{"title":"Decoding Output Sequences for Discrete-Time Linear Hybrid Systems.","authors":"M. Narasimhamurthy, S. Sankaranarayanan","doi":"10.1145/3501710.3519530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501710.3519530","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study the “decoding” problem for discrete-time, stochastic hybrid systems with linear dynamics in each mode. Given an output trace of the system, the decoding problem seeks to construct a sequence of modes and states that yield a trace “as close as possible” to the original output trace. The decoding problem generalizes the state estimation problem, and is applicable to hybrid systems with non-determinism. The decoding problem is NP-complete, and can be reduced to solving a mixed-integer linear program (MILP). In this paper, we decompose the decoding problem into two parts: (a) finding a sequence of discrete modes and transitions; and (b) finding corresponding continuous states for the mode/transition sequence. In particular, once a sequence of modes/transitions is fixed, the problem of “filling in” the continuous states is performed by a linear programming problem. In order to support the decomposition, we “cover” the set of all possible mode/transition sequences by a finite subset. We use well-known probabilistic arguments to justify a choice of cover with high confidence and design randomized algorithms for finding such covers. Our approach is demonstrated on a series of benchmarks, wherein we observe that relatively tiny fraction of the possible mode/transition sequences can be used as a cover. Furthermore, we show that the resulting linear programs can be solved rapidly by exploiting the tree structure of the set cover.","PeriodicalId":194680,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127684559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arthur Clavière, Laura Altieri Sambartolomé, E. Asselin, C. Garion, C. Pagetti
{"title":"Verification of machine learning based cyber-physical systems: a comparative study","authors":"Arthur Clavière, Laura Altieri Sambartolomé, E. Asselin, C. Garion, C. Pagetti","doi":"10.1145/3501710.3519540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501710.3519540","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we conduct a comparison of the existing formal methods for verifying the safety of cyber-physical systems with machine learning based controllers. We focus on a particular form of machine learning based controller, namely a classifier based on multiple neural networks, the architecture of which is particularly interesting for embedded applications. We compare both exact and approximate verification techniques, based on several real-world benchmarks such as a collision avoidance system for unmanned aerial vehicles.","PeriodicalId":194680,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control","volume":"44 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116505861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"SOCKS: A Stochastic Optimal Control and Reachability Toolbox Using Kernel Methods","authors":"Adam J. Thorpe, Meeko Oishi","doi":"10.1145/3501710.3519525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501710.3519525","url":null,"abstract":"We present SOCKS, a data-driven stochastic optimal control toolbox based in kernel methods. SOCKS is a collection of data-driven algorithms that compute approximate solutions to stochastic optimal control problems with arbitrary cost and constraint functions, including stochastic reachability, which seeks to determine the likelihood that a system will reach a desired target set while respecting a set of pre-defined safety constraints. Our approach relies upon a class of machine learning algorithms based in kernel methods, a nonparametric technique which can be used to represent probability distributions in a high-dimensional space of functions known as a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. As a nonparametric technique, kernel methods are inherently data-driven, meaning that they do not place prior assumptions on the system dynamics or the structure of the uncertainty. This makes the toolbox amenable to a wide variety of systems, including those with nonlinear dynamics, black-box elements, and poorly characterized stochastic disturbances. We present the main features of SOCKS and demonstrate its capabilities on several benchmarks.","PeriodicalId":194680,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129157668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Simpler Alternative: Minimizing Transition Systems Modulo Alternating Simulation Equivalence","authors":"G. D. Gleizer, Khushraj Madnani, M. Mazo","doi":"10.1145/3501710.3519534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501710.3519534","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the reduction (abstraction) of finite-state transition systems for control synthesis problems. We revisit the notion of alternating simulation equivalence (ASE), a more relaxed condition than alternating bisimulations, to relate systems and their abstractions. As with alternating bisimulations, ASE preserves the property that the existence of a controller for the abstraction is necessary and sufficient for a controller to exist for the original system. Moreover, being a less stringent condition, ASE can reduce systems further to produce smaller abstractions. We provide an algorithm that produces minimal AS equivalent abstractions. The theoretical results are then applied to obtain (un)schedulability certificates of periodic event-triggered control systems sharing a communication channel. A numerical example illustrates the results.","PeriodicalId":194680,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127530575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giannis Delimpaltadakis, G. D. Gleizer, Ico M. Van Straalen, M. Mazo
{"title":"ETCetera: beyond Event-Triggered Control","authors":"Giannis Delimpaltadakis, G. D. Gleizer, Ico M. Van Straalen, M. Mazo","doi":"10.1145/3501710.3519523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501710.3519523","url":null,"abstract":"We present ETCetera, a Python library developed for the analysis and synthesis of the sampling behaviour of event triggered control (ETC) systems. In particular, the tool constructs abstractions of the sampling behaviour of given ETC systems, in the form of timed automata (TA) or finite-state transition systems (FSTSs). When the abstraction is an FSTS, ETCetera provides diverse manipulation tools for analysis of ETC’s sampling performance, synthesis of communication traffic schedulers (when networks shared by multiple ETC loops are considered), and optimization of sampling strategies. Additionally, the TA models may be exported to UPPAAL for analysis and synthesis of schedulers. Several examples of the tool’s application for analysis and synthesis problems with different types of dynamics and event-triggered implementations are provided.","PeriodicalId":194680,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123714486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guy Scher, Sadra Sadraddini, Russ Tedrake, H. Kress-Gazit
{"title":"Elliptical Slice Sampling for Probabilistic Verification of Stochastic Systems with Signal Temporal Logic Specifications","authors":"Guy Scher, Sadra Sadraddini, Russ Tedrake, H. Kress-Gazit","doi":"10.1145/3501710.3519506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501710.3519506","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomous robots typically incorporate complex sensors in their decision-making and control loops. These sensors, such as cameras and lidars, have imperfections in their sensing and are influenced by environmental conditions. In this paper, we present a method for probabilistic verification of linearizable systems with Gaussian and Gaussian mixture noise models (e.g. from perception modules, machine learning components). We compute the probabilities of task satisfaction under Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specifications, using its robustness semantics, with a Markov Chain Monte-Carlo slice sampler. As opposed to other techniques, our method avoids over-approximations and double-counting of failure events. Central to our approach is a method for efficient and rejection-free sampling of signals from a Gaussian distribution that satisfy or violate a given STL formula. We show illustrative examples from applications in robot motion planning.","PeriodicalId":194680,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125039026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Temporal Robustness of Stochastic Signals","authors":"Lars Lindemann, Alena Rodionova, George J. Pappas","doi":"10.1145/3501710.3519504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501710.3519504","url":null,"abstract":"We study the temporal robustness of stochastic signals. This topic is of particular interest in interleaving processes such as multi-agent systems where communication and individual agents induce timing uncertainty. For a deterministic signal and a given specification, we first introduce the synchronous and the asynchronous temporal robustness to quantify the signal’s robustness with respect to synchronous and asynchronous time shifts in its sub-signals. We then define the temporal robustness risk by investigating the temporal robustness of the realizations of a stochastic signal. This definition can be interpreted as the risk associated with a stochastic signal to not satisfy a specification robustly in time. In this definition, general forms of specifications such as signal temporal logic specifications are permitted. We show how the temporal robustness risk is estimated from data for the value-at-risk. The usefulness of the temporal robustness risk is underlined by both theoretical and empirical evidence. In particular, we provide various numerical case studies including a T-intersection scenario in autonomous driving.","PeriodicalId":194680,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128662799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fast BATLLNN: Fast Box Analysis of Two-Level Lattice Neural Networks","authors":"James Ferlez, Haitham Khedr, Yasser Shoukry","doi":"10.1145/3501710.3519533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501710.3519533","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present the tool Fast Box Analysis of Two-Level Lattice Neural Networks (Fast BATLLNN) as a fast verifier of box-like output constraints for Two-Level Lattice (TLL) Neural Networks (NNs). In particular, Fast BATLLNN can verify whether the output of a given TLL NN always lies within a specified hyper-rectangle whenever its input is constrained to a specified convex polytope (not necessarily a hyper-rectangle). Fast BATLLNN uses the unique semantics of the TLL architecture and the decoupled nature of box-like output constraints to dramatically improve verification performance relative to known polynomial-time verification algorithms for TLLs with generic polytopic output constraints. In this paper, we evaluate the performance and scalability of Fast BATLLNN, both in its own right and compared to state-of-the-art NN verifiers applied to TLL NNs. Fast BATLLNN compares very favorably to even the fastest NN verifiers, completing our synthetic TLL test bench more than 400x faster than its nearest competitor.","PeriodicalId":194680,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122039925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Verifying Switched System Stability With Logic","authors":"Yong Kiam Tan, Stefan Mitsch, André Platzer","doi":"10.1145/3501710.3519541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501710.3519541","url":null,"abstract":"Switched systems are known to exhibit subtle (in)stability behaviors requiring system designers to carefully analyze the stability of closed-loop systems that arise from their proposed switching control laws. This paper presents a formal approach for verifying switched system stability that blends classical ideas from the controls and verification literature using differential dynamic logic (dL), a logic for deductive verification of hybrid systems. From controls, we use standard stability notions for various classes of switching mechanisms and their corresponding Lyapunov function-based analysis techniques. From verification, we use dL’s ability to verify quantified properties of hybrid systems and dL models of switched systems as looping hybrid programs whose stability can be formally specified and proven by finding appropriate loop invariants, i.e., properties that are preserved across each loop iteration. This blend of ideas enables a trustworthy implementation of switched system stability verification in the KeYmaera X prover based on dL. For standard classes of switching mechanisms, the implementation provides fully automated stability proofs, including searching for suitable Lyapunov functions. Moreover, the generality of the deductive approach also enables verification of switching control laws that require non-standard stability arguments through the design of loop invariants that suitably express specific intuitions behind those control laws. This flexibility is demonstrated on three case studies: a model for longitudinal flight control by Branicky, an automatic cruise controller, and Brockett’s nonholonomic integrator.","PeriodicalId":194680,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134039474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}