Open Access Journal of Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Anterior Chamber Culture at the Conclusion of Cataract Surgery and Its Relation to Post-Cataract Surgery Endophthalmitis","authors":"Olivia J K Fox, S. Bobba, Calum W. K. Chong, Sarah B. Wang, M. Wehrhahn, S. Irvine, I. Francis","doi":"10.11131/2018/101283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11131/2018/101283","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of this study is to reassess the pathogenesis of postoperative endophthalmitis (POE), aiming to determine the presence of bacteria in the anterior chamber at the conclusion of phacoemulsification cataract surgery, and the subsequent development of POE. Methods: A single surgeon performed all cataract procedures across the two nominated day surgical centres. Phacoemulsification surgery with intraocular lens implantation (IOL) was performed on 209 eyes. Patient demographics and POE risk factors were obtained, as well as an anterior chamber (AC) aspirate from each patient at the conclusion of the surgical procedure. The aspirate was cultured for 1 – 5 days. Fourteen eyes also underwent bacterial 16S polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the AC aspirate. Any subsequent development of POE was recorded. No intracameral antibiotics were used. Results: Of the 209 cultures, three cases (1.4%) were positive for growth (95% confidence interval). The three positive cases yielded different microorganisms. One case was positive for bacteria (Corynebacterium species) while the other two cases were positive for fungi (Candida species and a Zygomycete). Cases with positive culture growth had no statistically significant difference in the incidence of preoperative, operative and postoperative risk factors for POE, compared with patients with negative culture. No patient in this study developed POE. Conclusion: The bacterial contamination rate of the AC after phacoemulsification surgery with IOL implantation is extremely low. Strict aseptic technique and definitively closed incisions can potentially be attributed to the zero percentage incidence of POE. It is probable that POE is more likely due to postoperative factors.","PeriodicalId":19674,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89795835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evaporation Behavior of Volatile Fission Products in FLiNaK Salt","authors":"Masami Taira, Y. Arita, M. Yamawaki","doi":"10.11131/2017/101315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11131/2017/101315","url":null,"abstract":"Molten salt reactor (MSR) was suggested for the one of the nuclear power plant concepts planned for generation IV. However, little study had been done on the severe accident at MSR. The one of the severe accident at MSR is considered that the molten salt with fuel will be exposed to air and some fission products will release to environment. The molten FLiNaK salt (LiF-NaF-KF: 46.5–11.5-42 mol%) with CsI(FLiNaK- CsI: 99-1 mol%) was evaporated and released gases were measured by mass spectrometry. The evaporated gases from above sample were mainly CsI and KI. The value of vapor pressure for CsI was low about ten to the first ∼ second power of vapor pressure for pure CsI at same temperature. Therefore, it is expected that FLiNaK prevents the release of CsI. On the other hand, despite KI were not included in original sample, KI released significantly.","PeriodicalId":19674,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86707193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ameliorative Effect of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract on Argon-Laser Induced Retinal Damage","authors":"A. Abu-Mahfouz, M. Gamal, M. A. Ali, A. Shouman, A. Kamhawy","doi":"10.11131/2017/101307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11131/2017/101307","url":null,"abstract":"Photocoagulation is routinely used as a major treatment method for many retinal disorders. The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of Grape seed extract (GSE) on reactive oxygen species produced during argon laser photocoagulation and also to explore the benefit of retinal photocoagulation over two session's argon laser compared to single session. Forty two pigmented rabbits weighted 2–2.5 Kg were used in this study. The animals were classified into three groups. The left eye for each animal was photocoagulated with 200 mW, 400 mW and 400 mw fractionated dose (FD) argon laser with and without GSE supplementation respectively. After 24 hours the retina was separated carefully, malondialdehyde level (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) for retinal tissue were detected. FT-IR findings showed a positive result for GSE supplementation in reducing laser effects on the retinal tissue. Also, GSE supplementation improved the level of TAC in rabbit's retina exposed to argon laser with a concurrent decrease in MDA level. In conclusion, GSE has an extremely beneficial role in overcoming the resultant adverse biological effects of argon laser photocoagulation on retinal tissues due to its potent antioxidant properties. Results also revealed that retinal photocoagulation over two sessions was more protective for retinal tissue than single session argon laser.","PeriodicalId":19674,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78098862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Remote Sensing for Population Number Determination","authors":"K. Karume, C. Schmidt, K. Kundert, M. Bagula, B. F. Safina, R. Schomacker, D. Ganza, O. Azanga, C. Nfundiko, N. Karume, G. Mushagalusa","doi":"10.11131/2017/101227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11131/2017/101227","url":null,"abstract":"Ideally, in a country the population censuses are held regularly (five or ten-year intervals), population surveys, called “control surveys” are then conducted during the intercensal period. The latter, as well as the registers of civil status (information on the movements of the population), help determining a representative sample, called “scale model of the population.” Random, stratified and weighted, it has the advantage of providing a good statistical database for any generalizations about the target population with relatively little risk of error. Our study area, Bukavu city, doesn't comply with the classical scheme of data collection for two main reasons: - there are more than twenty years that real demographic censuses have been carried out in the province, the records of the `civil status is poorly maintained and often incomplete—if any!—Especially during this post-conflict period. A study was conducted in Bukavu City to determine the number of people living in this city. Two GeoEye satellite images of 50 cm resolution captured in July 2012 were used. A net of 200 × 200 meters was created with ArcGIS to divide the satellite images into regular cells. In total 2772 cells were created to cover the two satellite images but only 2353 cells were considered for classification. Three classes were identified in the satellite images according to houses density: High density, medium density and low density zones. Three samples were selected and for each different density type, a point map was created covering each house of the selected sample zones received a point. Using the three different density patterns, 95 highly populated zones were identified, 307 medium density zones and 800 low density zones having each respectively a total of 30'400, 46'050, and 40'000 houses. The population of the city was obtained by taking the number of houses times an average of 8, 7 and 6 habitants per house respectively in high, medium and low density zones. A total of 805550 habitants was obtained for Bukavu city which is almost the same number of people estimated (830'000) by the Inspection Provinciale de la Sante which is the health office in charge of vaccination campaign in South-Kivu Province. This method can be used whenever there is a need to quickly estimate the number of the population in a region where there is no census data.","PeriodicalId":19674,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86260986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Questionnaire’s and Diagnostic Tests’ Reliability on Natural Rubber Latex Allergy among Albanian Dental Students","authors":"A. Bakiri, S. Skenderaj, D. Kraja, E. Petrela, D. Mingomataj, E. Mingomataj","doi":"10.11131/2017/101281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11131/2017/101281","url":null,"abstract":"Latex allergy is a common occupational disease among healthcare workers. Self-administrated questionnaires, physical examination and allergic tests are largely used to assess data about natural history, risk factors, clinical phenotype, etc. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of allergy to latex gloves among dental students and the association between questionnaire items and diagnostic tests.","PeriodicalId":19674,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76830600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of Randall’s Plugs Development","authors":"F. Grases, O. Söhnel, A. Costa-Bauza, T. Loučka","doi":"10.11131/2017/101242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11131/2017/101242","url":null,"abstract":"Mechanism of formation and development of intraluminal concretion, also called Randall's plug, extracted from a female patient forming calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) calculi was examined. Some of these calculi were connected to the papillary tip, and had connections with the interior of the papilla with finger-like extensions in the collecting duct (CD). The intraluminal concretion consisted of inter-grown COD crystals of irregular size (30–100 μm), approximately 5% of biological hydroxyapatite (BHAP) and an organic matter. Urine of the patient was moderately supersaturated with respect to COD and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). Model of kidney, recently refined by Robertson, was used in calculations. Calculated Reynolds number indicated that the flow of liquid through tubules was purely laminar with parabolic velocity profile. COD crystals formed at the beginning of ascending loop of Henle by heterogeneous nucleation. Concentration of COD crystals in urine was limited and considered equal to concentration of crystals during crystaluria. The free particle and the fixed particle mechanisms were considered. The free particle mechanism assumes formation of a single crystal or agglomerate of crystals blocking the CD by virtue of size. The growth of COD crystals at concrete urinary supersaturation was too slow for a single crystal to attain size with settling velocity faster than the translation flow rate of liquid. Hydrodynamic shear caused aggregation of COD solid particles dispersed in a liquid flowing in the nephron. Number of COD crystals present in urine was not sufficient for formation of fractal agglomerate blocking the Bellini duct. Similarly, a fractal agglomerate of urinary phosphate present in the form of Posner's clusters was not large enough to obstruct the Bellini duct. The opening of the CD could not be obstructed by a single crystal of COD or fractal agglomerate composed of either COD crystals or calcium phosphate clusters, formed in urine by virtue of size. Solid objects not immobilised inside the CD were always washed out by urine flow from the CD of any orientation (also upward-draining CD). The formation and development of plug of our patient was explained by the fixed particle mechanism assuming that Randall's plug developes from crystal(s) attached directly to the tubule wall. The plug was modelled as concretion composed of successive layers of COD crystals originating on the top of underlying layer. When growth of a layer stopped, its surface was covered by organic matter that served as a substrate for nucleation of a new layer. The time of plug development was estimated as the time a COD crystal needed to reach the opposite side of the duct plus duration of interruptions of crystalline growth when plug surface was covered by a layer of organic matter and phosphatic particles were incorporated into concretion. The flux of Posner's clusters arriving to the concretion surface was estimated from theory of Brownian motion. Thes","PeriodicalId":19674,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76177090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shrinkage Module of Soil Samples with Different Cement Content","authors":"Mohannad Sabry, M. A. Mandalawi, Mays Sabry","doi":"10.11131/2017/101304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11131/2017/101304","url":null,"abstract":"The differences in soil's body mass during shrinkage over time have changes in soil physical properties which provide an important reason to check the design of underground foundations in expansive soils. In this paper, a state-of-art of the soil heat stress-strain relationship prediction methods is checked using soil engineering laboratory experiments and Matlab R2013b numerical modelling. The shrinkage of soils with different cement content of (0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) with the same water content of 20 percent in room temperature for 24 hours, are critically reviewed in terms of their predictive shrinkage along with their strengths and flexural behaviour. The review highlights the prediction methods present to determine the effect of heat stress on the shrinkage of soil samples with different cement content after classifying the soils into clay, silt and sand depending on their particle size using sieve and hydrometer experiments. The results of the soil engineering laboratory experiments showed that as the cement content increases, the shrinkage of soil decreases as a result of increased elasticity in soil. The numerical analysis using finite element method in Matlab R2013b shows that as the cement content increases the displacement in the soil sample decreases and that the soil sample with 8% cement content has more resistance to shrinkage and less displacement than the soil with 6% cement, which has less resistance to heat stresses and more displacement.","PeriodicalId":19674,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90691422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of Chromium and Azo Metal-Complex Dyes Using Activated Carbon synthesized from Tannery Wastes","authors":"F. Kebede, Alemayehu Gashaw","doi":"10.11131/2017/101214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11131/2017/101214","url":null,"abstract":"Leather industries are one of pollution-intensive industrial complexes generating huge volumes of liquid and high concentration of solid wastes. Tanneries use different harmful chemicals like (chromium, sulphuric acid, dyes, etc) in their processing. They could have a number of adverse impacts on the environmental eco-system as well as on the society living around. In this study, fleshed parts of tannery solid wastes were brought from Bahir Dar leather factory to synthesize an activated carbon used for effective removal of chromium, mordant black-11 and red azo dyes from the aqueous solution. Fleshed tannery waste activated carbon (FTWAC) characterized by FTIR which shows acidic properties, surface area by BET was 535.02 m2/g and different physical and chemical properties were determined. The concentration of Cr(VI) was determined by ICP-OES, but mordant black-11 and red azo dyes were determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy instrument. Freundlich isotherm model is well fitted than Langmuir model for the adsorption. Generally the results showed that the removal efficiency of FTWAC for Cr(VI) over 99%, for mordant black-11 dye over 97% and red azo dye over 93% were achieved. Therefore, using FTWAC for treatments of chromium and dyes in the effluent wastes for leather industry is economical and viable option.","PeriodicalId":19674,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86142578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption and Elution of Nucleic Acids: Mesoporous Materials and Methods","authors":"B. Lin, Brandy J. Johnson, B. J. Melde, Genevieve M. S. Haas, Miles K. J. McConner, Jenna R. Taft","doi":"10.11131/2017/101190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11131/2017/101190","url":null,"abstract":"Physical protection of nucleic acids from the environment for improved stability through encapsulation or adsorption has been reported using various materials, including liposomes, metal particles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and polymers. In an extension of that approach, our previous study demonstrated the potential of mesoporous silica nanoparticles with and without covalently attached stabilizing reagents, such as sugar and bovine serum albumin, for improving the stability of RNA. The goal of the current study is to evaluate the potential of silicate sorbents bearing chemical functionalities for stabilization of nucleic acid targets. Materials offering charged groups, metal chelating sites, and π-bonding sites are considered. Adsorption and elution of RNA, DNA, and single stranded DNA (ssDNA) are evaluated as is subsequent elution of the bound target. A sorbent functionalized with primary amine groups showed promising results for RNA and ssDNA stabilization. The impact of the sorbents on long term viability the targets is also evaluated. Storage of adsorbed targets at room temperature and 37∘C over a period of 200 d indicates the potential for stabilization of RNA and ssDNA using several of the functionalities. None of the sorbents improved the stability of DNA either under room temperature or 37∘C storage.","PeriodicalId":19674,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81448079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Breast Feeding Practice and Risk Factors Associated with Severe Acute Malnutrition among Children Admitted to Addis Ababa Governmental Hospitals, Ethiopia, 2014: A Cross-Sectional Facility Based Study","authors":"Gebre Gelana, Berhanu Dessalegn, Girmachew Alemu","doi":"10.11131/2017/101220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11131/2017/101220","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Malnutrition remains one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among children throughout the world. It is responsible for over 50% death of under age of 5 years children. Objective: To assess feeding practice and factors associated with severe acute malnutrition in under age of 5 year children admitted to Addis Ababa Government Hospitals, Ethiopia, 2014. Methods and Materials: A cross sectional study design was conducted on 151 under age of 5 year children admitted to Addis Ababa Governmental Hospitals from April to May 2014. The required number of sample was selected based on the registration and diagnosis. Data was collected by review of medical records and interview of the family member nearby during data collection. The data was manipulated and analyzed by using Epi.info version 3.5.4 for windows and SPSS version 16.0. Results: Out of one hundred fifty one study subjects, 124(82.1%) of them breastfed; but majority of them, 65.4% did not practice exclusive breast feeding. Maternal illiteracy had 2.46 times high risk and significant association with severe acute malnutrition (AOR = 2.46, 95% CI, 1.4-42.4). Being age younger than 11 months also showed 5.97 times high risk and statistically significant association with severe acute malnutrition (AOR = 5.97, 95% CI, 1.8-20). Children of governmental employee mother were 2.29 times high risk to be affected by marasmus (AOR = 2.29, 95% CI, 1.4–3.86). Male children were 2.28 times higher risk to be affected by the case than female children (AOR = 2.28, 95% CI, 1.1–4.9). Conclusion: Maternal illiteracy, maternal occupation, sex of the child being male and age of the child younger than 11 months have strong and statistically significant association with child severe acute malnutrition.","PeriodicalId":19674,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82868161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}