Petroleum Research最新文献

{"title":"Diverting agents in the oil and gas industry: A comprehensive analysis of their origins, types, and applications","authors":"Namrata Bist ,&nbsp;Abhishek Nair ,&nbsp;Kriti Yadav ,&nbsp;Anirbid Sircar","doi":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the life of a well, treatments are carried out to boost productivity by stimulating initially unproduced zones. These treatments include hydraulic fracturing, matrix acidization, and acid fracturing, among others. Hydraulic fracturing treatment is generally applied to deeper reservoirs of oil or natural gas for enhanced recovery. By infusing proppant, water, and chemicals under extreme pressure during the fracturing procedure, fissures in and beneath the reservoir layer can be accessed and expanded. Another stimulating procedure, matrix acidization, involves injecting acid down the drilling hole to permeate the rock fissures at stresses lower than the fracture stress. In addition, carbonate reservoir acid fracturing stimulation is commonly used as an acid treatment technique whereby a pressure greater than the formation disintegration pressure or spontaneous fracture closure pressure is used to compress acid into the reservoir. These treatments allow existing wells to sustain hydrocarbon production without new wells being drilled. Diverters, when employed efficiently, can prevent the need to use a rig to provide momentary physical barriers, thus lowering the cost of the workover. Recent improvements in diversion technology make use of a variety of degradable particles that act as momentary bridges, either at the perforation entries or inside the existing fractures. The aim of this study is to introduce different types of mechanical and chemical diverters used to enhance the productivity of wells. This study explains the concepts of different types of diverters and their applications in several formations, it will also help readers to understand the selection procedures based on the suitability and requirements of diverter use by case studies from around the world.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19756,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 72-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096249523000698/pdfft?md5=c364d39a44663ee6018035939df8f4ed&pid=1-s2.0-S2096249523000698-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134917758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Voids size distribution in gelled waxy crude oil under dynamic and static cooling","authors":"Girma T. Chala ,&nbsp;Shaharin A. Sulaiman","doi":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Waxy crude oil is known for its high wax contents that can potentially result in gelling following sufficient cooling of the transportation line in the subsea bed at offshore fields. The gelling over the entire lines requires an accurately predicted restart pressure to restart the clogged and idle system. However, the common way of predicting the restart pressure has been reported to result in over-designed and predicted piping parameters. Recent research findings evidenced the formation of voids which would reduce the restart pressure significantly. The study conducted in this paper is aimed at investigating the voids size distribution in gelled crude oil across and along transportation pipelines. Sets of experiments simulating crude oil transportation during both static and dynamic cooling were conducted. The gelled crude oil below the pour point temperature was then scanned using a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system to detect the voids formed. The resulting voids at each scanning cross-section were quantified, and their distributions were investigated. It was observed that dynamic cooling had minimal impacts on the voids size difference along the pipeline with the difference in voids areas within 10 mm² to be twice and uniform for the entire flow rates tested. However, voids size in statically cooled waxy crude oil was found to be highly distributed with a maximum of 6 voids size distribution in 10 mm² ranges. The low-end temperature had the highest size difference while the difference was decreasing with higher end temperatures. This study shows that the voids amount in dynamically cooled waxy crude oil could also be estimated with lower numbers of cross-sectional voids areas. However, the higher cross-sectional voids detection is recommended while estimating voids in statically cooled waxy crude oil.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19756,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 109-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096249523000546/pdfft?md5=1bb28743384473d4400d572368655556&pid=1-s2.0-S2096249523000546-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44280806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Employment of mud-pulse generator for improvement of efficiency of a wellbore producing in complex mining and geological conditions","authors":"Bibinur Akhymbayeva","doi":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, the employment of mud-pulse generators to improve the efficiency of wellbores under complex mining and geological conditions is examined. A systemic analysis is made of the primary theoretical basis of the study. The benefits of a mud-pulse generator (a high-impulse hydraulic hammer) for wellbore production are stated based on the presented theoretical basis. The results not only show the benefits of mud-pulse generator employment but also provide an analysis of methods that can be used to improve the high-impulse hydraulic hammer efficiency. The acquired results have a substantial practical value not only for specialists, who research, develop, and manage wellbore operations, but also for engineers, who improve the process and modernize existing wellbores, and other experts in the field of wellbore production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19756,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 92-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096249523000510/pdfft?md5=36f4858964d0c737cecb47b5faf6ffea&pid=1-s2.0-S2096249523000510-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42650924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and genesis of tuffaceous shale oil lithofacies:A case study of Lucaogou Formation in Santanghu Basin","authors":"Dongsheng Xiao,&nbsp;Xiong fei Xu,&nbsp;Jilun Kang,&nbsp;Yiting Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lucaogou Formation in the Santanghu Basin is a special lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary deposits rich in volcanic debris and carbonate, with abundant shale oil resources. However, understanding of shale oil characteristics and genesis remains unclear. Lithofacies, sedimentary environment, and formation mechanisms of tuffaceous shale oil are investigated based on core and thin section observations, X-ray diffraction, field emission SEM and geochemical analysis. Results show that three mixed lithofacies types are developed in Lucaogou Formation: blocky tuff, laminated tuffaceous dolomite, and laminated dolomitic tuff. These lithofacies types are characterized by high content of felsic and dolostone, widespread organic matter, and low clay content. Formation of tuffaceous shale oil sweet spots is primarily influenced by four factors: inputting of volcanic ash as a high-quality source rocks and reservoirs provides good material basis; devitrification of volcanic glass, calcitization, and dissolution are crucial for formation of reservoirs; expulsion of source rocks with high-abundance organic matter expulsion facilitates migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon in adjacent reservoirs; fracture development improves reservoir permeability to form highly productive sweet spots. By analyzing characteristics and genesis of tuffaceous shale oil, the main controlling factors of reservoir physical property and oil saturation are clarified, which is of great significance for selection of shale oil exploration zones.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19756,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 37-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096249523000881/pdfft?md5=ec53f169c8237d338a4174cb7407ec85&pid=1-s2.0-S2096249523000881-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139017686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"n-Alkane bound biomarker fingerprints from asphaltenes in the bitumens of Eastern Dahomey Basin, Nigeria: Source and genetic implications","authors":"Modupe A. Egbeola ,&nbsp;Olubunmi C. Adeigbe ,&nbsp;Olajide J. Adamolekun","doi":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The asphaltene fractions of the bitumens of Eastern Dahomey Basin in Nigeria, were analyzed by flash pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC) method in order to unravel its geochemical history and properties. The distributions of the initial biomarkers of the original oils from the pyrolysates are related to the assessment of organic matter source, paleo-redox conditions and source environment during deposition. Also, it effectively establishes the genetic relationship of the bitumens. The <em>n</em>-alkane distributions in the pyrolysates reveal <em>n</em>C₉-<em>n</em>C₃₂ <em>n</em>-alkanes, maximizing at <em>n</em>C₁₄, isoprenoids-pristane (Pr) and phytane (Ph), and some <em>n</em>-alkene peaks. High peaks of low to medium-weight <em>n</em>C₉-<em>n</em>C₂₀ <em>n</em>-alkanes and low peaks of <em>n</em>C₂₁₊ <em>n</em>-alkanes characterize the distributions. These reveal that abundant algal organic matter with some terrigenous inputs contributed to the source rock of the bitumens. The high concentration of marine organic matter inputs to the source rock is further confirmed by the <em>n</em>C₁₇/<em>n</em>C₂₇ ratios which range from 5.39 to 19.82 and shows the predominance of <em>n</em>C₁₇ alkanes. The general unimodal <em>n</em>-alkane distributions in the bitumens indicate derivation from similar organic matter types showing that they are genetically related. The anoxic to suboxic environmental conditions that prevailed during the deposition of the sediments is revealed by the isoprenoids, Pr/Ph ratios (0.72–1.28). Pristane/<em>n</em>C₁₇ and Phytane/<em>n</em>C₁₈ range from 0.16 to 0.33 and 0.22 to 0.56, revealing that the bitumens were from predominantly marine organic matter (type II kerogen) preserved in a reducing environment with no evidence of biodegradation. However, the Ph/<em>n</em>C₁₈ ratio and the cross plot of Pr+Ph/<em>n</em>C₁₇+<em>n</em>C₁₈ allow the classification of the bitumens into two subfamilies/groups (A and B). The bitumen samples have low wax content as indicated by the degree of waxiness ranging from 0.21 to 0.38 which confirms low terrigenous input. Based on the carbon preference index (CPI: 0.92 to 1.55) and odd-even predominance (OEP: 0.70 to 1.36), it is concluded that the bitumens are immature to marginally mature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19756,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 85-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096249523000522/pdfft?md5=d9c661e3d23e3a95da6abfa91115320d&pid=1-s2.0-S2096249523000522-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48557014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of the impact of soybean oil-derived surfactant as a surface-active agent during gas well deliquification","authors":"Gbadegesin Abioun Adeyemi, Kegang Ling, A. Fadairo","doi":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2024.03.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2024.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19756,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Research","volume":"32 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140399612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of synthesis parameters on the performance of crosslinked Co-polymers with clays for conformance control","authors":"A.A. Roslan ,&nbsp;N.A.A. Aziz ,&nbsp;N.F.A. Deraman ,&nbsp;I. Dzulkarnain","doi":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Conformance control or water shut-off is a technique used to improve oil recovery. During conformance control, polymers block high permeability water areas and redistribute water drive toward unswept oil zones. In this study, co-polymers (denoted ATP-PGV/AM-co-AMPS) were synthesized using acrylamide (AM) and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) as the monomers, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-200 and methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as the crosslinkers, attapulgite (ATP) and bentonite (PGV) as the clay types, and ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiator, in addition to paraffin oil and surfactants. Samples were synthesized using inverse emulsion polymerization with different concentrations of monomers, crosslinkers, and clays, and they were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). FTIR spectra of the samples confirmed the existence of sulfonate and hydroxyl groups, which are important for polymer swelling. SEM-EDX images indicated that the morphology and elemental composition were different before and after swelling, confirming the occurrence of swelling. Moreover, samples were placed in sodium chloride solution (20,000 ppm) for 7 days to evaluate swelling at both room temperature and 90 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to determine the thermal characteristics of the microparticles. Finally, rheological measurements were used to assess the deformation and rheological behavior of the hydrogels. The results showed that after 1 day, good swelling without loss of mechanical strength was achieved with the composite synthesized using 10% AM, 15% AMPS, 6% PGV, and 10% ATP.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19756,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 98-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096249523000534/pdfft?md5=6f1c6a3a817087b4aa07ad3970c828b6&pid=1-s2.0-S2096249523000534-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46397636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling displacement flow inside a full-length casing string for well cementing","authors":"Hu Dai ,&nbsp;Ali Eslami ,&nbsp;Jason Schneider ,&nbsp;Gefei Liu ,&nbsp;Fred Schwering","doi":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While computer modeling of annular displacement efficiency is widely applied in cementing engineering, modeling the displacement flow inside a casing or drill string for cementing operations has received less attention. Although predicting displacement efficiency inside a full-length pipe is desired by cementing engineers, the attempt of developing a model with both efficiency and accuracy faces challenges. Access to computer simulators for this purpose is limited. Compared with annular flow, the displacement flow inside pipe, although within a simpler geometry and without eccentricity effect, is not simpler in physics, modelling strategy and predictability, because a variety of flow patterns and flow instabilities can develop to create complicated fluid interfaces. In this paper, we present an integrated numerical model developed to simulate displacement flows inside a full-length pipe, which connects an existing annulus model to enable complete displacement simulations of cementing jobs. The model uses three-dimensional grid to solve fluid concentrations with degrees of mixing, and incorporates flow instability detection and flow regime determination. Applied in cementing, the model accounts for effects of pumping rate, well inclination, pipe rotation, fluid densities, rheological parameters and more. This computationally efficient model does not rely on high-resolution mesh as often required by conventional Computational Fluid Dynamics models, thus it is suitable to be implemented in a cementing software for daily use by well cementing engineers. The methodology of the model is discussed in detail in this paper. To validate the model, we examine simulation results against experimental results obtained in our laboratory tests and CFD simulations; acceptable agreement is found under different testing conditions. We also presented two case studies of real cementing jobs with cement evaluation logs compared to simulation results, showing that the model can predict consistent displacement efficiency results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19756,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096249523000571/pdfft?md5=ca2976643be916a185dd30f3d5887769&pid=1-s2.0-S2096249523000571-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41729239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration as a post-treatment of biological treatment process with references to oil field produced water of Moran oilfield of Assam","authors":"Amarjit Rajbongshi ,&nbsp;Subrata Borgohain Gogoi","doi":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The selection of an apt technology for the treatment of Oilfield Produced Water (OFPW) depends mainly on the quality of OFPW and methods of pre-and post-treatment processes. The most challenging part of the OFPW treatment process is the removal of Suspended Solid (SS), Oil &amp; Grease (O&amp;G) and dissolved organics. SS and O&amp;G pose an acute problem to the membrane filtration system by fouling the membrane surface which increases operation &amp; maintenance costs and decreases the life of the membrane. Fouling of the membrane surface is mainly attributed to the presence of low molecular weight aromatic compounds and naphthenic acids in the suspended and dissolved organic compounds. Thus, the removal of these suspended and dissolved organic compounds before membrane filtration proffers a challenge to the researchers. In this research, bioremediation process has been applied to remove the organic compounds and the performance and fouling behaviour of hollow fibre Microfiltration (MF), Ultrafiltration (UF) and Nanofiltration (NF) membranes after the bioremediation process has been analyzed in detail. The level of toxicity was determined by comparing the pollutants with the safe discharge limit for disposal into the environment set by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India. The research presents its novelty by using a hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> for the Reduction of Organic Loads (ROL) from OFPW of Moran oil field of Upper Assam as a pre-treatment to membrane filtration. The Total Sum Corrected Area (TSCA) method through chromatographic analyses was used for this. The organic loads removal from OFPW by the TSCA method was found to be 67–100%, 100% and 100% after 7, 14 and 21 days of bioremediation respectively. The major parameters in feed OFPW of Moran oil field were found to be pH (7.5–9.3), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) (1.79–4.75) ppt, O&amp;G (1.78–2.8) ppt, Salinity (2.94–6.98) ppt, Chloride (Cl⁻) (1.6–3.86) ppt, Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) (2.89–4.03) ppt. It was observed that the ranges of pollutants removal by NF was highest such as TDS (26–86%), salinity (81–86%), turbidity (78–94%), hardness (67–75%), O&amp;G (96–99%), Cl⁻ (80–89%) and HCO₃⁻ (95–97%).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19756,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 143-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096249523000662/pdfft?md5=260972abdffb0ecca570f50b2692b034&pid=1-s2.0-S2096249523000662-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135388100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of asphaltene reaggregation in toluene/heptane mixture by dynamic and static light scattering","authors":"Vladimir N. Kuryakov","doi":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2023.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents the study of the effect of multiple ultrasonic impacts on submicron asphaltene aggregates in a toluene/heptane solution, conducted with dynamic light scattering technique. The objects of the study were four samples of asphaltenes obtained from four different oils. For all samples, the change in the average size of the asphaltene submicron aggregates with time was measured after the addition of a precipitant (heptane) to a solution of asphaltenes in toluene at an amount above the threshold concentration. Asphaltene aggregates formed in solution after the addition of the precipitant and were subjected to ultrasonic treatment, which led to the destruction of the asphaltene aggregates. Aggregation of destroyed asphaltenes was observed. The kinetics of this aggregation were similar to the kinetics of aggregation of asphaltenes after the addition of a precipitant. Multiple iterations of asphaltene aggregate destruction in the sample led to a significant change in the kinetics of aggregation: the growth of aggregates slowed and stabilized at a size of approximately 200 nm and 30 nm for the different studied samples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19756,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"Pages 48-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096249523000170/pdfft?md5=ecf02b7499afefe92b014133630d03f0&pid=1-s2.0-S2096249523000170-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135509833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}