Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Cadmium in Groundwater of Talukas Ghorabari and Mirpur Sakro, Sindh, Pakistan","authors":"Abdul Rahim Shar, G. Q. Shar, Shafi Muhammad Wassan, W. B. Jatoi, Z. Bhatti, M. A. Jakhrani, Abida Ali Shar","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.11","url":null,"abstract":"The current study was carried out for quantitative and risk assessment of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) from Talukas Ghora Bari and Mirpur Sakro. The concentration of Cd was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy instrument. The As concentration was measured with the help of the Arsenic Kit Method. For analysis of Cd, samples were prepared by the Microwave digestion method, whereas for As analysis, water samples were analyzed directly. The range of Cd content was observed from the studied areas as 1 – 10 μg/L and 1.2 – 11.2 μg/L, respectively. The groundwater water of Talukas Ghorabari and Mirpur Sakro showed the mean Cd content of 5 μg/L and 6.1 μg/L, respectively. The Cd contamination of 56% and 80% was found in Ghorabari and Mirpur Sakro, respectively. The range of As content of 0.00 – 50 μg/L and 10 – 80 μg/L was determined from Ghorabari and Mirpur Sakro, respectively. Hazard Quotient for Cd > 1 was found in 40% of both children and infants in the groundwater of the study area, which may cause non-carcinogenic risk. About 48% of water samples declared HQ values > 1 for adults in the water of Ghorabari. Since 84% of samples showed the HQ values > 1 for children and infants. The HQ values of As for Adults of the Mirpur Sakro were observed in 63.3% samples, whereas for children and infants, HQ values were found in 100% samples. It is therefore strongly recommended that groundwater must be treated before consumption by the people of the area under study.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46296208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Titania (TiO2) Nanoparticles on the Growth of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Under Differing Soil Conditions","authors":"Saman Rizwan","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.08","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology has widely been used in a variety of fields including agriculture, since the last few decades. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect on the growth of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) under exposure of 0, 100, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500 mg TiO2 nanoparticles (TNPs) kg-1 of soil. TNPs in anatase form with a size of 74 nm, complex and spherical in shape were synthesized. Two different soils 1) Loamy Soil and 2) Sandy Soil were used under low pH (about 6.5) and high (original) pH of the soils. The effects of TNPs were investigated on plant lengths, total fresh and dry biomass. The plants were exposed to TNPs for about 3 months. It was observed that TNPs had a generally negative impact on the length of plants grown in sandy soil (both low and original pH) and loamy soil with low pH. The measurements of samples with the original pH of loamy soil showed a positive relationship with increased TNPs concentration. Overall the dry biomass of plants grew in (both low and original pH) loamy soil and sandy soil with low pH had increased with increase in concentration of TNPs, while in sandy soil with original pH, the biomass of plants decreased with increased concentration of TNPs. Phosphorous analysis on rhizosphere soil showed correspondence with biomass results. Generally, it was observed that type of soil and pH of soil affected the growth of spinach plants under applied TNPs.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43785923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4-Aminoacetophenone Intercalated CoAl Layered Double Hydroxides: Synthesis, Characterization and Adsorptive Removal of Cd(II) ions from Water Samples","authors":"A. R. Bhatti, A. N. Siyal, M. H. Agheem, Q. K. Panhwar, Adnan Ahmed, M. Y. Khuhawar","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.14","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, CoAl-NO3 Layered Double Hydroxides (CoAl-NO3-LDH) was synthesized and an enolate anion of 4-Aminoacetophenone (AAP) was intercalated into LDH following the reconstruction approach. The CoAl-NO3-LDH and CoAl-AAP-LDH were characterized by Fourier-Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. CoAl-AAP-LDH worked well for adsorption of Cd(II) ions from aqueous samples at optimum pH 7, adsorbent dosage 25 mg, concentration of Cd(II) ions 25 mg L-1 and shaking time 20 min at 25 °C. Different isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms fitted well to adsorption data with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.998, 0.982 and 0.992, respectively. Monolayered (Qm) and multi-layered (KF) capacities of CoAl-AAP-LDH for adsorption of Cd(II) ions were calculated and found to be 34.40 and 19.44 mg g-1, respectively. Sorption energy was calculated and found to be 9.13 kJ mol-1, indicating chemisorption or ion exchange sorption mechanism. The method worked well for the adsorption of Cd(II) ions from wastewater samples.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46565989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Effect of Dwell Time on the Physical Properties of Nano-sized Tin dioxide (SnO2) Prepared Through a Continuous Microwave Flow Process","authors":"Muhammad Akram","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.02","url":null,"abstract":"Tin dioxide (SnO2) is a well-known catalytic material used to catalyze different organic dyes and gas sensors. Similarly, it is also considered a good sensing and optoelectronic material. In this work, SnO2 has been synthesized using a microwave-assisted continuous flow method. The effect of dwell time was utilized to study its effects on the physical properties of SnO2. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Bruner Emmit-Teller (BET) techniques were used to characterize the synthesized SnO2. UV-Visible spectroscopy technique was employed to calculate the energy bandgap, which exhibited a decrease in the energy bandgap from 3.44 to 3.33 eV on increasing the dwell time. XRD results exhibited an increase in the degree of crystallinity from 56 to 63% and a reduction in the particle size from 3.74 to 2.75 nm. Where, BET study revealed a shrinkage in the surface area from 159 to 154 m2g- 1. Photoluminescence (PL) study was conducted to investigate the surface defects. Photocatalytic efficiency of the SnO2 was probed against the photodegradation of methylene blue dye and this study revealed that SnO2 is a good photocatalytic material.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49390562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison Study of the Metal Oxide Catalysts for the Conversion of Used Cooking Oil into High Grade Chemicals","authors":"Wali Ullah, N. A. Khan, N. H. Syed, M. Habib","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.15","url":null,"abstract":"Cracking of edible oils occurs at high temperature and forms valued low molecular weight chemical species. The aim of the current study was to find a catalyst which can break these heavy molecules at the lower ranges of temperatures. From the analysis prospective, the non-condensable hydrocarbons (gaseous product species) were not determined and reactions study was carried out in a batch reactor. There was no evident conversion up to a temperature of 450 °C in the absence of catalyst whereas the reaction mixture was left inside a batch reactor for a long duration of an hour. Reaction parameters, such as catalyst types (ZnO and Al2O3), amount of catalyst, reaction temperature, residence or holding time, and heating rate to reach a reaction temperature were systematically examined. Powdered form of catalyst samples (ZnO and Al2O3) were characterized by using XRD, EDX, and Nitrogen adsorption isotherms. Temperatures studied over ZnO catalyst were 400 °C, 425 °C, 450 °C, 475 °C, and 500 °C. The maximum oil conversion was 81 % at a temperature of 450 °C. We observed that the conversion increases from 400 °C to 450 °C, whereas above 450 °C it starts to decrease. However, in comparison to ZnO catalyst the reaction rate was much higher over the Al2O3, i.e. a considerable conversion occurred at lower ranges of temperatures. Thus here a different set of temperatures (330 °C, 370 °C, 390 °C, 410 °C, and 430°C) were used. When reacting for an hour at a temperature of 390 °C, and in the presence of 8 wt.% of Al2O3 (same catalyst mass was used in ZnO reacting system) the conversion reached to 71 %. Above 390 °C the conversion decreased. Over both tested metal oxide catalysts the caloric value, density, flash point, and kinematic viscosity of the liquid product species were similar to petro fuels. The XRD and EDX signature of the catalyst samples corresponds to the standard ZnO and Al2O3 patterns. Finally, when compared to ZnO the better activity over the Al2O3 (higher conversion at lower temperature) catalyst can be linked with a high external surface area.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44531452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly Selective Purification of Grewia asiatica Anthocyanin Based on Macroporous Resins","authors":"F. Talpur","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.06","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, enactments and separation characteristics of five extensively utilized adsorbents for enhancement and purification of Grewia asiatica Anthocyanins (ACNs) extracts were analysed. Among five tested resins (AB-8, Sepabeads Sp-700, C18SPE Cartridge, Sepabeads Sp-207 and AB-80), AB-8 resin exhibited the best adsorbent ability for Grewia asiatica ACNs (84.24mg/mL resin). Results of static adsorption tests revealed that AB-8 resin selected for kinetics and isotherm experiments followed a pseudo 2nd order model along with Langmuir isotherm. In order to improve operational procedure, dynamic adsorption and desorption tests were done on a packed column of AB-8 resin. Optimum factors for subsequent adsorption-desorption experiments; processing volume 20ml, flow rate 2 mL/min with elution solvent of acidified methanol (1%v/v) were used. HPLC and LC-MS/MS profiles of the purified extract confirmed seven ACNs in Grewia asiatica samples, out of which cyanidin-3-O-(6\"acetylglucoside) comprises 44-63% (695 μg/g) of total ACNs composition. Moreover, pigment purification using AB-8 resin did not alter ACNs mixture composition after purification but enhance the peak intensity and gives effective purification. Hence present work reveals that the separation procedure established through column chromatography providing an effective methodology to enhance the purification of ACNs from Grewia asiatica.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46851789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Zinc Content in Commercial Toothpaste Samples in Nigeria by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method","authors":"M. Agbo","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.16","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc as its citrate or sulphate salt is added to some toothpaste as a bactericide to reduce the presence of bacteria in the mouth. These bacteria can form plaque or produce acids which cause dental decay and halitosis. Zinc salt is added at amounts which are enough to show activity against oral bacteria without causing toxicity to the user. Five commercial samples of different brands of toothpaste (TP-A, TP-B, TP-C, TP-D and TP-E) were purchased from different pharmacy stores in Ogige and Eko markets, Nigeria and analysed for the presence of zinc using atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. The samples were digested with deionized water and HNO3, centrifuged and filtered. The absorbance of the supernatants obtained was read with a spectrophotometer. Calibration curves for zinc sulphate and zinc citrate were obtained with regression (R2) values of 0.9992 and 0.9973, respectively. The equation obtained from the curves used in determining the content of zinc in the samples. The zinc content (% w/w) of samples was determined to be 0.8467%, 0.8127%, 0.0119%, 0.0188% and 0.0305%, respectively. These values were well below the maximum permissible level of zinc in toothpaste samples but were within the upper limit for daily zinc intake.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41467253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption Equilibrium, Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Dynamic Separation of Magnesium and CalciumIons from Industrial Wastewater by New Strong Acid Cation Resin of SPVC","authors":"E. Berdimurodov","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.13","url":null,"abstract":"In the research work, the adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics and dynamic separation of magnesium and calcium ions from industrial wastewater by new strong acid cation resin of SPVC (sulphonated polyvinylchloride) were investigated. The sorption capacity of the studied resin was 3.78 mmol/g and 3.74 mmol/g for magnesium and calcium ions, respectively, according to Langmuir isotherm. It was found that the pseudo−first−order model was better fitted for the adsorption kinetics of magnesium and calcium ions on the resin. The dynamic separation results confirmed that the selected resin effectively separated magnesium and calcium ions from industrial wastewater in the dynamic condition. The change of the standard Gibbs free energy (G) and enthalpy (H), and entropy (S) were calculated. The obtained results confirmed that the adsorption of magnesium and calcium ions on the selected resin is endothermic.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44611154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Lisinopril in Pure and Tablet form by Using 2-Hydroxynaphthaldehyde as Derivatizing Reagent","authors":"Zahid Ali Zounr","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.12","url":null,"abstract":"An easy, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Lisinopril (LNP) in pure and tablet formulations based on derivatization reaction with 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde (2HNA). The derivatization reaction was carried out in methanol solvent at pH-5.5 at 95±2C for 15 min. The linear calibration curve was obtained that obeyed the Beer’s law within the concentration range 5-50 μgmL-1 of LNP at 433 nm with a coefficient of determination R²=0.996. The recovery was in the range from 98.25-101.82 with molar absorptivity of drug 9×103 mole-1cm-1. The method was accurate and precise (intra-day variation 0.05-0.97% and inter-day 0.07-1.6%), with limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.264 μgmL-1 and 0.8 μgmL-1, respectively. No interferences from the excipients were detected. The method was applied for the rapid analysis of LNP in pharmaceutical products.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42919547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Sediments of the Shitalakhya River, Bangladesh","authors":"A. Al-Razee, N. Abser, A. Mottalib, A. Nargis, Anowara Khanam Jhumur, Mostak Uddin Thakur, Wenbin Liu, Sandeep Poddar, S. Sarker, A. Habib","doi":"10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.10","url":null,"abstract":"Sediment samples collected from the river Shitalakhya, Bangladesh, were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to investigate site-to-site (spatial) and seasonal (i.e., dry, premonsoon, post-monsoon) variation of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu and Zn. The mean concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu and Zn were 22.37 ± 6.09, 612.59 ± 160.08, 54.11 ± 11.21, 50.36 ± 9.40 and 103.62 ± 62.74 mg/kg in the dry, 31.58 ± 5.22, 569.71 ± 112.16, 58.35 ± 7.82, 49.93 ± 17.36 and 110.88 ± 95.83 mg/kg in the pre-monsoon and 18.09± 6.32, 567.02 ± 115.55, 50.89 ± 6.58, 39.75 ± 4.56 and 55.22 ± 11.33 mg/kg in the post-monsoon, respectively. Based on the metals’ concentrations, no considerable difference was observed among the three seasons, but the concentrations were slightly elevated in the dry and pre-monsoon compared to that in the post-monsoon with respect to site-to-site variation. Among the metals examined, concentrations of Ni and Cu were elevated because of the use of oxides of these heavy metals as catalysts in the ammonia plant. The following statistical indices i.e., Pearson correlation matrix, geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf), degree of contamination (Cd), pollution load index (PLI) and ecological risk potential (RI) factors were taken into account to assess the heavy metals contamination of the sediments. According to the values of the statistical indices for Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu and Zn, it is concluded that the study area was with low contamination while concentrations of Ni and Cu were higher than the Threshold Effect Level (TEL) and Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) values suggesting unsafe to use the sediments for vegetation and other uses.","PeriodicalId":19846,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47341566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}