{"title":"Vegetation of three headlands of the Central Coast of New South Wales – Norah, Wamberal and Wybung Heads","authors":"E. Morris, N. Skelton, S. Durham","doi":"10.31646/WA.201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31646/WA.201","url":null,"abstract":"The vegetation of Norah Head on the central NSW coast was mapped prior to the opening of a sewage outfall there in 1988. Vegetation at Wybung and Wamberal Heads was also mapped in the same study. Vegetation maps were constructed with the assistance of aerial photographs. At Norah Head, 12 vegetation types were recognized on structural grounds (Specht 1981). Closed-forest and low closed-forest (some of which were remnant littoral rainforest), Eucalyptus botryoides forest, Banksia integrifolia open-woodland with a bitou bush understorey, coastal scrub/heath and bitou bush closed-heath were the major vegetation types. At Wybung Head, 7 vegetation types were recognized, with various types of scrub/heath and a Themeda grassland being found. At Wamberal Head, 5 vegetation types were recognized, with B. integrifolia open-forest with bitou bush understorey, scrub/heath and some Themeda grassland being found. Species list were compiled for each vegetation type; exotic species were common in occurrence, and dominated some vegetation units in terms of biomass. Two species of conservation importance in the area were found: Rhyodomyrtus psidioides and Botrychium australe, both near Jenny Dixon at Norah Head.","PeriodicalId":197128,"journal":{"name":"Wetlands Australia Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115355717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Coastal Impacts of the greenhouse effect","authors":"Australia.","doi":"10.31646/wa.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31646/wa.139","url":null,"abstract":"The Greenhouse Effect is a global climatic change which is expected to occur as a result of increasing levels of certain gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. The gases, which include carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and chlorofluorocarbons are partially opaque to heat radiation emitted from the Earth’s surface. There is evidence to suggest that these gases are building up in the atmosphere mainly as a by-product of industrialization. The build-up will cause heat to be trapped in the lower layers of the atmosphere, thus producing an increase in the temperature of the Earth. \u0000 \u0000Over the last 100 years the Earth’s temperature has risen by about 0.5oC. Over the next 30 to 50 years the temperature is expected to increase by 1.5 to 4.5 oC. such an increase will result in changes to the general circulation of the atmosphere – and hence redistribution of coimatic zones - ans a consequent rise in sea level.","PeriodicalId":197128,"journal":{"name":"Wetlands Australia Journal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116568288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Production of meiofauna in an Australian estuary","authors":"M. Hodda, W. Nicholas","doi":"10.31646/WA.200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31646/WA.200","url":null,"abstract":"The age categories, sexes and sizes of a sub-sample of 120 free living nematodes from a mangrove ecosystem in the Hunter Region estuary, were determined from four seasonal samples. The proportion of adult makes and juveniles in the population and thier mean size changed from season to season. By contrast, neither the proportion of females nor their mean size changed over the course of the year. The mean size of all individuals in the population also did not change over time. Total biomass of nematodes at the study site was about 0.1 to 0.2g C m¯² . The ratio of annual production to biomass was calculated to be about 50 using previously published empirical formulae relating to temperature and adult female biomass to production. Annual production was therefore calculated at about 4 to 6g C m¯² yr¹. Ingestion was calculated at about 100 to 300g C m ¯² yr¹. These figures represent a substantial component of estuarine energy flow when compared with production estimates for other parts of the estuarine food web from the most similar estuaries for which data are available.","PeriodicalId":197128,"journal":{"name":"Wetlands Australia Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131248575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sea Level Change and Greehouse: Implications for Wetlands","authors":"E. Bryant","doi":"10.31646/WA.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31646/WA.130","url":null,"abstract":"In 1985, the Conference on Greenhouse Warming held at Villach, Austria, predicted a rise in sea level by 2030 AD of between 0.2 and 1.4m caused by melting of ice-caps (including mountain glaciers) and thermal expansion of the oceans (World Meteorological Organisation 1986). Recent research, however, suggests that thermal expansion of water in the upper 100-200m of the oceans is the most likely major cause of future sea level rise. Predictions about the extent of this rise have been revised downward because it is now realized that warming of air around the Antarctic ice-cap will lead to increased snowfall, thus counteracting the effect of thermal expansion. What has not been widely recognized is the fact that sea level behavior from year to year and over the long term, especially in Australia, is climactically controlled, with complex feedback mechanisms operating on regional scales (Bryant 1988a, Bryant et al. 1988). The short term variability in sea level behavior may be 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than the average trends defined from many sea level records. \u0000 \u0000In this paper the nature and variability of sea level changes within Australia will be discussed first. Secondly, the impact of this variability upon Greenhouse predictions of sea level rise and some more current predictions for sea level elevations in the next 40 years will be presented. Finally, planning options necessary to minimize the effect of rising sea level upon wetlands will be reviewed.","PeriodicalId":197128,"journal":{"name":"Wetlands Australia Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128260315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The natural vegetation of Homebush Bay - Two hundred years of changes","authors":"P. Clarke, D. Benson","doi":"10.31646/WA.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31646/WA.121","url":null,"abstract":"Homebush bay contains some of the best remaining estuarine wetland on the Parramatta River as well as vegetation on shale now rare in the Sydney Region. The conservation value has been recognised by the National Trust, have been set aside as Bicentennial Park, following a Macquarie University study (Anon. 1978). Substantial estuarine wetlands are conserved within this Park though important remnants of the natural vegetation remain unprotected outside this area. This paper described the remaining mangrove, saltmarsh, swamp oak and eucalypt forests of the Bay and the changes they have undergone since European settlement. \u0000 \u0000Homebush Bay is about 12 km west of Sydney on the southern side of Parramatta River and near the geographical centre of Sydney’s metropolitan area (figure 1). Two major creeks drain into it, Haslams Creek from the south-west and Powells Creek from the south. Quaternary alluvial sandy clays cover most of the low lying lands and the river valleys. On higher ground is Wianamatta Shale which weathers to form deep clay soils. The climate and other physical features are described in the Macquarie University report (Anon. 1978), and aspects of the intertidal fauna are discussed in Robinson et al. (1983) and Jones and Frances (this volume).","PeriodicalId":197128,"journal":{"name":"Wetlands Australia Journal","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124371087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The phytosociology of coastal saltmarsh vegetation in New South Wales.","authors":"P. Adam, N. Wilson, B. Huntley","doi":"10.31646/WA.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31646/WA.111","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: \u0000Saltmarsh vegetation from the central New South Wales coast is classified into a number of communities. In some cases identical, or very similar, communities also occur on seacliffs. \u0000 \u0000The classification of these communities is discussed and a number of amendments to the scheme proposed by Bridgewater (1982a) are suggested. The number of communities found in NSW saltmarshes is less than on marshes further south and it is suggested that climatic factors may be correlated with the decline in diversity at lower latitudes. \u0000 \u0000The relationship between the communities recognised in Australia and saltmarsh vegetation in other continents is briefly discussed.","PeriodicalId":197128,"journal":{"name":"Wetlands Australia Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134480934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Establishment of Sarcocornia quinqueflora and Sporobolus virginicus in a created saltmarsh: Species specific responses to topsoil addition and assisted planting.","authors":"G. Winning, G. MacFarlane","doi":"10.31646/WA.294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31646/WA.294","url":null,"abstract":"Saltmarsh restoration projects often require the creation of saltmarsh habitat on previously non-tidal areas through excavation of overburden to provide a substrate at an appropriate level within the tidal plane. Such sites may then be covered with topsoil and/or planted with target saltmarsh plant species. However, few such projects in saltmarsh establishment are designed in a way and/or monitored in a manner that would allow for the collection of data that may assess efficacy to guide future restoration projects. A small saltmarsh restoration project in Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, incorporated an experimental design that sought to address the questions as to whether topsoil addition and planting are necessary for the effective establishment of saltmarsh vegetation. Two years post saltmarsh establishment, topsoil addition facilitated the growth (in terms of percentage cover) and recruitment of Sarcocornia quinqueflora, though topsoil provided no appreciable benefit for Sporobolus virginicus. It was further shown that while planting assisted growth for Sarcocornia quinqueflora, it was a necessity for the establishment of Sporobolus virginicus within such time frames. Importantly, this study demonstrated the value of incorporating into a wetland restoration projection an experimental design that tests specific hypotheses.","PeriodicalId":197128,"journal":{"name":"Wetlands Australia Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121234160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The sediments and associated invertebrate communities of Jervis Bay.","authors":"D. Leadbitter","doi":"10.31646/WA.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31646/WA.101","url":null,"abstract":"Unconsolidated sediments cover over 110km² of the area of Jervis Bay below means high water mark. The present-day sediments, which provide habitats for a wide variety of marine organisms, are the products of Quarternary geological events, including dramatic sea level changes. \u0000 \u0000This paper reviews the information available regarding the geological history of the sediments in Jervis Bay, their present-day characteristics and the types of organisms that can be found inhabiting them. The subaerial sediments are described by Thom, in this volume.","PeriodicalId":197128,"journal":{"name":"Wetlands Australia Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122614984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The saltmarshes and mangroves of Jervis Bay","authors":"P. Adam, P. Hutchings","doi":"10.31646/WA.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31646/WA.106","url":null,"abstract":"The coastline of Jervis Bay is geomorphologically diverse and its different landforms support very different vegetation communities. The entrance to the Bay is guarded by impressive cliffs, the tops of which support sclerophyll heathland and woodland (Ingwersen 1973, 1976). Much of the shoreline within Jervis Bay is fringed by sand dunes, extensive stretches of which suffered erosion during the severe storms of 1974. Close to settlements, these damaged dunes have since been rehabilitated (Fleck 1975; Davies 1981). Intertidal wetlands are restricted in their distribution but individual stands are, in comparison with other estuaries on the South Coast, extensive – the total area of mangroves being 1.25 km² and that of saltmarsh 2.33 km² (West et al. 1985).","PeriodicalId":197128,"journal":{"name":"Wetlands Australia Journal","volume":"433 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116007196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research Potential of Wetland Plants","authors":"C. Field","doi":"10.31646/WA.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31646/WA.78","url":null,"abstract":"Wetland areas have received considerable public attention over the last year or so and a case for research and conservation has been built on three main assumptions. They are that wetlands play an important role in marine productivity, provision of fish and bird habitats and in land stabilisation. A fourth consideration might be the intrinsic nature of the fauna and flora that inhabit such areas. The flora of wetland areas frequently have to survive tidal inundations with the accompanying problems of anoxia and elevated salinity. It is generally agreed that wetland flora have undergone selective change or ‘adaptation’ but how this has happened is difficult to determine. The enigma of how wetland plants persist, let alone grow, and reproduce in such apparently hostile conditions remains unsolved. No doubt, the answers lie in the study of the morphology, physiology and ecology of the various species. However, of increasing interest in whether such plants contain discrete units of genetic information relating to these characteristics that may be of vital interest in the genetic engineering of more economically important crop plants.","PeriodicalId":197128,"journal":{"name":"Wetlands Australia Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123565907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}