npj Clean Water最新文献

{"title":"Performance of on-site flow cytometry for near-real-time microbiological analysis of alpine karst drinking water resources","authors":"Lena Campostrini, Katalin Demeter, Rita Linke, Anna Pölz, Margaret E. Stevenson, Julia Derx, Stefan Jakwerth, Gerhard Lindner, Adrian Shajkofci, Luigino Grasso, Sandra Peer, Matthias Zessner, Alexander K. T. Kirschner, Andreas H. Farnleitner","doi":"10.1038/s41545-025-00536-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-025-00536-5","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the first rigorous, multi-parameter evaluation of near-real-time flow cytometry (FCM) for automated on-site monitoring at a model alpine karst spring used as a drinking water resource. We tested automated FCM for its capacity to indicate microbial cell inputs from the catchment surface (SRI) and to indirectly indicate diffuse faecal contamination (DFC). A nested 10-year study design combined low-frequency monitoring with high-frequency event sampling. The instruments tested in the study performed well under challenging field conditions and reliably quantified microbial cells, as validated against established methods. FCM parameters robustly detected SRI and, indirectly, DFC, in a catchment with diffuse animal faecal contamination sources. The same performance was observed for the online physico-chemical parameters UV254 and turbidity. The combination of these biotic and abiotic indicators outperformed single parameters in early warning analyses, demonstrating their potential for water safety planning by enabling timely and specific responses. The various aspects of the automated on-site monitoring devices used are discussed in detail. While automated FCM already supports the indirect detection of diffuse faecal pollution, further technical advances are necessary to extend its scope toward the specific and sensitive detection of faecal contamination.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scalable predictive framework for environmental pathogen control in land-based aquaculture","authors":"Hyunsoo Choi, Su-Mi Shin, Sungju Jung, Sung-Hun Lee, Taeho Kim","doi":"10.1038/s41545-025-00550-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-025-00550-7","url":null,"abstract":"Land-based aquaculture requires scalable treatment systems capable of anticipating and mitigating pathogenic risks under changing environmental conditions. In this study, we collected meteorological and bacterial data and performed correlation analyses to identify key relationships, which guided the development of an integrated, predictive treatment system. This system combines a modular total suspended solids–pathogen removal system (TSS–PRS), composed of sediment filtration, UV disinfection, and oxygen dissolution, with a deep learning-based multi-layer perceptron (MLP) model to improve water quality and forecast pathogen dynamics. The TSS–PRS effectively reduced TAN (41.1%), bacterial activity (BQV, 74.5%), and turbidity (72.8%). It also successfully eliminated hazardous fish pathogens, including Photobacterium damselae, Tenacibaculum maritimum, Vibrio harveyi, and Enteromyxum leei. The MLP model further indicated that bacterial activity markedly increased under optimal conditions of turbidity (100 NTU), pH (7.97), and water temperature (27.5 °C).","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skin-replaceable antifouling cellulose ceramic membranes from jute agro-waste for sustainable and efficient oily wastewater treatment","authors":"Nadeem Baig, Tauqir Ahmad, Ali Sufyan, Muhammad Bilal Asif, Kawthar Alqudaihi, Balqees Alrwaily, Md. Sabbir Ahmed, Md. Maniruzzaman, Arshad Hussain, Syed Shaheen Shah, J. Andreas Larsson, Md. Abdul Aziz","doi":"10.1038/s41545-025-00538-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-025-00538-3","url":null,"abstract":"Oily wastewater presents a serious environmental challenge, demanding sustainable and regenerative membrane technologies. Here, we report a green and scalable method for fabricating skin-replaceable cellulose membranes (SRC-M) from jute agro-waste, using a NaOH/urea activation route and argon-pressurized deposition onto ceramic supports. The resulting Cellulose II-based asymmetric membranes exhibit high water flux (~470 L m⁻²h⁻¹) and >98% oil rejection across various emulsions. Notably, the membrane’s surface can be fully renewed via ultrasonication, restoring >99% of the original flux after 16 fouling cycles. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm the thermodynamic stability (ΔG = -0.162 eV) and low kinetic barrier (0.46 eV) of urea adsorption on cellulose, supporting the dissolution mechanism and regeneration behavior. This biodegradable, self-renewable membrane system offers a robust, circular solution for long-term oily wastewater remediation and aligns with green chemistry principles.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sector-specific clean water scarcity and competition under global change.","authors":"Gabriel A Cárdenas Belleza, L P H Rens van Beek, Marc F P Bierkens, Edward R Jones, Michelle T H van Vliet","doi":"10.1038/s41545-026-00608-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41545-026-00608-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While the impact of future climate change on physical water availability has been extensively studied, the interplay with water quality and the associated impact on water scarcity-particularly the ensuing competition among sectors (domestic, irrigation, livestock, manufacturing, and energy) for clean water-is less well understood. Here we employed a globally applicable modelling framework to assess future cross-sectoral clean water gaps arising from competition for limited clean water resources, explicitly accounting for sector-specific water quantity and quality requirements under global change. Our results show that deteriorating water quality and insufficient water quantity will severely exacerbate future water gaps, exposing nearly 67% of the world's population to severe clean water gaps by 2100. As a result, cross-sectoral competition for clean water will greatly intensify, with disproportional impacts on the manufacturing and thermoelectric sectors, each facing a 20% increase in water gaps relative to their demands, primarily related to rising water temperatures. Overall, our findings underscore the need for integrated water management strategies that address both water quantity and quality to mitigate growing competition for clean water.</p>","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":"9 1","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13457087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148713339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward trustworthy water quality monitoring under sensor unreliability.","authors":"Jin Li, Kleanthis Malialis, Demetrios G Eliades, Marios M Polycarpou","doi":"10.1038/s41545-026-00595-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-026-00595-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) are vital for public health and economic activity, and early contamination detection and source-region prioritization are essential for timely response. Although Internet-of-things sensors and machine learning enable online monitoring, water quality sensors are costly and prone to faults, which can distort measurements and lead to false alarms or missed contamination events. Existing contamination localization methods typically assume reliable, fault-free measurements, an assumption often violated in real-world deployments. Here, we propose a unified data-driven framework that explicitly accounts for sensor unreliability while supporting contamination source-region prioritization. In this study, we focus on the monitoring of chlorine-reactive pollutants such as arsenite as a primary application scenario to evaluate the framework's performance. The framework jointly integrates sensor fault detection, localization, isolation, faulty signal reconstruction, and contamination source-region prioritization within a single monitoring pipeline. A convolutional autoencoder detects and reconstructs corrupted measurements to recover the underlying clean signal, while a CNN-LSTM model performs fault isolation and supports downstream contamination analysis. An explicit fault-contamination differentiation mechanism is further introduced to distinguish sensor-induced deviations from genuine contamination signatures. Comprehensive evaluations are conducted on three realistic WDNs under tested network layouts, synthetic chlorine-reactive contamination scenarios, and evaluated fault models. The results demonstrate that while pinpointing the exact single node is challenging under sparse sensor coverage, the framework can narrow down likely candidate source regions, achieving up to approximately 80% Top-10 source-region prioritization accuracy. These findings highlight that jointly modeling sensor faults and contamination processes is useful for fault-aware contamination source-region prioritization under degraded sensing conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":"9 1","pages":"73"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13630539/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149112439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoupling antibiotic degradation from resistance development: photogranules act as a biocontainment for ARGs in wastewater","authors":"Claude Kiki, Qian Sun","doi":"10.1038/s41545-025-00546-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-025-00546-3","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial granular sludge (BGS) efficiently removes antibiotics but acts as a hotspot for the enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). To decouple removal from resistance, we integrated Microcystis aeruginosa with BGS to form a cyanobacterial–bacterial granular sludge (CBGS) system. During 120-day operation under multi-class antibiotic stress (0–500 µg L⁻¹), CBGS demonstrated enhanced structural stability, pollutant removal, and a higher antibiotic elimination capacity (93.71–671.93 vs. 93.38–499.63 µg L⁻¹ d⁻¹ in BGS). Simultaneously, the system achieved suppression of endogenous microcystin-LR (a cyanotoxin variant containing Leucine and Arginine) release. Metagenomic, network, and transformation product analyses revealed that cyanobacterial integration induced a functional decoupling within the community, promoting oxidative biodegradation pathways and reducing selective pressure on ARG hosts. Mobility gene analysis further indicated restricted horizontal gene transfer, limiting ARG exchange between biomass and effluent. Consequently, ARG abundance decreased in effluents for 13 of 20 types in CBGS but increased for 16 of 20 in BGS. This study deepens our understanding of how microbial consortia can be engineered to separate antibiotic degradation from resistance propagation, offering a promising biologically contained strategy to mitigate resistance risks in wastewater treatment.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wastewater–phosphorus coupling accelerates biofilm–mineral–particulate interactions in irrigation pipelines","authors":"Changjian Ma, Enkai Cao, Bowen Li, Ning Shi, Zeqiang Sun, Yan Li, Peng Hou, Yang Xiao","doi":"10.1038/s41545-025-00547-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-025-00547-2","url":null,"abstract":"Biogas slurry, a liquid by-product of anaerobic digestion, is increasingly reused in agriculture, but its low phosphorus content often requires external supplementation. When phosphorus is introduced into slurry fertigation, it interacts with Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, bicarbonates, and organic matter, creating conditions that can accelerate pipeline clogging. In this study, we combined a 60-day accelerated pipeline experiment with mineralogical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and high-throughput sequencing to examine how wastewater–phosphorus coupling influences fouling. Slurry alone caused little short-term clogging, but the addition of phosphorus led to sharp increases in fouling mass (up to 130%) and flow reduction (up to 90%). Mineralogical analyses identified secondary phosphate precipitates such as brushite, baricite, and apatite, while microbial community profiling showed greater diversity, persistence, and biofilm-forming capacity under phosphorus conditions. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling demonstrated that precipitates provided scaffolds for biofilm growth, particulates enhanced microbial attachment, and biofilms linked physical and chemical processes to hydraulic decline. These results show that pipeline fouling under wastewater–phosphorus coupling arises from the synergy of biofilms, minerals, and particulates, and they offer mechanistic guidance for designing fouling control systems that support sustainable reuse of livestock wastewater.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing ozonation using Meretrix lusoria shell waste biomass: sustainable decontamination of azo dye wastewater via decolorization, mineralization, and detoxification","authors":"Sung-Hyo Jung, Sung-Hak Hong, Youn-Jun Lee, Seong-Jik Park, Eun Hea Jho, Chang-Gu Lee","doi":"10.1038/s41545-025-00542-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-025-00542-7","url":null,"abstract":"Azo is a synthetic organic dye that has attracted considerable attention because of its recalcitrance to degradation and toxicity. An upgraded ozonation process must be developed that integrates decolorization, mineralization, and toxicity reduction to manage the residual azo dye in the effluent from the dyeing industry and reduce its associated aquatic environmental risks. In this study, an ozonation system using Meretrix lusoria (ML) shell-waste-derived biomass (ML800) that uses simple calcination was developed. The ML800/O3 system almost completely decolorized ( > 99.0%) and highly mineralized (53.6 ± 1.7%) Congo red (CR) during (CR = 100 mg∙L–1, ML800 = 0.5 g ∙ L–1), surpassing the performance of the other tested systems (single ozonation and single ML800). Moreover, the ML800/O3 system reduced the acute toxicity of CR to the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri, whereas single ozonation showed temporarily increased the toxicity of CR. The FE-SEM/EDS, FTIR, and XRD analyses verified that Ca(OH)2 was the main calcium species in ML800, which catalyzed the decomposition of O3 into highly reactive •OH. The system was successfully applied to various azo dyes and was robust with water matrix constituents. These findings highlight the potential of marine shell waste for use as a sustainable and ecofriendly additive for ozonation, increasing azo dye removal from wastewater in practical applications.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China’s enhanced wastewater treatment capacity may accelerate greenhouse gas emissions from rural domestic pollution","authors":"Tianxiang Wang, Guangyu Su, Simiao Wang, Yuxin Fan, Jin-Yu Terence Yang, Xinhan Xu, Zixiong Wang, Jian Wu, Qiuhua Liang, Yin Su, Jingjing Zhan, Lifen Liu, George Arhonditsis","doi":"10.1038/s41545-025-00540-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-025-00540-9","url":null,"abstract":"The diminution of the benefits of domestic pollution control by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has received considerable attention. Emission factors related to the construction and operation of wastewater treatment systems have been well characterized in urban settings but far less so in rural areas. To address this gap, we developed an integrative modeling framework that quantifies the entire chain of rural domestic pollution processes together with the associated GHG emissions. Our analysis suggests that the control of China’s rural domestic pollution has realized a threefold increase over the past decade, resulting in a decline of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) discharge to surface waters by 1158 Gg, 316 Gg, and 43 Gg, respectively. However, GHG emissions have also discernibly increased from 26.7 Tg to 31.4 Tg. Even though over 70% of China’s rural domestic pollution is still being discharged untreated, GHG emissions from wastewater treatment systems have become prevalent and currently account for more than 60% of total GHG emissions from rural areas. Considering the on-going construction of numerous new wastewater treatment systems in rural areas, enhancing wastewater treatment capacity, strengthening resource recovery, optimizing dietary patterns of the public, and promoting the use of clean energy are recommended to balance the trade-offs between environmental pollution abatement and climate change mitigation.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145796456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic field mitigation of composite fouling through microbial and interfacial disruption","authors":"Weiyi Zhang, Weijie Chen, Jiwei Wang, Yang Xiao, Yunkai Li","doi":"10.1038/s41545-025-00532-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-025-00532-9","url":null,"abstract":"Composite fouling, arising from microbial and inorganic interactions, compromises the reliability of reclaimed-water distribution systems. We evaluated permanent magnetic fields (PMF; 300–800 mT) and electromagnetic fields (EMF; AC and pulsed DC) in a full-scale reclaimed-water distribution loop. Under the tested conditions, EMF—particularly pulsed DC—reduced total foulant mass by up to 51.7% ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) and was associated with lower biofilm biomass, mineral scaling, and particulate accumulation. 16S rRNA profiling indicated co-occurring declines in community diversity and simpler co-occurrence networks under EMF. X-ray diffraction indicated a relative enrichment of aragonite (vs. calcite) and decreases in dolomite and quartz within deposits across all magnetic-field treatments. Field-induced oxidative conditions and interfacial changes were consistent with processes that may hinder microbial attachment and crystal nucleation. Collectively, the results suggest that EMF can outperform PMF for composite-fouling control in reclaimed-water systems and motivate optimization of field strength and waveform and validation across additional water qualities and hydraulics.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145770815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}