Russian journal of neurosurgery最新文献

{"title":"Endovascular treatment of patients with distal aneurysms of cerebellar arteries","authors":"E. Kolomin, S. Goroshchenko, V. Bobinov, A. Petrov, L. Rozhchenko, K. Samochernykh","doi":"10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-2-15-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-2-15-25","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. To evaluate short- and long‑term angiographic and clinical outcomes of endovascular treatment of patients with distal aneurysms of cerebellar arteries.Materials and methods. The outcomes of endovascular treatment of 6 patients with distal aneurysms of cerebellar arteries who underwent surgery at the Neurosurgical Division No. 3 of the Polenov Russian Research Institute of Neurosurgery between January 1 of 2017 and March 31 of 2023 were analyzed.Results. The following endovascular methods were used: occlusion of the aneurysm sac using only detachable coils (n = 2); occlusion using stent‑assisted coiling (n = 3); deconstructive intervention with occlusion of the main artery (n = 1).  In 1 of 2 cases of coil‑only aneurysm occlusion, additional stent‑assisted occlusion was performed due to recurrence. Among 6 aneurysms, 1 (16.65 %) aneurysm was radically excluded from the blood flow (class А); 4 (66.7 %) were excluded subtotally (class B); 1 (16.65 %) was excluded partially (class С). Control angiography at least 6 months after showed radical exclusion of the aneurysm from the blood flow (class A) in 5 (83.3 %) patients, subtotal exclusion (class В) in 1 (16.7 %) patient. Clinical outcome was excellent in 5 (83.3 %) patients (0 points per the modified Rankin scale); in 1 patient after deconstructive surgery, augmentation of neurological symptoms with following partial regression was observed (2 points per the modified Rankin scale). Complications during deconstructive surgery were observed in 1 (16.7 %) patient.Conclusion. Deconstructive surgery of the distal aneurysms of cerebellar arteries can be associated with high risk of postoperative ischemic complications with development of persisting neurological deficit. Surgical interventions with preservation of the artery lumen (including reconstructive surgeries) should be the method of choice in endovascular treatment of distal aneurysms of cerebellar arteries due to minimal risk of ischemic complications and improved clinical outcomes of surgical treatment.","PeriodicalId":197162,"journal":{"name":"Russian journal of neurosurgery","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141380620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postoperative outcomes of tumor-associated epileptic seizures in glioma patients","authors":"K. Chizhova, D. A. Gulyaev, I. I. Korepanov, I. Belov, I. А. Kurnosov, V. Chirkin, K. Sulin, I. V. Chistova, I. Yakovenko","doi":"10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-2-37-43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-2-37-43","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Epileptic seizures occur in 50–90 % of patients with low‑grade glioma and in 20–60 % of patients with glioblastoma. The presence of tumor‑associated epilepsy is one of the leading criteria affecting the quality of life of this cohort of patients. The study of risk factors for the formation and persistence of tumor‑associated epilepsy after surgical resection can contribute to the most adequate care for such patients in terms of freedom from seizures and the duration of the relapse‑free period.Aim. To study the features of epileptic seizures before surgical treatment, in remote cases of the postoperative period in patients with glioma.Materials and methods. Patients (n = 184) with histologically verified gliomas underwent total or non‑total microsur‑ gical removal of the tumor. The radicality of resection was assessed 1 month after the operation. The observation was carried out for 5 years.Results. All patients were divided into 4 groups. The 1st group consisted of 102 (55.42 %) patients whose seizures regressed after surgery; the 2nd group included 2 patients with the first seizures after surgery – 1 (0.54 %) in the early and 1 (0.54 %) in the late postoperative period; the 3rd group – 23 (12.5 %) patients with seizures both before and after surgery; the 4th group – 57 (31 %) patients without seizures. Total resection was performed significantly more often in the group with regressed seizures – in 79 (77.4 %) patients. The dynamics of the course of seizures did not depend on their initial nature and frequency. Twenty four (70,6 %) patients with new seizures had tumor recurrence, of which 15 (62.5 %) patients had seizure recurrence earlier than tumor recurrence based on RANO criteria.Conclusion. Tumor‑associated epilepsy is most common in low‑grade gliomas. Total resection allows to increase life expectancy and improve its quality by controlling seizures. The effectiveness of adjuvant treatment of this cohort of patients is directly related to the results of treatment of tumor‑associated epilepsy.","PeriodicalId":197162,"journal":{"name":"Russian journal of neurosurgery","volume":"340 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141380896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in patients with delayed cerebral ischemia after clipping of ruptured arterial aneurysms","authors":"N. A. Bobriakov, S. I. Petrov, E. V. Sereda, A. G. Moskalev, A. A. Ponomarev, I. Y. Kazankov, E. Y. Sedova, E. N. Maksimova","doi":"10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-2-26-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-2-26-36","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. Research of significant changes in parameters (SCP) by intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) during clipping of ruptured cerebral aneurysms in patients with delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) in the postoperative period.Materials and methods. The study included 16 patients, 7 (43.8 %) men and 9 (56.2 %) women, aged 51.1 ± 9.3 years, who underwent clipping of ruptured cerebral aneurysms for the period 2016–2021, in which the neurological deficit (ND) remained at the preoperative level on the first postoperative day, but increased by the end of hospitalization. In order to study the factors leading to the development of DCI, 2 groups were identified with transient SCP according to IONM: with the development of DCI – 7 patients out of the above 16 patients, including 3 men (42.9 %) and 4 women (57.1 %), aged 49.6 ± 8.5 years; and control group – 19 patients, including 9 men (47.4 %) and 10 women (52.6 %), aged 46.2 ± 10.9 years, in whom ND did not increase on the first postoperative day and by the time of discharge. The groups did not differ significantly in age, sex, aneurysm location, rupture period, and baseline ND.Results. In patients with DCI, in 9 cases (56.2 %), during the operation, SCP from the side of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) and transcranial motor evoked potentials (TcMEP) was not registered, in 7 cases (43.8 %) transient SCP was registered, of which 3 patients (42.8 %) had TcMEP and SSEP, in 2 patients (28.6 %) – only TcMEP and in 2 patients (28.6 %) – only SSEP. In the control group, transient SCR of TcMEPs and SSEPs were registered in 4 patients (21.6 %), only TcMEPs – in 9 patients (47.4 %), only SSEPs – in 6 patients (31.6 %). When comparing two groups of patients with transient SCR (DCI‑group and control group), a statistically significant predominance was revealed in the first group of patients with severity 3 according to the Hunt–Hess scale (42.9 % vs 5.2 %), while in the second group patients of severity 1 and 2 prevailed (94.8 % vs 57.2 %) (p <0.05). When analyzing the data of ultrasonic duplex scanning of extra- and intracranial arteries in both groups, a statistically significant increase in peak systolic blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery was revealed (in the group with DCI before surgery – 100 (80–139) cm/s, after surgery – 175 (139–278) cm/s (p = 0.001), in the control group before surgery – 100 (100–118) cm/s, after surgery – 150 (116–194) cm/s (p = 0.0001)), as well as the Lindegaard index (in the group with DCI before surgery – 2.5 ± 0.7, after surgery – 3.5 ± 1.1 (p = 0.01), in the control group before surgery – 2.1 ± 0.3, after surgery 2.9 ± 1.1 (p = 0.0002)), but the differences between the groups were not statistically significant (p = 0.092).Conclusion. At this stage, it cannot be unequivocally stated that transient SCP according to IONM may be one of the risk factors for the development of DCI after clipping of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. However, patients with transie","PeriodicalId":197162,"journal":{"name":"Russian journal of neurosurgery","volume":"359 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141380729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of variant anatomy in neurosurgery","authors":"P. Shnyakin, P. G. Rudenko, N.  D. Gasimova","doi":"10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-1-123-129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-1-123-129","url":null,"abstract":"Variants of atypical structure and location of anatomical structures always complicate the course of surgical access and admission and are often the causes of surgical errors and complications. This article presents an overview of some features of variant anatomy in areas of interest to neurosurgeons, including those leading to the development of intraoperative problems and postoperative neurological deficits.The main message of the article is not only that neurosurgeons should plan surgery taking into account individual anatomical variability starting with the shape of the skull, but also that in cases of adverse perioperative events, atypical anatomy should be taken into account as an objective risk factor and have a mitigating value in the evaluation of the neurosurgeon’s performance.The aim of this paper is to present and analyse scientific publications on variant anatomy, determining its role in the development of surgical errors and complications in neurosurgery.","PeriodicalId":197162,"journal":{"name":"Russian journal of neurosurgery","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140740255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19-associated frontal bone osteomyelitis. Clinical case and literature review","authors":"G. Evzikov, D. Y. Neretin","doi":"10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-1-92-98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-1-92-98","url":null,"abstract":"COVID‑19‑associated osteomyelitis is a purulo‑necrotic complication of past coronaviral infection. The majority of described cases of this complication are caused by Mucorales fungi. Mucormycosis is a severe complication of COVID‑19 associated with high mortality rate. Most commonly it affects maxillary sinuses, facial bones, and orbits. Due to quick progression of the disease, it is important to remember the association between COVID‑19 infection and purulo‑necrotic lesions of the skull that can be complicated by brain involvement.The article presents a very rare observation of COVID‑19‑associated osteomyelitis affecting the squamous part of the frontal bone complicated by formation of bilateral symmetrical subgaleal abscesses in the projection of the frontal eminences.","PeriodicalId":197162,"journal":{"name":"Russian journal of neurosurgery","volume":"100 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140736180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Awake surgery in neurooncology. Part 2. Functional intraoperative mapping","authors":"A. Dmitriev, M. Sinkin, A. A. Skalnaya, A. A. Solodov, V. Dashyan","doi":"10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-1-130-136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-1-130-136","url":null,"abstract":"Awake surgery is usually used to save patient’s speech. Various tests are applied for this purpose, whish selection  depends on tumor location. In multilingual patients verbal centers usually have different position. Location of each of them is necessary to keep patient’s communication capabilities after operation.To study vision, tests with presentations of color points or pictures on the screen divided on 4 parts are used. Such testing allows to estimate vision and speech simultaneously.Mapping of motor area in awake patients allows to evaluate this function more comprehensively including motion planning, proprioceptive control and balance. Stimulation of sensory area in awake patients gives opportunity to differ various types of sensitivity.Mapping and keeping of cognitive functions, memory, attention and ability of calculation increases chance to save professional skills and quality of life after operation.","PeriodicalId":197162,"journal":{"name":"Russian journal of neurosurgery","volume":"11 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140739078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reasons for failure of surgical treatment of patients with congenital basal encephaloceles","authors":"N. A. Chernikova, L. Satanin, E. V. Shelesko, S. Shugai, M. A. Kutin, N. I. Golovin, A. Sakharov","doi":"10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-1-99-109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-1-99-109","url":null,"abstract":"Encephalocele or craniocerebral hernia is a disease in which there is a prolapse of the meninges and structures of the brain through a skull defect. Clinically, they are manifested by a violation of nasal breathing, deformation of the naso‑ethmoid region, and nasal liquorrhea. Various inflammatory complications (meningitis, meningoencephalitis, ventriculitis, brain abscess) can occur against the background of persistent hernia, while mortality is 8–10 %.Basal encephalocele is a rare pathology that requires an integrated approach in a specialized hospital using high‑tech equipment. Therapeutic tactics and risks are determined individually based on the patient’s age, current symptoms, size of the nasal cavity, location and size of the skull base defect. In the absence of nasal liquorrhea, it is possible to delay surgical treatment in order to be able to use an autologous bone of the calvarium, to collect a larger periosteal flap, to perform the operation using a combined approach and to minimize surgical complications. With endonasal endoscopic access, it is necessary to separate the encephalocele from the surrounding tissues, completely remove the hernial sac and visualize the bone edges of the defect, and then perform its plastic closure.Despite the fact that in most cases the existing methods of treatment are very effective, in a number of cases it is not possible to achieve the desired result. This article presents two rare clinical cases in which patients with basal encephalocele required reoperation for herniation and skull base defect repair.","PeriodicalId":197162,"journal":{"name":"Russian journal of neurosurgery","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140739067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas: evolution of the philosophy of treatment","authors":"S. R. Ilyalov, A. Golanov, S. Banov","doi":"10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-1-110-122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-1-110-122","url":null,"abstract":"Vestibular schwannomas are the most common tumors in the cerebellopontine angle. Stereotactic radiosurgery is included in the armamentarium of methods for treating these tumors along with surgical treatment. Given the annual incidence of more than 15 radiosurgical cases of vestibular schwannomas per 1 million population, the expected need for stereotactic radiosurgery of these tumors in Russia is more than 2000 cases annually.Stereotactic radiosurgery is located at the intersection of several clinical specialties: neuroradiology, neurosurgery and radiation therapy, each of which has made a significant contribution to the development of this treatment method. The most commonly used for this is the cobalt‑based Leksell Gamma Knife, specifically intended for the treatment of intracranial neoplasms. Treatment is also possible with modern linear accelerators and proton accelerators, which provide high accuracy and conformity of irradiation. The experience gained since the first application of this method in the treatment of vestibular schwannomas has made it possible not only to optimize the radiation doses to the tumor and adjacent critical structures (brain stem, inner ear), but also to study the features of post‑radiation micro‑ and macro‑ changes, their impact on the clinical course, to develop recommendations for radiosurgery with schwannomas of various sizes. All this contributes to high control of tumor growth and a low level of functional disorders, which, along with easy tolerability and minimal hospitalization time, determines lower cost of this treatment compared to the traditional surgical approach and significant social and economic effect.This lecture is intended for neurosurgeons and radiation therapists and focuses on the most significant factors that influenced the development, promotion and active use of stereotactic radiosurgery of vestibular schwannomas in cli nical practice.","PeriodicalId":197162,"journal":{"name":"Russian journal of neurosurgery","volume":"24 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140738631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: literature review","authors":"V. A. Antipov, A. Kalandari","doi":"10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-1-137-147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-1-137-147","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its rarity and complex etiopathogenesis, spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea remains an understudied problem. Similarity of symptoms with other disorders of the ENT organs, low vigilance of primary care specialists lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment increasing the risk of complications. In recent years, diagnosis and treatment of this pathology have received a higher level of attention as evidenced by increased number of publications on this topic.The review considers in detail the problems of etiopathogenesis, classification, diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea based on current data from scientific literature.","PeriodicalId":197162,"journal":{"name":"Russian journal of neurosurgery","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140738976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term outcomes after formation of a low-flow STA-MCA bypass for treatment of symptomatic occlusion of the internal carotid artery","authors":"T.  A. Kudryashova, V. A. Lukyanchikov, I. V. Senko, N. Polunina, V. Dalibaldyan, G. K. Guseynova, R. Muslimov, V. V. Krylov, A. Grin","doi":"10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-1-41-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17650/1683-3295-2024-26-1-41-53","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. To evaluate short‑ and long‑term effectiveness of low‑flow bypass between superficial temporal artery and M4 segment of middle cerebral artery (low‑flow STA‑MCA bypass) in patients with symptomatic occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA).Materials and methods. Between 2016 and 2019 at the Department of Neurosurgery of the N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine, 54 patients who underwent low‑flow STA‑MCA bypass formation at the side of symptomatic ICA occlusion between 2013 and 2015 were examined. Symptomatic ICA occlusion was more common in men than in women (7:1 ratio). Patient age varied between 48 and 73 years (mean age was 62 years).During low‑flow STA‑MCA bypass formation surgery for symptomatic ICA occlusion, intraoperative flowmetry was used in 52 (96 %) patients, in 2 (4 %) patients this diagnostic method was impossible to perform due to technical difficulties. The main examination methods in the long term after cerebral revascularization were evaluation of neurological status dynamics per the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS); modified Rankin scale; Rivermead mobility index; computed tomography angiography of the extra‑intracranial arteries; ultrasound (US) examination of the STA‑MCA bypass for eval uation of linear and volumetric blood flow velocities; single‑photon emission computed tomography. The type and size of trephination were evaluated, and operative time was taken into account.The patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 included patients with follow‑up period of 1–2 years after cerebral revascularization, group 2 – 3–4 years, group 3 – 5–6 years. All results were compared to preoperative, early, and longterm measurements.Results. In the long‑term postoperative period between 1 and 6 years after cerebral revascularization, 54 patients were examined. Computed tomography angiography and US showed functioning STA‑MCA bypass in 53 (98 %) patients. According to single‑photon emission computed tomography of the brain, regional cerebral blood flow in the longterm postoperative period varied between 28 and 40 mL / 100 g / min, median regional cerebral blood flow in the long‑term postoperative period was 38 mL / 100 g / min. Intraoperative flowmetry was performed in 52 (96 %) patients, median was 15.5 mL / min. US showed that linear blood flow velocity in the STA‑MCA bypass varied between 20 and 95 cm / s, median was 49 cm / s. Volumetric blood flow varied between 30 and 85 mL / min with median of 75 mL / min.Resection trephination was performed in 36 (67 %) patients, mean size of trephination hole was 3 cm3. In the study, operative time was measured: mean value was 212 min; no significant correlation between operative time and trephination size was observed.Improved neurological status was observed in all study groups. Per the NIHSS, in group 1 (1–2 years) improvement was observed in 59 % of patients, in group 2 (3–4 years) in 48 %, in group 3 (5–6 years) in 47 %. Per the modified Ra","PeriodicalId":197162,"journal":{"name":"Russian journal of neurosurgery","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140743372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}