Paleoceanography最新文献_第9页

Salinity controls on Na incorporation in Red Sea planktonic foraminifera 盐度对红海浮游有孔虫Na掺入的控制

Paleoceanography Pub Date : 2016-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/2016PA003052

E. Mezger, L. Nooijer, W. Boer, G. Brummer, G. Reichart

{"title":"Salinity controls on Na incorporation in Red Sea planktonic foraminifera","authors":"E. Mezger, L. Nooijer, W. Boer, G. Brummer, G. Reichart","doi":"10.1002/2016PA003052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA003052","url":null,"abstract":"Whereas several well-established proxies are available for reconstructing past temperatures, salinity remains challenging to assess. Reconstructions based on the combination of (in)organic temperature proxies and foraminiferal stable oxygen isotopes result in relatively large uncertainties, which may be reduced by application of a direct salinity proxy. Cultured benthic and planktonic foraminifera showed that Na incorporation in foraminiferal shell calcite provides a potential independent proxy for salinity. Here we present the first field calibration of such a potential proxy. Living planktonic foraminiferal specimens from the Red Sea surface waters were collected and analyzed for their Na/Ca content using laser ablation quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Using the Red Sea as a natural laboratory, the calibration covers a broad range of salinities over a steep gradient within the same water mass. For both Globigerinoides ruber and Globigerinoides sacculifer calcite Na/Ca increases with salinity, albeit with a relatively large intraspecimen and interspecimen variability. The field-based calibration is similar for both species from a salinity of ~36.8 up to ~39.6, while values for G. sacculifer deviate from this trend in the northernmost transect. It is hypothesized that the foraminifera in the northernmost part of the Red Sea are (partly) expatriated and hence should be excluded from the Na/Ca-salinity calibration. Incorporation of Na in foraminiferal calcite therefore provides a potential proxy for salinity, although species-specific calibrations are still required and more research on the effect of temperature is needed.","PeriodicalId":19882,"journal":{"name":"Paleoceanography","volume":"31 1","pages":"1562-1582"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/2016PA003052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51094738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 57

Global deepwater circulation between 2.4 and 1.7 Ma and its connection to the onset of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation 2.4 ~ 1.7 Ma全球深水环流及其与北半球冰期开始的关系

Paleoceanography Pub Date : 2016-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/2015PA002906

Jianghui Du, Baoqi Huang, Liping Zhou

{"title":"Global deepwater circulation between 2.4 and 1.7 Ma and its connection to the onset of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation","authors":"Jianghui Du, Baoqi Huang, Liping Zhou","doi":"10.1002/2015PA002906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015PA002906","url":null,"abstract":"We have generated an early Pleistocene benthic isotopic record for the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 807 (2804 m) from the western equatorial Pacific. Between 2.4 and 1.7 Ma, the benthic δ13C of this site and a few other deep Pacific sites was consistently higher than the Southern Ocean Site MV0502-4JC (4286 m), pointing to a reversal relative to the current gradient and hence implying a different circulation regime. We reconstructed the deep water mass distribution of this interval using a collection of benthic isotope records from 15 Pacific and 10 Atlantic sites and a δ13C-δ18O mixing model. A two-end-member mixing regime between the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), with properties very different from today, was identified. The Southern Ocean showed strong signs of stratification and AABW with low benthic δ13C but high δ18O values reached out to other basins only below ~4000 m. In contrast, NADW ventilated most of the ocean interior, contributing ~70% to the Pacific Deep Water (PDW) volumetrically. Our model results also reveal a strong remineralization effect at the bottom sites of the Pacific and the Atlantic, suggesting significant accumulation of respired carbon in the bottom water between 2.4 and 1.7 Ma. We propose that such a circulation pattern was initiated by the reversal of salinity gradient between AABW and NADW from 3.0 to 2.4 Ma, possibly linked to Antarctic sea ice expansion and reduced southward heat transport during the onset of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (NHG).","PeriodicalId":19882,"journal":{"name":"Paleoceanography","volume":"26 4","pages":"1480-1497"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/2015PA002906","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51017263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Constraining past seawater δ18O and temperature records developed from foraminiferal geochemistry 约束过去海水δ18O和温度记录的是有孔虫地球化学

Paleoceanography Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/2016PA002970

K. Thirumalai, T. Quinn, G. Marino

{"title":"Constraining past seawater δ18O and temperature records developed from foraminiferal geochemistry","authors":"K. Thirumalai, T. Quinn, G. Marino","doi":"10.1002/2016PA002970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA002970","url":null,"abstract":"Paired measurements of magnesium-to-calcium ratios (Mg/Ca) and the stable oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) in foraminifera have significantly advanced our knowledge of the climate system by providing information on past temperature and seawater δ18O (δ18Osw, a proxy for salinity and ice volume). However, multiple sources of uncertainty exist in transferring these downcore geochemical data into quantitative paleoclimate reconstructions. Here, we develop a computational toolkit entitled Paleo-Seawater Uncertainty Solver (PSU Solver) that performs bootstrap Monte Carlo simulations to constrain these various sources of uncertainty. PSU Solver calculates temperature and δ18Osw, and their respective confidence intervals using an iterative approach with user-defined errors, calibrations, and sea-level curves. Our probabilistic approach yields reduced uncertainty constraints compared to theoretical considerations and commonly used propagation exercises. We demonstrate the applicability of PSU Solver for published records covering three timescales: the late Holocene, the last deglaciation, and the last glacial period. We show that the influence of salinity on Mg/Ca can considerably alter the structure and amplitude of change in the resulting reconstruction and can impact the interpretation of paleoceanographic time series. We also highlight the sensitivity of the records to various inputs of sea-level curves, transfer functions, and uncertainty constraints. PSU Solver offers an expeditious yet rigorous approach to test the robustness of past climate variability inferred from paired Mg/Ca-δ18O measurements.","PeriodicalId":19882,"journal":{"name":"Paleoceanography","volume":"31 1","pages":"1409-1422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/2016PA002970","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51093916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 44

Intrareef variations in Li/Mg and Sr/Ca sea surface temperature proxies in the Caribbean reef-building coral Siderastrea siderea 加勒比造礁珊瑚中Li/Mg和Sr/Ca海表温度的区内变化

Paleoceanography Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/2016PA002968

Sara E. Fowell, K. Sandford, J. Stewart, K. Castillo, J. Ries, G. Foster

{"title":"Intrareef variations in Li/Mg and Sr/Ca sea surface temperature proxies in the Caribbean reef-building coral Siderastrea siderea","authors":"Sara E. Fowell, K. Sandford, J. Stewart, K. Castillo, J. Ries, G. Foster","doi":"10.1002/2016PA002968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA002968","url":null,"abstract":"Caribbean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have increased at a rate of 0.2°C per decade since 1971, a rate double that of the mean global change. Recent investigations of the coral Siderastrea siderea on the Belize Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS) have demonstrated that warming over the last 30 years has had a detrimental impact on calcification. Instrumental temperature records in this region are sparse, making it necessary to reconstruct longer SST records indirectly through geochemical temperature proxies. Here we investigate the skeletal Sr/Ca and Li/Mg ratios of S. siderea from two distinct reef zones (forereef and backreef) of the MBRS. Our field calibrations of S. siderea show that Li/Mg and Sr/Ca ratios are well correlated with temperature, although both ratios are 3 times more sensitive to temperature change in the forereef than in the backreef. These differences suggest that a secondary parameter also influences these SST proxies, highlighting the importance for site- and species-specific SST calibrations. Application of these paleothermometers to downcore samples reveals highly uncertain reconstructed temperatures in backreef coral, but well-matched reconstructed temperatures in forereef coral, both between Sr/Ca-SSTs and Li/Mg-SSTs, and in comparison to the Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature record. Reconstructions generated from a combined Sr/Ca and Li/Mg multiproxy calibration improve the precision of these SST reconstructions. This result confirms that there are circumstances in which both Li/Mg and Sr/Ca are reliable as stand-alone and combined proxies of sea surface temperature. However, the results also highlight that high-precision, site-specific calibrations remain critical for reconstructing accurate SSTs from coral-based elemental proxies.","PeriodicalId":19882,"journal":{"name":"Paleoceanography","volume":"31 1","pages":"1315-1329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/2016PA002968","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51093913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 35

Nannoplankton malformation during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum and its paleoecological and paleoceanographic significance 古新世-始新世极热期纳米浮游生物畸形及其古生态学和古海洋学意义

Paleoceanography Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/2016PA002980

T. Bralower, J. Self‐Trail

{"title":"Nannoplankton malformation during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum and its paleoecological and paleoceanographic significance","authors":"T. Bralower, J. Self‐Trail","doi":"10.1002/2016PA002980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA002980","url":null,"abstract":"The Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is characterized by a transient group of nannoplankton, belonging to the genus Discoaster. Our investigation of expanded shelf sections provides unprecedented detail of the morphology and phylogeny of the transient Discoaster during the PETM and their relationship with environmental change. We observe a much larger range of morphological variation than previously documented suggesting that the taxa belonged to a plexus of highly gradational morphotypes rather than individual species. We propose that the plexus represents malformed ecophenotypes of a single species that migrated to a deep photic zone refuge during the height of PETM warming and eutrophication. Anomalously high rates of organic matter remineralization characterized these depths during the event and led to lower saturation levels, which caused malformation. The proposed mechanism explains the co-occurrence of malformed Discoaster with pristine species that grew in the upper photic zone; moreover, it illuminates why malformation is a rare phenomenon in the paleontological record.","PeriodicalId":19882,"journal":{"name":"Paleoceanography","volume":"16 1","pages":"1423-1439"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/2016PA002980","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51094193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 26

Introduction to special section on the WAIS Divide Special Issue of Paleoceanography 古海洋学特刊WAIS分册专题导论

Paleoceanography Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/2016PA002995

K. Taylor

引用次数: 1

Reef core insights into mid-Holocene water temperatures of the southern Great Barrier Reef 大堡礁南部中全新世水温的岩心洞见

Paleoceanography Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/2016PA002943

J. Sadler, G. Webb, Nicole D. Leonard, L. Nothdurft, T. Clark

{"title":"Reef core insights into mid-Holocene water temperatures of the southern Great Barrier Reef","authors":"J. Sadler, G. Webb, Nicole D. Leonard, L. Nothdurft, T. Clark","doi":"10.1002/2016PA002943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA002943","url":null,"abstract":"The tropical and subtropical oceans of the Southern Hemisphere are poorly represented in present-day climate models, necessitating an increased number of paleoclimate records from this key region to both understand the Earth's climate system and help constrain model simulations. Here we present a site-specific calibration of live collected massive Porites Sr/Ca records against concomitant in situ instrumental water temperature data from the fore-reef slope of Heron Reef, southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR). The resultant calibration, and a previously published Acropora calibration from the same site, was applied to subfossil coral material to investigate Holocene water temperatures at Heron Reef. U-Th-dated samples of massive Porites suggest cooler water temperatures with reduced seasonal amplitude at ~5.2 ka (2.76–1.31i?½C cooler than present) and ~7 ka (1.26i?½C cooler than present) at Heron Reef. These results contrast the previous suggestion of a mid-Holocene Thermal Maximum in the central GBR around 5.35 ka and 4.48 ka, yet may be explained by differences in temperature of the shallow ponded reef flat (central GBR) and the deeper reef slope waters (this study) and potential large reservoir correction errors associated with early radiocarbon dates. Combining coral-based water temperature anomaly reconstructions from the tropical and subtropical western Pacific indicates a coherent temperature response across the meridional gradient from Indonesia and Papua New Guinea down to the southern GBR. This similarity in reconstructed temperature anomalies suggests a high probability of an earlier expression of a mid-Holocene Thermal Maximum on the GBR between ~6.8 and 6.0 ka.","PeriodicalId":19882,"journal":{"name":"Paleoceanography","volume":"31 1","pages":"1395-1408"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/2016PA002943","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51092693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

Changes in diatom productivity and upwelling intensity off Peru since the Last Glacial Maximum: Response to basin-scale atmospheric and oceanic forcing 末次盛冰期以来秘鲁海域硅藻生产力和上升流强度的变化:对盆地尺度大气和海洋强迫的响应

Paleoceanography Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/2016PA002936

K. Doering, Z. Erdem, C. Ehlert, S. Fleury, M. Frank, R. Schneider

{"title":"Changes in diatom productivity and upwelling intensity off Peru since the Last Glacial Maximum: Response to basin-scale atmospheric and oceanic forcing","authors":"K. Doering, Z. Erdem, C. Ehlert, S. Fleury, M. Frank, R. Schneider","doi":"10.1002/2016PA002936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA002936","url":null,"abstract":"New records of stable silicon isotope signatures (δ30Si) together with concentrations of biogenic opal and organic carbon from the central (9° S) and northern (5° S) Peruvian margin reveal changes in diatom productivity and nutrient utilization during the past 20,000 years. The findings are based on a new approach using the difference between the δ30Si signatures of small (11-32μm) and large (>150μm) diatom fractions (Δ30Sicoscino-bSi) in combination with the variance in diatom assemblages for reconstruction of past upwelling intensity. \u0000 \u0000Combination of our records with two previously published records from the southern upwelling area off Peru (12-15° S) shows a general decoupling of the environmental conditions at the central and southern shelf mainly caused by a northward shift of the main upwelling cell from its modern position (12-15° S) towards 9° S during Termination 1. At this time only moderate upwelling intensity and productivity levels prevailed between 9° S and 12° S interpreted by a more northerly position of Southern Westerly Winds and the South Pacific Subtropical High. Furthermore, a marked decrease in productivity at 12-15° S during Heinrich Stadial 1 coincided with enhanced biogenic opal production in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific, which was induced by a southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence zone and enhanced northeasterly trade winds. Modern conditions were only established at the onset of the Holocene. Past changes in preformed δ30Si signatures of subsurface waters reaching the Peruvian Upwelling System did not significantly affect the preserved δ30Si signatures.","PeriodicalId":19882,"journal":{"name":"Paleoceanography","volume":"31 1","pages":"1453-1473"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/2016PA002936","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51092663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

Geochemical imprints of genotypic variants of Globigerina bulloides in the Arabian Sea 阿拉伯海球形球藻基因型变异的地球化学印记

Paleoceanography Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/2016PA002947

A. Sadekov, K. Darling, Toyoho Ishimura, C. Wade, K. Kimoto, A. Singh, P. Anand, D. Kroon, Simon J. A. Jung, G. Ganssen, R. Ganeshram, U. Tsunogai, H. Elderfield

{"title":"Geochemical imprints of genotypic variants of Globigerina bulloides in the Arabian Sea","authors":"A. Sadekov, K. Darling, Toyoho Ishimura, C. Wade, K. Kimoto, A. Singh, P. Anand, D. Kroon, Simon J. A. Jung, G. Ganssen, R. Ganeshram, U. Tsunogai, H. Elderfield","doi":"10.1002/2016PA002947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA002947","url":null,"abstract":"Planktonic foraminifera record oceanic conditions in their shell geochemistry. Many palaeoenvironmental studies have used fossil planktonic foraminifera to constrain past seawater properties by defining species based on their shell morphology. Recent genetic studies, however, have identified ecologically distinct genotypes within traditionally recognized morphospecies, signaling potential repercussions for palaeoclimate reconstructions. Here we demonstrate how the presence of Globigerina bulloides cryptic genotypes in the Arabian Sea may influence geochemical signals of living and fossil assemblages of these morphospecies. We have identified two distinct genotypes of G. bulloides with either cool water (type-II) or warm water (type-I) temperature preferences in the Western Arabian Sea. We accompany these genetic studies with analyses of Mg/Ca and stable oxygen isotope (δ18O) compositions of individual G. bulloides shells. Both Mg/Ca and δ18O values display bimodal distribution patterns. The distribution of Mg/Ca values cannot be simply explained by seawater parameters, and we attribute it to genotype-specific biological controls on the shell geochemistry. The wide range of δ18O values in the fossil assemblage also suggests that similar controls likely influence this proxy in addition to environmental parameters. However, the magnitude of this effect on the δ18O signals is not clear from our data set, and further work is needed to clarify this. We also discuss current evidence of potential genotype-specific geochemical signals in published data on G. bulloides geochemistry and other planktonic foraminiferal species. We conclude that significant caution should be taken when utilizing G. bulloides geochemistry for paleoclimate reconstruction in the regions with upwelling activity or oceanographic fronts.","PeriodicalId":19882,"journal":{"name":"Paleoceanography","volume":"31 1","pages":"1440-1452"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/2016PA002947","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51092748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 24

Accounting for Centennial Scale Variability when Detecting Changes in ENSO: a study of the Pliocene.† 探测ENSO变化时的百年尺度变率:上新世的研究

Paleoceanography Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/2016PA002951

J. Tindall, A. Haywood, F. W. Howell

{"title":"Accounting for Centennial Scale Variability when Detecting Changes in ENSO: a study of the Pliocene.†","authors":"J. Tindall, A. Haywood, F. W. Howell","doi":"10.1002/2016PA002951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA002951","url":null,"abstract":"The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of interannual climate variability. However, climate models are inconsistent in future predictions of ENSO, and long term variations in ENSO cannot be quantified from the short instrumental records available. Here we analyse ENSO behaviour in millennial-scale climate simulations of a warm climate of the past, the mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP; ∼3.3 − 3.0Ma). We consider centennial-scale variability in ENSO for both the mPWP and the preindustrial, and consider which changes between the two climates are detectable above this variability. \u0000 \u0000We find that El Nino typically occurred 12% less frequently in the mPWP but with a 20% longer duration, and with stronger amplitude in precipitation and temperature. However low frequency variability in ENSO meant that Pliocene-preindustrial changes in El Nino temperature amplitude in the NINO3.4 region (5° N-5° S, 170° W-120° W) were not always detectable. The Pliocene-preindustrial El Nino temperature signal in the NINO4 region (5° N-5° S, 160° E-150° W) and the El Nino precipitation signal are usually larger than centennial scale variations of El Nino amplitude, and provide consistent indications of ENSO amplitude change. The enhanced mPWP temperature signal in the NINO4 region is associated with an increase in Central Pacific El Nino events similar to those observed in recent decades and predicted for the future. \u0000 \u0000This study highlights the importance of considering centennial scale variability when comparing ENSO changes between two climate states. If centennial scale variability in ENSO has not first been established, results suggesting changes in ENSO behaviour may not be robust.","PeriodicalId":19882,"journal":{"name":"Paleoceanography","volume":"38 1","pages":"1330-1349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/2016PA002951","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51093551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10