgsman, Carolina Furtado, Mariana Boroni, João P B Viola, Daniel S Peeper, Patricia A Possik","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107797","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanomas (BRAFiR) acquire (epi)genetic and functional alterations that enable them to evade alternative treatments. Identifying these alterations is critical to advancing treatment strategies. Here, we explored the effect of Chk1 inhibition (Chk1i) on BRAFiR cells, revealing higher sensitivity compared to treatment-naïve cells both in vitro and in vivo. Using FUCCI-labeling and time-lapse microscopy, we show that S phase progression is required for Chk1i-induced cytotoxicity in BRAFiR cells, but not in treatment-naïve cells. Replication stress markers, including reduced BrdU incorporation and increased phospho-RPA and γH2AX, were observed mostly in BRAFiR cells with increased sensitivity to Chk1i. Untreated BRAFiR cells exhibited upregulated DNA replication genes, reduced progressing forks and increased origin firing, suggesting intrinsic replication changes. MAPK pathway reactivation in treatment-naïve cells mimicked BRAFiR traits, increasing sensitivity to Chk1i. These findings indicate that Chk1i exploits elevated replication stress specifically in BRAFiR cells, highlighting its therapeutic potential in overcoming MAPK inhibitor resistance in BRAF<sup>600</sup>-mutant melanoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":19918,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological research","volume":" ","pages":"107797"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xizi He , Runze Li , Xiaohong He , Fan He , Yao Xiao , Xianghong Chen , Yu Lai , Wanyi Guo , Peiyu Liu , Xiao Cai , Xiaonan Yang , Yongkang Shu , Jie Shao , Yulian Chen , Danli Chen , Minqi Quan , Jiaqi Wu , Leyao Xian , Jiayan He , Hong Ren , Hudan Pan
{"title":"Elucidation of the anti-arthritic mechanism of Guizhi-Shaoyao-Zhimu decoction by reshaping circadian rhythm","authors":"Xizi He , Runze Li , Xiaohong He , Fan He , Yao Xiao , Xianghong Chen , Yu Lai , Wanyi Guo , Peiyu Liu , Xiao Cai , Xiaonan Yang , Yongkang Shu , Jie Shao , Yulian Chen , Danli Chen , Minqi Quan , Jiaqi Wu , Leyao Xian , Jiayan He , Hong Ren , Hudan Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) exhibits pronounced circadian oscillations, with variations in joint stiffness, pain, and swelling following rhythmic patterns. Our preliminary research suggests that inflammatory cytokines in RA serum display rhythmicity closely associated with circadian rhythms. Additionally, circadian clock genes show a tendency towards disordered expression in RA, suggesting potential new therapeutic avenues from a circadian perspective. Traditional Chinese Medicine's Guizhi-Shaoyao-Zhimu Decoction (GSZD) has demonstrated clinical efficacy in RA, yet its underlying mechanism remains elusive. Our study confirms the effectiveness of GSZD in alleviating arthritis symptoms, reducing bone destruction, and lowering the expression of related inflammatory cytokines. Notably, we found that GSZD modulates the core circadian gene NR1D1 in a dose-dependent and time-selective manner. The administration of GSZD at 10 AM demonstrated enhanced anti-arthritic effects, which were mediated by regulating NR1D1 and suppressing the NLRP3-IL-18/IL-1β inflammatory signaling pathway. Moreover, silencing of NR1D1 significantly upregulated the expression of NLRP3, IL-18, and IL-1β. In NR1D1-deficient macrophages, GSZD failed to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-18, and IL-1β. Overall, GSZD exerts therapeutic benefits for RA patients via activating NR1D1 and the interplay between molecular-based circadian rhythms and immune balance develop new avenues for targeted RA treatments, offering innovative strategies for the timing and administration of therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19918,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological research","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 107787"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144135095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multifaceted role of zipper-interacting protein kinase beyond cell death: Implication of ZIPK dysregulation in neuronal and vascular injuries","authors":"Fei She, Tao Zhang, Tae Ho Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) belongs to the death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) family and is a serine/threonine kinase. ZIPK is ubiquitously expressed in different types of tissues and cells. ZIPK is involved in many cellular functions, including cell death, smooth muscle contraction, transcriptional regulation, inflammatory signaling and the regulation of angiogenesis. The dysregulation of ZIPK has been shown to be involved in multiple diseases, including cancer, neurological diseases such as stroke, and cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. The molecular mechanisms by which ZIPK inhibits the development of cancer have been well studied, but less is known about how ZIPK dysregulation is involved in vascular and neurological diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the cellular processes in which ZIPK is involved and the pathological relevance of ZIPK dysregulation in diseases, with a focus on the role of ZIPK in vascular and neuronal functions. The molecular mechanisms by which ZIPK dysregulation contributes to cancer and vascular and neuronal diseases are discussed. We also review recent advances in the development of ZIPK modulators and their potential in treating vascular damage and neurological disorders. Multiple findings support that ZIPK has important functions in regulating vascular homeostasis and serves as a novel therapeutic target for alleviating neurological diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19918,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological research","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 107793"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wan Chen , Mei-Ling Li , Guang Zeng , Xiang-Yu Xu , Shan-Hui Yin , Can Xu , Linlin Li , Kaikai Wen , Xiao-Hua Yu , Gang Wang
{"title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolite phenylacetylglutamine in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases","authors":"Wan Chen , Mei-Ling Li , Guang Zeng , Xiang-Yu Xu , Shan-Hui Yin , Can Xu , Linlin Li , Kaikai Wen , Xiao-Hua Yu , Gang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aging of population coupled with unhealthy dietary habits among residents has led to a rise in the incidence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases (CVMDs). Extensive research has highlighted the role of gut microbiota-derived metabolites in CVMDs. Among these metabolites, phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln), a meta-organismal prothrombotic metabolite, has been proved to promote the progression of CVMDs. This bacterial derived metabolite is a byproduct of amino acid comes from phenylalanine (Phe) in the diet. There are increasing evidence showing that the level of PAGln is associated with the risk of developing CVMDs. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of PAGln in CVMDs, this review delves into the production and metabolic pathways of PAGln and discusses the links of PAGln and the pathogenesis of CVMDs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19918,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological research","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 107794"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144132741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}