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Counting the Jeremiahs: Machine Learning and the Jeremiah Narratives 计算耶利米:机器学习和耶利米叙述
Old Testament essays Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a5
Nicholas Campbell
{"title":"Counting the Jeremiahs: Machine Learning and the Jeremiah Narratives","authors":"Nicholas Campbell","doi":"10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a5","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Scholars have long debated the redactional history of the prose sections of Jeremiah (chapters 26-45) but no consensus has been reached on the number of redactional layers in the text, the verses that comprise these layers or their sources. This study used a machine learning method to organise the chapters into sections based upon authorial word choices. The method used pairs of synonyms in a hierarchical clustering algorithm in the statistical program R. The goal of the study was two-fold. First, the division of the text by computerised model was used to analyse the divisions made by three other more traditional critical methods. Second, the validity of the method used in this study and previous synonym-based studies was analysed and critiqued. The conclusion is that this type of analysis can validate findings from other methods but some of the inherent biases and linguistic ambiguities make it dubious as a primary method of investigation for the Hebrew Bible. Keywords: Computerised learning, Jeremiah, Synonyms, Source criticism, Redaction criticism","PeriodicalId":19713,"journal":{"name":"Old Testament essays","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67486212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Death by Stoning in the Hebrew Bible and in Post-Biblical Traditions 希伯来圣经和后圣经传统中的石刑处死
Old Testament essays Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a8
Shaul Bar
{"title":"Death by Stoning in the Hebrew Bible and in Post-Biblical Traditions","authors":"Shaul Bar","doi":"10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a8","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Different modes of death appear in the Hebrew Bible, among which we find stoning as a form of execution. Since the person is dead, why does the Bible go to such lengths to describe this manner of death? In order to proffer an answer, we shall examine the cases which describe death by stoning. The intention behind stoning seems to have been to remove the criminal from the camp and the city. This was not merely a physical removal; it also bore significance for the dead man's spirit. The punishment of stoning prevented the burial of the corpse. Non-burial was worse than death because the spirit of the dead would not find rest and would therefore never reach the underworld. In a later period, the procedure for stoning was modified. Forms of judicial execution mentioned in the Bible, compared with those in the Talmud, indicate the latter made an effort to preserve the body of an executed man. This difference stems from the fact that in the Talmudic period the idea of resurrection was well developed. Keywords: Stoning, Idolatry, Blaspheme, Divination, Adultery, Defiant Son, Adulterous Woman, Betrothed Virgin, Non-burial.","PeriodicalId":19713,"journal":{"name":"Old Testament essays","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67486364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Toxic Masculinity in Africa and the Bible: The Strong-man Model and the Co-optation of Feminist Biblical Interpretation 非洲有毒的男性气质与圣经:强人模式与女性主义圣经诠释的融合
Old Testament essays Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a9
Robert Wafawanaka
{"title":"Toxic Masculinity in Africa and the Bible: The Strong-man Model and the Co-optation of Feminist Biblical Interpretation","authors":"Robert Wafawanaka","doi":"10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a9","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The present article discusses the concept of toxic masculinity in the context of African political history, leadership models and feminist biblical interpretation. It explores and problematises the idea of manliness as a key concept of masculinity exhibited in the African context by warrior queens and perpetuated by modern African leaders. The essay will demonstrate that such masculinity is toxic and it uses this backdrop to investigate how feminist biblical scholarship interpret the portrayal of women characters in the Bible. This approach uncovers a tendency by feminist scholars to interpret some biblical women characters (such as Sarah, Hagar, Yael, Rahab, Jezebel, and Abigail) in a toxic way-as strong men, or even better men. As a result, feminist scholarship unwittingly contributes to toxic masculinity by presenting women who outdo men. The goal of this article is to expose the potential for co-optation of feminist biblical interpretation by toxic masculinity. This observation leads to an alternative and contextual reading of women characters in the Bible in a non-toxic way that potentially rehabilitates them. The ramifications of reading biblical women in a non-toxic way have potential implications for reading biblical men in a non-strong-man and non-toxic way. Keywords: Masculinity, Strong-man, Biblical Interpretation, Warrior Queen, African Leadership","PeriodicalId":19713,"journal":{"name":"Old Testament essays","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67486377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The Ethical Obligation to Disrupt: Facing the Bloody City in Nah 3:1-7 破坏的伦理义务:面对拿拿书3:1-7中的血腥之城
Old Testament essays Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a10
L. Juliana, Claassens University
{"title":"The Ethical Obligation to Disrupt: Facing the Bloody City in Nah 3:1-7","authors":"L. Juliana, Claassens University","doi":"10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a10","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In Nah 3:1, the Assyrian capital Nineveh is called \"city of bloodshed.\" Nineveh is indeed \"a bloody city,\" filled with the blood of the numerous dead bodies associated with the fall of the city. However, as also in the case of a similar portrayal of the city of Jerusalem in Ezek 22:2, Nineveh is depicted as a female entity, hence suggesting that one may also read these poetic texts as invoking the image of a bleeding, menstruating city with all the connotations of not only ritual impurity but also moral guilt associated with this portrayal of sexual perversion or pollution (cf. Lev 18:19; 20:18). In this regard, it is significant that Nineveh in Nah 3:4 is called \"a whore \" - a derogatory slur that often is used to denote those who are \" other\" or foreign. The article will explore the ethical implications of disruption as a reading strategy that is particularly important when reading the prophetic traditions through the lens of gender, postcolonial and queer biblical interpretation. Keywords: Nah 3, Ezek 22, Feminist Biblical Interpretation, Disgust, Sexual Pollution, Sexual Perversion, Gender-based Violence","PeriodicalId":19713,"journal":{"name":"Old Testament essays","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67486483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Jonadab Son of Shimeah: A Figure Wrapped in Controversy 示米亚的儿子约拿达:一个充满争议的人物
Old Testament essays Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a4
Orly Keren, Hagit Taragan
{"title":"Jonadab Son of Shimeah: A Figure Wrapped in Controversy","authors":"Orly Keren, Hagit Taragan","doi":"10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a4","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Jonadab son of Shimeah was King David's nephew. His character can be evaluated on the basis of the two brief scenes where he appeared in 2 Sam 13:3-5, 30-37. The article surveys four aspects of the controversy that swirls around Jonadab's moral nature: 1. The terms used to describe him, namely, \"friend\" and \"a very smart man,\" which can be interpreted as \"wise in evil counsel\" (b. Sanh. 21a) or as \"intelligent and perspicacious \"; 2. The assessment of his conduct and relations with the other characters-Amnon, Tamar, Absalom, and David; 3. How he fits into the narrative as a whole and whether he is a main or supporting character; 4. How the editor revised the original author's text of this chapter. The first three aspects allow an examination of Jonadab' s moral character, the fourth determining whether his presence is essential to the story. Keywords: Biblical narrative, Jonadab son of Shimeah, Episode, (Main or supporting) Character, Editor, Author","PeriodicalId":19713,"journal":{"name":"Old Testament essays","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67486203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Human Suffering in Need of God's 'Face' and 'Eyes': Perspectives on Psalm 13 人类苦难需要神的“面”和“眼”:从诗篇13的角度看问题
Old Testament essays Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n1a15
D. Human
{"title":"Human Suffering in Need of God's 'Face' and 'Eyes': Perspectives on Psalm 13","authors":"D. Human","doi":"10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n1a15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n1a15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19713,"journal":{"name":"Old Testament essays","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67486328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Readers' Disgust in the Case of Rebekah, Jacob, Isaac, and Esau: Perverters of Justice? 读者对利百加、雅各、以撒、以扫案件的厌恶:正义的歪曲者?
Old Testament essays Pub Date : 2020-12-30 DOI: 10.17159/2312-3621/2020/V33N3A6
G. Snyman
{"title":"Readers' Disgust in the Case of Rebekah, Jacob, Isaac, and Esau: Perverters of Justice?","authors":"G. Snyman","doi":"10.17159/2312-3621/2020/V33N3A6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2020/V33N3A6","url":null,"abstract":"Popular readings, for example, sermons appear to exonerate Rebekah and Jacob (Gen. 25: 19–34; Gen 27–29, 33), as if they want to salvage the relation between faith and good character. Scholarly readings are more ready to question Rebekah and Jacob on a continuum between Rebekah and Jacob as deceitful and rescuing the Abrahamic covenant. Who are to be regarded as the perpetrators perverting justice in this narrative? In this essay, I would opt for Esau as the injured party of the fraud perpetrated by his mother and brother. The argument starts with the notion of moral perversity as framed by the concept of moral injury as well as disgust expressed at moral digressions. This discussion will be followed by an explanation of four sermons on Jacob, Esau, Rebekah, and Isaac. The argument will be directed to a discussion of selected scholarly interpretations of the story cycle.\u0000 \u0000https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2020/v33n3a6","PeriodicalId":19713,"journal":{"name":"Old Testament essays","volume":"33 1","pages":"445-472"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45492182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Understanding Wisdom in the Old Testament through Its Akan (Ghana) Parallels: Linkages and Disconnections 通过阿堪（加纳）的比喻理解旧约中的智慧：联系和脱节
Old Testament essays Pub Date : 2020-12-30 DOI: 10.17159/2312-3621/2020/V33N3A4
E. Antwi, Isaac Forson Adjei, Joseph K. Asuming
{"title":"Understanding Wisdom in the Old Testament through Its Akan (Ghana) Parallels: Linkages and Disconnections","authors":"E. Antwi, Isaac Forson Adjei, Joseph K. Asuming","doi":"10.17159/2312-3621/2020/V33N3A4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2020/V33N3A4","url":null,"abstract":"Explaining and interpreting biblical concepts in different cultures without due regard to the cultures of the biblical world have some challenges. When caution is not taken, one stands a chance of imposing one’s cultural worldview on the biblical text. Understanding of the concepts in one’s culture could be useful in helping him or her grasp the meanings of the biblical concepts. This paper delves into wisdom in the OT and that of the Akan of Ghana, analysing critically the connotations of the concept, sources and acquisition of wisdom in the OT vis-a-vis those of the Akan ethnic groups of Ghana. Through a comparative analysis, it attempts to describe how the OT concept of wisdom could be understood with the help of its parallels in Akan, regardless of their disconnections. It discovers that the Akan concept of wisdom can be of help in the interpretation of wisdom in the OT, but it cannot fully explain it. The paper pinpoints one of the challenges that interpreters are likely to encounter in the use of reader-centred approaches of biblical hermeneutics.\u0000https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2020/v33n3a4","PeriodicalId":19713,"journal":{"name":"Old Testament essays","volume":"33 1","pages":"408-427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48310921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Gradations of Degradation: Ezekiel's Underworld as a Temple of Doom 堕落的等级：以西结笔下作为末日神殿的黑社会
Old Testament essays Pub Date : 2020-12-30 DOI: 10.17159/2312-3621/2020/V33N3A8
S. Wells, Christopher B. Hays
{"title":"Gradations of Degradation: Ezekiel's Underworld as a Temple of Doom","authors":"S. Wells, Christopher B. Hays","doi":"10.17159/2312-3621/2020/V33N3A8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2020/V33N3A8","url":null,"abstract":"Ezekiel’s underworld is characterised by hierarchy and gradation. Insofar as that is also true of sacred spaces in the Bible, Ezekiel’s underworld can also be imagined, heuristically, as a kind of unholy temple. Each of the three primary descriptions of holy space in the Hebrew Bible (the Priestly tabernacle, Solomon’s temple, and Ezekiel’s temple) has three primary graded spaces (inner sanctum, outer sanctum, and court). Ezekiel’s underworld has three primary graded spaces: Sheol, the Pit, and the extremities of the Pit. In each case, the farther one moves in from the entrance, the more unholy the space. Like the tabernacle and temples, Ezekiel’s underworld also has further gradations within the primary space, and these finer gradations of unholiness are marked by factors such as the length of the passage dedicated to a nation and the presence of associates in the nation’s sphere of influence.\u0000 \u0000https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2020/v33n3a8","PeriodicalId":19713,"journal":{"name":"Old Testament essays","volume":"33 1","pages":"490-514"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47415244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Unheard Voices in the Hebrew Bible: The Nameless and Silent Wife of Jeroboam (1 Kgs 14:1-18) 希伯来圣经中未被听见的声音：耶罗波安无名无声的妻子（上Kgs 14:1-18）
Old Testament essays Pub Date : 2020-12-30 DOI: 10.17159/2312-3621/2020/V33N3A3
D. Adamo
{"title":"The Unheard Voices in the Hebrew Bible: The Nameless and Silent Wife of Jeroboam (1 Kgs 14:1-18)","authors":"D. Adamo","doi":"10.17159/2312-3621/2020/V33N3A3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2020/V33N3A3","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the story of the Egyptian wife of Jeroboam in 1 Kings 14:1–18. Women are generally marginalized in the Old Testament—in most instances, their names are not mentioned, words are not put in their mouths, their achievements are behind the scenes in the narratives. This article is interested in the discussion of the nameless and silent wife of Jeroboam. In the Masoretic (MT), the narrator did not name her despite the dominant and significant role she played in the narrative. However, in the Greek text (Account B), she is identified as “Ano,” the daughter of Pharaoh of Egypt. This paper argues that the silence of the wife of Jeroboam in the MT has great meaning and importance in the narrative—it signifies patience, obedience, humility, and self-control. She displayed these characteristics in the face of all the provocation from her husband and the prophecy of the death of her son from the Prophet Ahijah.\u0000https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2020/v33n3a3","PeriodicalId":19713,"journal":{"name":"Old Testament essays","volume":"33 1","pages":"393-407"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46714489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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