Outlooks on Pest Management最新文献

{"title":"Battling Blood-Feeding Insects, Weeds, and Hereditary Diseases with Inhibitors of a Common Enzyme","authors":"S. Duke, A. Chittiboyina","doi":"10.1564/v33_apr_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_apr_04","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past 40 years, two very similar molecules, the herbicide mesotrione and the pharmaceutical nitisinone, have been found to kill weeds, treat the hereditary disease type I tyrosinemia, and kill blood-feeding insects, chronologically in that order. These two compounds effectively\u0000 accomplish these seemingly diverse tasks by inhibiting the same enzyme, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), in plants, humans, and insects. This is an example of the potential use of a chemical class for a wide range of biological uses linked by a common enzyme.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47510901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plan for Tar Spot Disease in the Us and Cascading Supply Effects in '22","authors":"","doi":"10.1564/v33_apr_15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_apr_15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45840625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Dicamba Use are Ahead","authors":"T. Mueller, L. Steckel","doi":"10.1564/v33_apr_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_apr_08","url":null,"abstract":"The first steps in the development of dicamba tolerant transgenic plants were conducted by Sandoz Crop Protection in Palo Alto, CA and then contractually followed up at the University of Nebraska. The subsequent development by Monsanto of soybean and cotton varieties that would tolerate\u0000 post-emergent application of dicamba substantially changed the use patterns of dicamba in the United States. Transgenic dicamba-tolerant (DT) seeds were first approved in 2016 in the United States, although the post-emergent use of dicamba was not legal that year. In 2017 and 2018, there was\u0000 substantial market penetration of DT soybean and cotton seeds into the market and the occurrence of dicamba off-target movement (OTM) was highly variable across the United States. The driving force behind these new seed traits was the widespread failure of glyphosate to control broadleaf weeds\u0000 effectively, especially those from the Conyza and Amaranthus genera. Herbicide research and development in the United States has historically involved both industry and academic weed scientists usually operating in a symbiotic and mutually respectful relationship, although there may have been\u0000 disagreements at times about some aspects of herbicides and their development. The relatively recent introduction of DT varieties and legal post-emergent dicamba in the United States was a dynamic time for weed control, and adoption of DT crops and subsequent OTM of dicamba greatly changed\u0000 the working relationships between academic scientists and representatives from Monsanto and some other private companies. Perhaps the greatest change was the lack of access of research materials that would be available to academic scientists for evaluation prior to the retail sale of those\u0000 materials. Historically, academic scientists would have the ability to evaluate various new technologies and provide objective, independent comments on their potential utility prior to commercialisation. Monsanto largely restricted access to the DT seeds or new herbicide formulations. There\u0000 are some states that have long-established policies that they will not recommend a new herbicide technology unless they have examined it under their specific field conditions. For example, University of Arkansas researchers would not recommend the use of post-emergent dicamba on DT crops when\u0000 it first became legal to use. Monsanto responded by filing legal challenges of various types against the University of Arkansas faculty, including 64 exhibits of various legal aspects. Many other states had varying degrees of restrictions placed upon their research efforts, and most scientists\u0000 had to sign various forms of confidentiality agreements to obtain access to the research material from Monsanto. There were two major differences in the dicamba labels when first introduced in 2017 and then again two years later. The first major difference was an entire section on herbicide\u0000 resistance confirmation validation and management that was clearl","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47530897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pest Management in Cotton: A Global Perspective (2022) Edited by Graham A. Matthews and Thomas A. Miller","authors":"H. Van Emden","doi":"10.1564/v33_apr_12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_apr_12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49064525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Date Palm Pests: Lack of Commercial Input","authors":"M. Ansari, Sarah Harding","doi":"10.1564/v33_feb_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_feb_02","url":null,"abstract":"According to Statista, the global date market was valued at about $13.4 billion in 2019 and is forecast to reach $16.25 billion by 2025. However, this valuable crop is threatened by numerous pests. In fact, the date palm is associated with 132 species of insect and mite\u0000 pests, which feed on the leaves, roots, trunk, and fruits on the palm, as well as stored dates. The most economically important pests include the red palm weevil, (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), old world date mite (Oligonychus afrasiaticus), lesser date moth (Batrachedra amydraula),\u0000 Dubas date bug (Ommatissus lybicus), green pit scale (Palmaspis phoenicis), carob moth (Ectomyelois ceratoniae), date palm longhorn beetle (Jebusaea hammerschmidti) and almond moth (Cadra castellan). It has been estimated that effective curative approaches\u0000 for red palm weevil infestations alone could result in savings as high as $104 million. Several research groups are working to find effective solutions to control these pests, but as yet no commercial biocontrol products are registered or available for curative control of the palm beetle\u0000 and larvae. Therefore, a more robust Integrated Pest Management(IPM) system is needed to reduce the pest damage. Commercial formulations include root treatments, insecticide-based capsules that are injected into the trunk, or foliage/fruit sprays. However, chemical insecticides should not\u0000 be the only solution to the management of date palm pests, especially those concealed inside the trunk or beneath palm tissues, making them difficult to target. This is primarily because chemical insecticides frequently just kill the target pest's natural enemies, while the pests themselves\u0000 remain protected within the date palm. Several approaches are used but it has also been shown that resistance against a range of commonly used chemical insecticides (profenophos, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, spinosad, lambda-cyhalothrin, phosphine) develops after\u0000 extensive use. Resistance ratios as high as 79-fold have been reported, compared with susceptible control pests. Researchers have reported significantly improved populations of natural enemies of target pests in date palm plantations when chemical insecticide use is reduced. Around 90 species\u0000 of beneficial predators and parasitoids have so far been reported, suggesting that biological control with microbials could be incorporated into a synchronised IPM programme.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44272046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Things Will Only Get Worse: Post-brexit Reality is Hitting Farmers Hard","authors":"","doi":"10.1564/v33_feb_12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_feb_12","url":null,"abstract":"Following Brexit, the four countries that make up the UK will each treat basic payments to farmers differently. For farmers in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland payments will remain the same – at least for now. For farmers in England, change is coming faster. Bad news can hit\u0000 you with a bang or it can creep up on you. The changes at Britain's borders had an immediate impact, but for many farmers in England the consequences of losing income from the EU Basic Payment Scheme (BPS) are only now sinking in. For farmers in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland payments\u0000 will remain the same – at least for now. In July, Farmers Weekly (30th July, 2021, p.30) published a farmer survey which found that 95% of farmers received annual basic payment. A little over half get up to £30,000, and for larger farms the sums are considerably higher as\u0000 the payment depends on the acres farmed. Now that Britain has left the EU, payments for English farmers will be phased out gradually with the last one to be made in 2027. Instead, they can apply for money through the Sustainable Farming Incentive scheme (SFI), one of three programmes under\u0000 the Government's Environmental Land Management scheme (ELMs). If that sounds complicated that is because it is. ‘Public money for public goods' is Defra's catchy slogan, but at present it is still unclear how much money farmers will eventually be paid and for what – the\u0000 four-year trial phase of the scheme only began this summer, the general SFI rollout is planned for the middle of next year. So far, only one thing is absolutely clear: ELMs will not be a full substitute for the EU Basic Payment Scheme. At best, farmers will be able to make up about a third\u0000 of BPS through ELMs. The Farmers Weekly poll reflects what that means: three-quarters of farmers have no idea how their business will survive without BPS. Some 53% said it would be difficult to replace the lost income, with a further 26% unsure if they could. So, what can farmers do\u0000 to make up for the loss?","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48580976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"USDA Data Strategy","authors":"","doi":"10.1564/v33_feb_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_feb_08","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation into IPM implementation its strengths and its weaknesses.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44157365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"British Crop Production Council (BCPC) Virtual Diseases Review (October 2021): Exploring Alternatives to Enhance Plant Health","authors":"J. Lucas","doi":"10.1564/v33_feb_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_feb_13","url":null,"abstract":"This online conference opened with a particular instruction to delegates – arrive with an open mind. No doubt this arose from the common perception that biological alternatives to synthetic pesticides are a less reliable and hence more risky means of crop protection. In her Introduction\u0000 the Chairperson Kate Storer (ADAS) emphasized the need for, and growing interest in, alternative approaches to plant health, given the current challenges facing agriculture. While definitions of plant health vary there is a consensus that the genetic potential of crops cannot be realized by\u0000 a single means, and a more holistic concept is required if we are to achieve sustainable production systems with a lower carbon footprint. The yield of some crops such as wheat have plateaued in recent years, and there is evidence for higher annual variability in yield, in spite of the usual\u0000 inputs of fertilizers and fungicides. This may be a result of a more volatile climate, as well as the erosion of efficacy of some crop protection chemicals due to the development of resistance in target pests, weeds and pathogens. Increasing the resilience of crops is now a high priority.\u0000 There is a renewed focus on the plant-microbial interactions influencing crop performance, from the well-known mutualistic associations such as mycorrhizas, to the complex communities of microbes colonizing plant surfaces and tissues (the microbiome). These have a range of potential effects\u0000 on plant health, including improved nutrition, inhibition of pathogens, and priming plant defence. Optimizing these associations is one aim of current research, and they may also be a potentially rich source of biologically active metabolites. Understanding the impact of management practices,\u0000 such as ploughing and crop rotations, on beneficial interactions is also important to maximize their benefits.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48605085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Pest Management (IPM)","authors":"Vern Holm","doi":"10.1002/047126363x.agr487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/047126363x.agr487","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated Pest Management, commonly known as IPM, is an approach to pest and disease management based on the knowledge of disease and pest life cycles and their interaction with the environment. It uses this knowledge to provide disease or pest control by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people and the environment. IPM takes advantage of all appropriate pest management options, both preventative and curative.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43967167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Pest Management in Action – Derogation for Use of the Neonicotinoid, Thiamethoxam in Sugar Beet in 2022","authors":"A. Dewar","doi":"10.1564/v33_feb_15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_feb_15","url":null,"abstract":"In his days as an employed person the author, working as an entomologist at Broom's Barn Sugar Beet Research Centre (1984–2006), his job was to assess the efficacy of the various neonicotinoid seed treatments that were coming through development from various companies. Subsequently\u0000 the best of these, imidacloprid initially, followed a few years later by clothianidin and thiamethoxam, were registered for use in sugar beet, and they revolutionised pest control in that crop in the UK and across Europe. They displaced older chemicals such as the carbamate granules aldicarb,\u0000 benfuracarb, carbofuran and furathiocarb; they displaced even older sprays such as the organochlorine, gamma HCH. They reduced the need for sprays to control aphids and other early season foliar pests such as leaf miners (Pegomya betae). Neonicotinoids effectively did him out of a job\u0000 in the end, and his team was disbanded in 2006. However, he is not bitter. They helped the sugar beet industry take control of the myriad of pests that affected this vulnerable crop, and I felt it was a job well done. During the time that we were assessing these novel treatments, He tried\u0000 very hard to persuade the sugar beet industry to consider an IPM approach to their use, partly because he was worried that the widespread use of the active ingredients as insurance treatments might result in selection for resistance in the targeted pests, especially the aphids. He even produced\u0000 a model to support the approach, which would have allowed forecasts to be made as early as mid-February. Unfortunately, the powers that be at the time did not agree with him, and proceeded to introduce the seed treatments without consideration of need. Back then, the seed treatment process\u0000 required the seed to be treated in December, or January at the latest, before any accurate forecast could be made, especially for control of aphids. The sugar beet crop back then was also grown on over 200,000 ha, double the hectarage of today. The decrease in area grown in the UK was due\u0000 to changes in the EU sugar regime, that resulted in reduced prices, and greater competition from other crops, which gave and still give higher returns. How times change. Here we are 20 years later with better seed treatment technology in place that allows precisely what we were trying to do\u0000 back in the 1990s, namely to make treated seed available only if the forecast for national virus yellows infection is above an acceptable threshold for use. He thinks it is ironical that it took an epidemic of virus yellows in 2020 to persuade the sugar beet industry that this could and should\u0000 be done, and that neonicotinoids could be employed using IPM principles. Thankfully the government has agreed that this is an acceptable practice with a banned chemical when effective alternatives are not available.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41373255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}