Sadik Taju Sherief, Daniel Getaneh Mulatu, Fran Wu, Jacquelyn O'Banion, Helen Dimaras
{"title":"Clinicopathological Presentation of Retinoblastoma in Ethiopia.","authors":"Sadik Taju Sherief, Daniel Getaneh Mulatu, Fran Wu, Jacquelyn O'Banion, Helen Dimaras","doi":"10.1159/000525113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000525113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The presenting symptoms of retinoblastoma in Ethiopia, as well as their relationship to the stage of the disease, are poorly understood, but they could be important as background knowledge for creating early detection initiatives. This study aimed to describe the clinical and histopathological characteristics of retinoblastoma among Ethiopian patients. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A hospital-based cross-sectional analysis of all children with newly diagnosed retinoblastoma during the study period of May 2015 to December 2019, inclusive, who presented to a tertiary referral center during were included. Demographic, clinical, and histological characteristics were collected and descriptive statistics were done using SPSS Version 20.0 software. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 217 patients (unilateral 84.3%, bilateral 15.7%) were studied. The median age at presentation was 29 months (34 months vs. 19.5 months in unilateral and bilateral cases, respectively, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Among all patients, 57.8% were male. Leukocoria was the most common presenting sign (37.3%) and followed by fungating mass (31.8%). Tumors were extraocular in 40.1% of cases. From the intraocular cases, 73.3% were advanced International Intraocular Retinoblastoma Classification Group D or E disease. Sixty-two (54.4%) of the eyes had high-risk pathological features. The median lag time was significantly shorter for intraocular versus extraocular cases (5 months vs. 12 months, respectively, <i>p</i> < 0.001). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Our results show that the majority of Ethiopian children with retinoblastoma have delayed presentation and late stage at diagnosis. This suggests that national health promotion campaigns to increase public knowledge on the presenting signs of retinoblastoma may be critical to achieving early diagnosis. Furthermore, the development of standard management guidelines informed by this study will be helpful in managing the complex and advanced cases currently observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"8 3","pages":"168-174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10015587/pdf/oop-0008-0168.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9515582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of Educational Nursing Intervention on Compression Therapy Adherence and Recurrence of Venous Leg Ulcers: A Quasi-Experimental Study.","authors":"Amoura Soliman Behairy, Samah E Masry","doi":"10.1159/000521054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000521054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Following the healing of venous leg ulcers, the primary problems for nursing and patients are adhering to compression therapy and preventing ulcer recurrence. As a result, it is important that patients comprehend their situation. The purpose of this study is to see how an educational nursing intervention affected compression therapy adherence and recurrence of venous leg ulcers in patients with chronic venous leg ulcers. A quasi-experimental design was used, including an intervention, a control group, and before and after assessments. This study was conducted in one of Egypt's largest teaching hospitals associated with Menoufia University. The 20-month study included 80 adult patients with healed venous leg ulcers. Each participant was randomized to either a control (got regular leg ulcer information) or study (received educational interventions) group. The following tools were used in the study: bio-sociodemographic variables, knowledge evaluation, compression therapy adherence scale, and recurrence follow-up, after 3, 6, and 12 months of implementation. Furthermore, there is a statistically significant difference between the study groups during the pretest (<i>r</i> = 0.885, 0.774, and 0.477, <i>p</i> = 0.002). The use of nursing education increased patients' understanding and adherence to compression treatment substantially. As a consequence, those with chronic venous leg ulcers may be able to avoid recurrent venous leg ulcers.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"8 2","pages":"120-132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9218629/pdf/oop-0008-0120.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9557387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Johannes Gollrad, Christopher Rabsahl, Antonia M Joussen, Andrea Stroux, Volker Budach, Dirk Böhmer, Alexander Böker
{"title":"Impact of Adjuvant Ocular Interventions on the Quality of Life of Patients with Uveal Melanoma after Proton Beam Therapy.","authors":"Johannes Gollrad, Christopher Rabsahl, Antonia M Joussen, Andrea Stroux, Volker Budach, Dirk Böhmer, Alexander Böker","doi":"10.1159/000520524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000520524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Proton beam therapy is an established primary treatment for patients with nonmetastasized uveal melanoma. Adjuvant local interventions, like intravitreal injections or surgery, were shown to improve long-term eye preservation; however, their impact on the patient's quality of life (QOL) remains unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a post-radiotherapeutic follow-up, we prospectively collected data on QOL, visual acuity, and interventional adjuvant procedures. QOL was measured with QOL-C30 questionnaire and quality of life questionnaire OPT30 at baseline, and at 3 and 12 months after proton therapy. Patients were grouped by the type of adjuvant treatment. The impact on QOL was analyzed by comparing changes in the mean score values and visual acuity for different interventional subgroups, with generalized linear mixed models and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We received 108 (100%) and 95 (88.0%) questionnaires at 3 and 12 months post-therapy, respectively. Adjuvant interventions included observation (<i>n</i> = 61, 56.5%), intravitreal injections (<i>n</i> = 17, 15.7%), and an intraocular surgical procedure (<i>n</i> = 30, 27.8%). In the latter group, several QOL items significantly declined after the 3-month adjuvant interval, but they partially recovered at the 12-month follow-up. In all adjuvant-intervention groups, global QOL scores returned to baseline levels at 12 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Posttreatment adjuvant interventions had no long-lasting effects on QOL in patients with uveal melanoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"8 2","pages":"110-119"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9218619/pdf/oop-0008-0110.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9560887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Front & Back Matter","authors":"P. N. Scholl, Arun D. Singh, H. Grossniklaus","doi":"10.1159/000525427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000525427","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81492291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saman S Ahmadian, Ian J Dryden, Andrea Naranjo, Angus Toland, Romain A Cayrol, Donald E Born, Peter S Egbert, Ryanne A Brown, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, Jonathan H Lin
{"title":"Preferentially Expressed Antigen in Melanoma Immunohistochemistry Labeling in Uveal Melanomas.","authors":"Saman S Ahmadian, Ian J Dryden, Andrea Naranjo, Angus Toland, Romain A Cayrol, Donald E Born, Peter S Egbert, Ryanne A Brown, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, Jonathan H Lin","doi":"10.1159/000524051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, and despite treatment of the primary tumor, approximately 15%-50% of patients will develop metastatic disease. Based on gene expression profiling (GEPs), UM can be categorized as Class 1A (low metastatic risk), Class 1B (intermediate metastatic risk), or Class 2 (high metastatic risk). PReferentially expressed Antigen in MElanoma (PRAME) status is an independent prognostic UM biomarker and a potential target for immunotherapy in metastatic UM. PRAME expression status can be detected in tumors using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). More recently, immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been developed to detect PRAME protein expression. Here, we employed both techniques to evaluate PRAME expression in 18 UM enucleations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Tumor material from the 18 UM patients who underwent enucleation was collected by fine-needle aspiration before or during enucleation and sent for GEP and PRAME analysis by RT-PCR. Histologic sections from these patients were stained with an anti-PRAME monoclonal antibody. We collected patient demographics and tumor characteristics and included this with our analysis of GEP class, PRAME status by RT-PCR, and PRAME status by IHC. PRAME IHC and RT-PCR results were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twelve males (12/18) and 6 females (6/18) with an average age of 60.6 years underwent enucleation for UM. TNM staging of the UM diagnosed Stage I in 2 patients (2/18), Stage II in 7 patients (7/18), Stage III in 8 patients (8/18), and Stage IV in 1 (1/18). GEP was Class 1A in 6 tumors (6/18), Class 1B in 6 tumors (6/18), and Class 2 in 6 tumors (6/18). PRAME IHC showed diffusely positive labeling of all UM cells in 2/18 enucleations; negative IHC labeling of UM cells in 9/18 enucleations; and IHC labeling of subsets of UM cells in 7/18 enucleations. Eleven of the 17 UMs tested for PRAME by both RT-PCR and IHC had consistent PRAME results. In the remaining 6/17 cases tested by both modalities, PRAME results were discordant between RT-PCR and IHC.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We find that PRAME IHC distinguishes PRAME-positive and PRAME-negative UM tumor cells. Interestingly, IHC reveals focal PRAME expression in subsets of tumor cells consistent with tumor heterogeneity. PRAME RT-PCR and IHC provide concordant results in most of our cases. We suggest that discordance in PRAME results could arise from spatial or temporal variation in PRAME expression between tumor cells. Further studies are required to determine the prognostic implications of PRAME IHC in UM.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"8 2","pages":"133-140"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9218614/pdf/oop-0008-0133.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9560886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Valentín Huerva, Pau Cid-Bertomeu, Ramón Espinet, Luisa M Canto
{"title":"Adjunctive Treatment with Interferon Alpha 2b in Conjunctival Melanoma.","authors":"Valentín Huerva, Pau Cid-Bertomeu, Ramón Espinet, Luisa M Canto","doi":"10.1159/000522195","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000522195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of the study was to demonstrate the clinical outcomes after resection of conjunctival melanoma (CM) followed by topical interferon (IFN) alpha 2b after a long follow-up.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two consecutive CM patients were treated using tumor excision followed by topical IFN alpha 2b (1,000,000 UI/mL) four times a day for 12 weeks. The second case presented positivity due to the presence of tumor cells in the lower margin of the resection. TNM staging was T1c, N0b, M0, and T1b in the first case and T1b, N0b, M0 in the second case. Follow-up was 72 and 71 months, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No side effects were observable after the administration of topical IFN alpha 2b. After extensive evaluation and imaging with computed tomography, no regrowth or distant metastasis was noticed during the follow-up period in both cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IFN alpha 2b could be used as a co-adjuvant treatment after CM resection, in an attempt to reduce the possibility of recurrences.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"8 2","pages":"88-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9218643/pdf/oop-0008-0088.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9560890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marco Pellegrini, Giovanni Staurenghi, Chiara Preziosa
{"title":"Clinical Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Ocular Oncology: Pearls and Pitfalls.","authors":"Marco Pellegrini, Giovanni Staurenghi, Chiara Preziosa","doi":"10.1159/000520951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000520951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a valuable imaging tool for the diagnosis of several retinal and choroidal diseases. Its role in ocular oncology is clinically promising but still controversial. In this review, we report the main applications and limits of the use of OCTA for the study of intraocular tumors.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>OCTA allows a rapid, safe, low-cost, and high-resolution visualization of the retinal and choroidal vasculature. Attempts have been made to use this technology in ocular oncology to differentiate benign and malignant lesions and to assist physicians in the evaluation and monitoring of post-treatment complications. Main limitations include failure in correct segmentation due to the tumor inner profile or thickness, poor penetration of the laser into the lesion, masking effect from overlying fluid, media opacities and poor fixation.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>The main applications of OCTA in ocular oncology consist of the documentation of tumor-associated choroidal neovascularizations and the study of vascular changes following tumor treatments. In particular, the diffusion of wide-field protocols makes OCTA suitable for the diagnosis and follow-up of radiation chorio-retinopathy, allowing a detailed visualization of both macular and peripheral ischemic changes. Optimistically, future innovations in OCTA technology may offer new perspectives in the diagnosis and follow-up of intraocular tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"8 2","pages":"79-87"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9218615/pdf/oop-0008-0079.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9560885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah E Eichinger, Hans B Heymann, Michael Mbagwu, Alexander Knezevic, Paul J Bryar
{"title":"Correlation between Frozen Section and Permanent Histopathologic Diagnoses in Adult Orbital Lesions.","authors":"Sarah E Eichinger, Hans B Heymann, Michael Mbagwu, Alexander Knezevic, Paul J Bryar","doi":"10.1159/000521075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000521075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>When indicated, intraoperative use of frozen sections may assist in determining the surgical course or appropriate processing of surgical specimens. Knowing the accuracy of a preliminary frozen section diagnosis is important. The purpose of this study is to determine the rate of correlation between frozen and permanent histopathologic diagnoses of adult orbital lesions, analyze characteristics of discordant cases, and examine the effects of discordance on surgical decision-making.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 15-year retrospective chart review was conducted at a tertiary care center of all adult patients with orbital lesions for which frozen section and corresponding permanent section tissue diagnoses were obtained.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-five orbital surgeries were performed with a total of 89 frozen sections sampled. In 63 surgeries (96.9%), at least 1 frozen section diagnosis matched the final permanent section diagnosis. Overall, frozen section diagnosis corresponded with permanent section diagnosis in 81 of 89 (91.0%) specimens. Of the 8 (9.0%) specimens from 5 unique patients that did not correlate, the final diagnoses on permanent sections were amyloidosis (5), margin-positive infiltrating breast carcinoma (2), and lymphoid hyperplasia (1). The discrepancy between frozen and permanent sections did not alter care in any patient.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Frozen section diagnoses correlate with permanent histopathologic tissue diagnosis in adult orbital biopsies in greater than 90% of cases. Among non-correlated specimens, amyloidosis was the most common diagnosis. Although rare, orbital amyloid disorders may be considered in the differential diagnosis of cases of orbital biopsies with nonspecific findings on a frozen section.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"8 2","pages":"141-147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9218613/pdf/oop-0008-0141.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9560884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corrina P Azarcon, Jill R Wells, Thomas Aaberg, Hans E Grossniklaus
{"title":"Intraocular Lens and Lens Capsule Spread of Iridociliary Melanoma: Clinical and Histopathologic Features of 2 Cases.","authors":"Corrina P Azarcon, Jill R Wells, Thomas Aaberg, Hans E Grossniklaus","doi":"10.1159/000524052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to describe 2 patients with intraocular lens (IOL) and lens capsule spread of iridociliary melanoma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two pseudophakic patients with iridociliary body melanoma that spread onto the surface of their IOL and remaining lens capsule were included. Their eyes were enucleated and the histopathologic features were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Case 1 was an 82-year-old woman with diffuse primary iridociliary melanoma affecting the iris, lens capsule, IOL surface, and ciliary body. Case 2 was a 68-year-old female who developed melanoma recurrence in the anterior segment after plaque brachytherapy for iridociliary melanoma. The melanoma in both cases grew as a pigmented membrane onto the surface of the IOL.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IOL and lens capsule spread of iridociliary melanoma can occur primarily or develop secondarily after plaque brachytherapy of a pseudophakic eye. Since the extent of the melanoma may be uncertain and there is a high likelihood of glaucoma, enucleation is a reasonable option.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"8 2","pages":"105-109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9218645/pdf/oop-0008-0105.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9557386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maura Di Nicola, Jared J Ebert, Matthew C Hagen, James J Augsburger, Basil K Williams
{"title":"Unilateral Multifocal Choroidal Melanoma with Underlying Isolated Choroidal Melanocytosis.","authors":"Maura Di Nicola, Jared J Ebert, Matthew C Hagen, James J Augsburger, Basil K Williams","doi":"10.1159/000522262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000522262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Isolated choroidal melanocytosis is a rare condition that appears to be a limited form of ocular melanocytosis. Ocular melanocytosis has been known to be associated with an increased risk of uveal melanoma, and more recently, a similar association has been suggested for isolated choroidal melanocytosis. We describe 3 cases of patients who developed unilateral, multifocal uveal melanoma in the setting of underlying isolated choroidal melanocytosis. All patients developed either two distinct tumors at presentation or a new discrete choroidal melanoma arising from the choroidal melanocytosis over 1 year following treatment of the original tumor by plaque brachytherapy. These cases provide additional evidence of the association between isolated choroidal melanocytosis and uveal melanoma and suggest increased risk of multifocal melanoma in patients with this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"8 2","pages":"100-104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9218616/pdf/oop-0008-0100.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9557389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}