Outlooks on Pest Management最新文献

{"title":"Managing Fire-Adapted Invasive Plants in the American West","authors":"Matt Baur, B. Mealor, J. Burger, D. Fry, D. Erickson, L. Larios, J. James, K. Al‐Khatib, Josh S Davy, L. Forero, M. Rinella, Carol Randall, Noah Teller, J. Mangold","doi":"10.1564/v33_oct_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_oct_02","url":null,"abstract":"Humans impact fire in many ways. They may reduce ignitions by implementing fire suppression protocols or increase fire incidence through accidental or prescriptive ignitions. Anthropogenic changes to climate affect wind speeds and temperature that in turn may translate to more dangerous\u0000 fire behaviour. Importantly for this discussion, humans also change the species composition of plant communities either directly by moving plant propagules or indirectly by affecting climate which in turn affects the geographical distribution of plants. Largely because of human actions, Western\u0000 United States have witnessed drastic increases in the geographic distribution and severity of several important fire-adapted exotic plant species including Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass), Ventenata dubia (ventenata), Taeniatherum caput-medusae\u0000 (medusahead), Arundo donax (giant reed), and others. A recent United Nations study finds \"the management of invasive alien vegetation is crucial for the prevention of extreme wildfires\". The increase of invasive plants that are fire-adapted has changed the fire regimes in the American\u0000 West fundamentally leading to more frequent and intense fires. Altered fire regimes have significant human and environmental-health consequences and threaten the economic sustainability of communities broadly, especially in the wild-land-urban interface. In California, seven of the 20 deadliest\u0000 fires on record and 11 of the 20 most destructive fires have occurred in the past five years. Exposure to smoke from wildfires can have severe health consequences broadly across the region. Environmental degradation and severe wildfire events associated with exotic plant invasion have had\u0000 significant impacts on rare, threatened and endangered species.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47957865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agricultural Biotechnology","authors":"C. Adetunji, D. Panpatte, Y. K. Jhala","doi":"10.1201/9781003268468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003268468","url":null,"abstract":"The USDA summarises (see https://www.usda.gov/topics/biotechnology/biotechnology-frequently-asked-questions) Agricultural biotechnology is a range of tools, including traditional breeding techniques, that alter living organisms, or parts of organisms, to make or modify products; improve\u0000 plants or animals; or develop microorganisms for specific agricultural uses. Modern biotechnology today includes the tools of genetic engineering.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41924494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spain – Regulation in Plant Health, What Does the Future Hold?","authors":"Elisa Capellan, Sofia Massari","doi":"10.1564/v33_oct_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_oct_04","url":null,"abstract":"In Spain, Agriculture is strategic for its economy, being leaders in exporting fresh fruit and vegetables to the rest of the world. In the coming years, the efficient production of its crops will have to increase in order to meet the needs of an ever-growing human population, without\u0000 harming the environment and its diversity, and at the same time guaranteeing food safety and quality. This is the great challenge facing us and one that we cannot avoid. Within the Plant Health sector, farmers have a number of alternatives at their disposal to improve and preserve plant and\u0000 soil health as well as to improve the yield and quality of their crops. The commercialisation and use of alternatives such as plant protection products, fertilisers and biostimulants are regulated at European level through guidelines that both the manufacturer of the product and the user of\u0000 the product are subject to comply with.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47014857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Training Farmers in How to Apply Pesticides and Other Topical Subjects","authors":"G. Matthews","doi":"10.1564/v33_oct_07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_oct_07","url":null,"abstract":"When the use of chemical pesticides began to increase, there were several commercially available insecticides that were considered to be highly hazardous pesticides (HHP) to use. Methyl parathion was one of these insecticides. In Zimbabwe, it was decided that the containers of insecticide\u0000 should have a colour to indicate its toxicity level as defined by the World Health Organisation. Thus, the colour purple indicated an extremely hazardous pesticide (Class I), while the colours red, orange and green indicated Classes II, III and unclassified pesticide. Pesticides with a purple\u0000 or red label were not displayed and those who wished to purchase these products had to know about their higher toxicity and precautions to be taken when used. Despite this system of simple colour codes, many smallholder farmers in cotton growing areas did not know the significance of this\u0000 code. In Zimbabwe, pesticides are now sold over the counter regardless of the toxicological and ecotoxicological impacts. However, this government policy was intended to stimulate and grow the agricultural sector, but small-scale farming is prevalent and dominated by vulnerable populations.\u0000 Due to these factors, beneficiaries of subsidised pesticides engage in uncontrolled vending of pesticides. Companies have not adopted this and unfortunately, responsible registration in many countries has not limited the sale of HHP products. Without proper training workers have died or suffered\u0000 illness following use of these pesticides. According to Rother label information is a poor communication vehicle regarding risks, so it is argued that the use of the term \"misuse\" of pesticides in the literature, and by regulators and industry inappropriately allocates blame of poisonings\u0000 and environmental contamination to end-users. In the UK, the Crop Protection Association introduced a Voluntary Initiative aimed at improving the standards of pesticide use. This resulted in setting up the National Register of Sprayer Operators (NRoSo), which is open to anybody who holds an\u0000 appropriate certificate of competence qualification approved by the Chemical Regulations Directorate (CRD) for the safe application of pesticides. In some countries, the government has supported Extension Services, usually linked to a University. These provide training for farmers, but in\u0000 many parts of the world there has been relatively little attention to providing farmers adequate training on the correct and safe way to apply pesticides. The Inter-African Phytosanitary Council (IAPSC), which is a part of the African Union (AU), was increasingly concerned about the safety\u0000 and efficiency of pesticides used in Africa. In all member states, there were cases of pesticide abuse at the field level and lack of adequate control over the way pesticides were being used. In particular, small-scale farmers using knapsack sprayers and other portable application equipment\u0000 were inadequately trained. Similarly, this was also a problem amongst pl","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42178544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Need for Integrated Pest Management (ipm)","authors":"G. Matthews","doi":"10.1564/v33_oct_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_oct_01","url":null,"abstract":"Much attention has been given to the use of chemical insecticides since the development of DDT which proved important for controlling mosquitoes and many other insect pests until Rachel Carson in her book \"Silent Spring\" pointed out its adverse impact on birds. More recently\u0000 greater concern has been expressed about other chemical insecticides having a detrimental impact on the natural enemies of pests, bees and moving into rivers and other areas. The EU has now promoted Integrated Pest Management as an alternative system to reduce the use of chemical pesticides.\u0000 IPM is not a new idea. In the USA, IPM was first mentioned around 1959 when in California, it was proposed that insecticides should only be applied if the number of pests exceeded an economic threshold, thus encouraging scouting to assess the number of pests in a crop. Earlier, in Central\u0000 and Southern Africa when it was decided to grow cotton, seed of a variety \"Cokers Wild\" was imported from USA but suffered severe damage caused by jassids. Luckily in South Africa seed had also been obtained from India and soon a variety with hairs on leaves was introduced that survived jassid\u0000 damage, although bollworms still restricted the yields. Then in 1938, it was decided that there had to be a closed season of two months in which no cotton plants should be present. This action was to reduce bollworms entering a crop as soon as fields were sown with cotton when the rain season\u0000 began in November. Bollworms, Diparopsis castanea, the red bollworm and Helicoverpa armigera, the 'American bollworm' still caused damage, so when trials began with endrin and then DDT in 1958, it was pointed out that it was important to gain more conjunction with other forms\u0000 of control. While studies using insecticides continued there were other investigations to determine the possible use of traps with pheromone to reduce bollworm damage. The immediate work was to collaborate with extension staff to train farmers how to scout for bollworm eggs and spray the insecticide\u0000 recommended for the bollworms detected in the crop.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49651180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BCPC Diseases Review 2022 – Changing Challenges and Changing Tools for Integrated Crop Management","authors":"J. Lucas, J. West","doi":"10.1564/v33_oct_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_oct_08","url":null,"abstract":"John Lucas, Editorial Board Member and Jon West, Rothamsted Research suggested that the threat posed by Fusarium is likely to increase due to a number of factors including maize crops extending further northwards. The second presentation, given by Derek Croucher, focused on the impact\u0000 of mycotoxins on producers. The main processor focus on mycotoxins both in the field and during storage is compliance with current legislation, including the ability to test effectively and analyse samples, as well as mitigation measures. There are parallels with legislation of plant protection\u0000 products, and concerns about potential changes due to exit from the EU. To date these have not occurred, but there is the possibility of GB adoption of EU rules by retailers to facilitate trade. The Food Standards Agency have a priority list of contaminants with maximum limits for mycotoxins\u0000 in particular foodstuffs, exemplified by current permitted levels for T-2/HT-2 toxins in unprocessed and milled oats. The primary problem in UK oats is Fusarium langsethiae, which causes a mainly symptomless disease, varying in incidence from year to year, with some \"high\" years, especially\u0000 in Scotland. There are no commercially viable field mitigation measures. Milling reduces contamination, but this varies and is not batch to batch predictable. There is no reliable rapid test for toxin contamination in oats, and testing by LC-MS/MS is expensive and takes time. In severe years,\u0000 around 10 – 30% of unprocessed oats would be non-compliant, and as much as 20% of processed products. Identification of compliant versus non-compliant products is challenging and poses a significant risk of recall and reputational damage. The 2022 Diseases review was held at the\u0000 NIAB Park Farm, Cambridge on October 19th 2022 with a mix of in person and online delegates. The meeting was chaired by Jenna Watts, Head of Plant Health and IPM at the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB). She outlined the current issues and challenges for crop production\u0000 including climate change, the evolution of pathogen populations to overcome host resistance and pesticides, alterations in the regulatory framework, and changing consumer priorities. New tools are available for disease diagnosis and control, but how can they be most effectively used for integrated\u0000 crop management? The first two presentations dealt with the issue of mycotoxin contamination of small grain cereals. Professor Simon Edwards (Harper Adams University College) described the various mycotoxins in cereal crops infected by different Fusarium species causing the head blight\u0000 complex. On wheat the main problems are deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) produced by F. graminearum and F. culmorum, while HT-2 and T-2 toxins produced by F. langsethiae and F. sporothrichioides are more of an issue in oats. Mycotoxin profiles vary\u0000 by cereal, region and season, and exceed permitted regulatory limits in some crops and years. Risk factors for he","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67161694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interview with Marcus Meadows-Smith, CEO Bioconsortia Inc.","authors":"R. Blake, Marcus Meadows-Smith","doi":"10.1564/v33_aug_08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_aug_08","url":null,"abstract":"BioConsortia is an innovative microbial company developing consortia for improving plant traits and increasing crop yields. The company has a revolutionary R&D technology platform, Advanced Microbial Selection (AMS), which uses directed selection to identify teams of microbes that\u0000 influence the expression of beneficial traits in crops. We are developing highly effective multi-microbe solutions with superior efficacy and consistency compared to conventional products. BioConsortia was established in 2014 as the parent company to New Zealand based subsidiary, BioDiscovery\u0000 Limited. BioDiscovery was founded in 1994 in New Zealand and specialized in the discovery and development of natural microbial products. In 2009, BioDiscovery made a breakthrough discovery in the conception of the AMS process. Shortly afterwards, Khosla Ventures invested in the company as\u0000 they focused on perfecting the innovative R&D platform. In 2014, the decision was made to globalize as BioConsortia, raising $15 million from Khosla Ventures and Otter Capital, and establishing the headquarters and labs in Davis, California, USA. BioConsortia now has over 45 scientists,\u0000 including over a dozen at PhD level, and are spending over $10 million per year on R&D activities.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45962871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annual World Bioprotection Summit and Awards, Birmingham, UK, May 2022","authors":"R. Blake","doi":"10.1564/v33_aug_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_aug_04","url":null,"abstract":"The Annual World BioProtection Summit and Awards saw over 100 people return in a face-to-face capacity for the first time in three years on 23–24 May 2022 at the NEC in Birmingham, UK. Dr Sarah Harding, Communications Director at the World BioProtection Forum (WBF), welcomed participants\u0000 and briefly explained the remit and recent achievements of the WBF, one of the organisers of the event. The WBF is a non-profit organisation founded by Dr Minshad Ansari in 2019 to connect the biocontrol industry and encourage collaboration between industry and academia, with the aim of connecting\u0000 different stakeholders who can work together to ensure the successful development and commercialisation of biocontrol products. Achievements so far include the recruitment of more than 20 advisors, in addition to the board of directors, to help drive the organisation forwards, successful events,\u0000 establishment of the Awards programme to cover the scope of biological in agriculture and a regulatory reform campaign started in 2021. Dr Harding finished her introduction by thanking the premium sponsors Bionema, gold sponsors Oro Agri, and other sponsors and exhibitors including AEH Innovative\u0000 Hydrogel, Agri-TechE, AHDB, APIS, Dejex, Evonik, Fera, Koppert, Mathys & Squire, Medinbio, NPP, Sribio, UKRI, Valent BioSciences and Vigna Brasil. The event was officially opened by Dr Ansari, Founder & Chairman of the WBF, and CEO and Founder of Bionema Limited, who posed the question\u0000 \"Can two days change the trajectory of the biocontrol industry?\" Dr Ansari said how delighted he was to see 18 countries represented at the event. The world continues to face unprecedented demands on food security with over $500 billion crop damage caused by pests and diseases annually,\u0000 and whilst $80 billion is spent on chemical pesticides annually, concerns over the impacts on human health and the environment, especially in the EU is helping drive change such as the proposed 50% reduction in the use of chemical pesticides by 2030 and corresponding desire to increase\u0000 the land under organic farming. Whilst the WBF is working to drive change, the biocontrol industry in the UK/EU continues to face challenges such as the long and costly regulatory process, higher unit price and limited products in the market slowing the adoption of biopesticides and continued\u0000 concerns over variable efficacy. The conference was closed by Dr Ansari who thanked the speakers, sponsors and audience for their participation and attendance. He praised the excellent quality of the talks and thanked key individuals who helped put the event together. The take home message\u0000 is that this event can be considered as a single conference, one-stop shop, including investor pitches, to connect the biocontrol industry and allow for successful commercialisation.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48643743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interview with Shay Shaanan, STK Bio-Ag Technologies","authors":"R. Blake, Shay Shaanan","doi":"10.1564/v33_aug_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_aug_10","url":null,"abstract":"STK was previously known as Stockton. It was started in 1994 by Peter Tirosh who left a 23-year career at Makhteshim-Agan (now ADAMA) to set up his own generic company buying solutions from China and selling them into Latin America where he had good connections from his previous jobs.\u0000 In 2004, Peter met two people from an Israeli start-up who told him about an idea to take tea-tree oil (TTO) from Pharma where it was used as an anti-bacterial agent and develop it into a solution for crop protection. Peter cooperated with them and after two years acquired the company. With\u0000 money from Stockton they investigated TTO in more detail, worked out which diseases it controlled, how to formulate and use it, and in 2012, discovered that TTO controlled black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis), a key disease in LATAM bananas at the time. In 2015 there was a change\u0000 in company ownership when a new CEO was appointed from outside the family. Following a $90 million investment from a public Chinese company, a new strategy was implemented in 2016 to develop and market botanical crop solutions for sustainable agriculture and aquaculture, and a rebranding\u0000 in 2018 changed the company name from Stockton to STK to reflect the company's transition from its legacy generic agrochemicals business to its new focus on bio-ag technology and botanical-based solutions. The biofungicide Timorex Gold is its flagship product and based on TTO derived from\u0000 the Melaleuca alternifolia plant. It is a broad spectrum biofungicide with preventive and curative properties recommended for the control of many important plant fungal and bacterial diseases in a wide range of fruit and vegetable crops. It can be used in rotations with other products,\u0000 in tank mixes and as a solo formulation. The TTO extract contains over 100 compounds, some of which work synergistically and some which offer diverse modes of action.","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48791807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Announcing the Winners of the World Bioprotection Awards 2022 – Wednesday 25th May 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1564/v33_aug_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1564/v33_aug_05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19602,"journal":{"name":"Outlooks on Pest Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48941114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}