Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Determinants of road traffic crashes among intercity commercial drivers in Ile-Ife, Nigeria","authors":"O. Olakulehin, S. olowookere, T. Ilori, F. Fehintola, A. Abiodun, G. Ihimekpen, A. Isangedighi, R. Muibi, P. Ojedeji","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_9_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_9_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Road traffic crashes are a common cause of preventable injury and death worldwide including in Nigeria. Objective: This study assessed the determinants of road traffic crashes among intercity commercial drivers in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study design. Three hundred and fifty commercial drivers completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire on the occurrence and determinants of road traffic crashes. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The respondents were male, with a mean age of 45.6 (10.6) years, married (88.9%), had secondary education (57.4%) and earned above $5/month (94.3%). Only 28.3% attended driving school, 26.9% started driving <10 years and 65.4% drove more than 8 h daily with morning hours considered the busiest (63.4%). Over one-third (36.7%) of the respondents had experienced road traffic crashes with 86.7% driving when crashes occurred. The identified causes of road traffic crashes include bad roads (37.5%), burst tyre (18.8%), over-speeding (18%) and brake failure (16.4%). Other causes include driving fatigue/sleeping while driving (14.1%), driving at night (14.1%) and environmental factors (13.3%). The outcome of road traffic crashes includes vehicular damage (75%), injury to the passenger (45.3%) and driver (38.3%) with fatal (13.3%). The determinants of road traffic crashes include young age (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 8.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.15–17.7; P = 0.001), using sedatives (AOR = 6.49; 95% CI = 2.91–14.46; P = 0.001), alcohol use (AOR = 17.76; 95% CI = 8.72–36.16; P = 0.001), night driving (AOR = 3.10; 95% CI = 1.41–6.78; P = 0.005) and driving over 8 h per day (AOR = 2.78; 95% CI = 1.40–5.53; P = 0.004). Conclusion: Road traffic crashes were common among young commercial intercity drivers with causes varying from human, mechanical and environmental factors. Strategy to reduce these factors will improve road safety among commercial drivers.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"37 1","pages":"41 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88952267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Huge mucinous cystadenoma in pregnancy: A case report from Ile-Ife, South West Nigeria, and review of challenges in management","authors":"M. Archibong, M. Amuda, O. Olayemi, O. Eze, O. Ojo, E. Ayegbusi","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_19_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_19_22","url":null,"abstract":"Huge ovarian masses in pregnancy can have significant impact and effect on pregnancy outcome. Mucinous cystadenoma is a benign tumour of the ovary, which sometimes can undergo significant growth in pregnancy, thereby posing certain challenges in management. A case of a 26-year-old G4P1 +2 with huge mucinous cystadenoma is presented, who had an elective caesarean section at term and right salpingo-oophorectomy. Ovarian mass measured 40 cm × 30 cm. The challenges in management are highlighted and discussed.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"71 1 1","pages":"56 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77453844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of stigma on COVID-19 cases management at the treatment unit of the Yaounde Central Hospital, Cameroon","authors":"C. Kouanfack, K. Kuathe, A. Zemsi, S. Zemsi, A. Edingue, E. Youm, A. Nangmo, M. Sanou, E. Sobngwi, J. Fouda, J. Ateudjieu","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_12_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_12_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The coronavirus pandemic coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has affected the whole world, causing the lives of many victims. Africa has recorded more than a million cases and Cameroon around 18,600 cases (August 2020) since the first case was notified. The rapid spread of this disease (among other factors) could have contributed to creating a situation of fear and stigma among affected populations. It is, therefore, necessary to identify the characteristics of this stigma and its effect on the case management of this disease. Materials and Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study with positive COVID-19 people at the Central Hospital of Yaoundé, Cameroon, from May 2020 to June 2020. A questionnaire adapted from the stigma index of persons living with human immunodeficiency virus and from the SAPHORA-MCO 2009 guide was administered to participants. Results: Among 138 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection during the study, 134 (97%) accepted the study, 115 (85.8%) reported auto-stigmatisation, 29 (22%) indicated having been stigmatised by the community and 20 (15%) by medical personnel. Auto-stigmatisation increased the risk of seeking care late (odds ratio [OR] = 3.4 with a confidence interval [CI] of 0.99–11.5; P = 0.049), unlike stigma by the community, which tended to result in early care seeking, but not significantly (OR = 0.6 with a CI of 0.26–1.66; P = 0.479). Conclusion: Stigma is highly prevalent among patients affected by COVID-19. Action should be taken to address stigma to increase the overall adherence to disease control strategies.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"41 22 1","pages":"51 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88763052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stakeholders engagement and advocates' role in biomedical HIV prevention clinical trials – Perspectives of advocates working in Africa","authors":"MO Folayan, J. Nganga, R. Mburu, A. Kayongo","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_21_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_21_22","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The aim of the study was to identify the perspectives of community advocates working in Africa about meaningful and ethical stakeholder engagement with biomedical HIV prevention trials; and their role in facilitating this engagement. Materials and Methods: An open-ended questionnaire was administered through an online survey made accessible through listservs and community liaison officers devoted to biomedical HIV prevention research advocacy. The survey included five questions that explored respondents' perspectives about meaningful and ethical stakeholder engagement in clinical trials, and the roles of advocates in facilitating this engagement. Analysis of the 32 transcripts consisted of structural coding of transcripts, summary of responses, identification, description of emerging themes and quotes reflecting the themes corresponding to interview questions. Results: Meaningful and ethical community engagement was majorly conceptualised as the involvement of stakeholders throughout the research life-cycle: Planning, design and implementation of clinical trials; and providing community-wide information about trial progress and results. Identified advocates roles include advocacy for ethical standards of practice, facilitating community research literacy and community inputs into research protocols, empowering community members to engage with researchers, and monitoring research practices. Conclusion: Advocates self-identified their perspectives on and roles in meaningful and ethical engagement with research conducted in Africa. Some of these roles have not been articulated in community engagement guidance documents like the UNAIDS/AVAC Good Participatory Practice guidelines.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"75 1","pages":"23 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81911681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographical disparities of people who inject drugs and associated needle sharing in the selected states in Nigeria: A call for urgent intervention programmes","authors":"O. Ali, S. Felix, O. Sheila, O. Monday, O. Awelewa","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_7_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_7_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study aimed to determine the distribution and needle sharing among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in four Nigerian prioritised states. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Abuja, Nasarawa, Anambra and Gombe. The hotspots of PWIDs were identified through informant interviews in hotels, clubhouses, and bars and eight focus group discussion was conducted among the PWIDs in each state to determine reasons for injecting drugs and syringe sharing. Data obtained were analysed using IBM-SPSS version 25 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) and Microsoft Excel 2019. Results: Most PWIDs were found in Gombe (40.5%) and Nasarawa (39.8%) states. They were mainly found in streets/public places (47.6%), bar/nightclubs (12.5%), trailer parks (4.8%) and brothels (3.8%). In Anambra and Federal Capital Territory (FCT), most hotspots had between 1 and 10 PWIDs (54.8% and 53.1%, respectively). About 53.5% of Gombe hotspots had 11–20 PWIDs. In Nasarawa state, most hotspots had 1–10 or 11-20 PWIDs. Conclusion: It is recommended that the government and other stakeholders develop and support intervention programmes to increase human immunodeficiency virus risk awareness among PWIDs further and alleviate the suffering of the people due to insurgency.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"11 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76683071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of OraQuick HIV 1/2 self-test kit in a developing country","authors":"A. Onoja, M. Rubainu, E. Ekanen, S. Felix, S. Araoye","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_6_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_6_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: For persons who desire to screen themselves for HIV, self-testing for HIV, which involves performing, reading and interpreting their own HIV test, is convenient and confidential. This study aimed to evaluate the performance characteristics of the OraQuick HIV 1/2 self-test and establish the ease of using the HIV self-test kit by persons seeking HIV testing. Methodology: This evaluation was a cross-sectional field-based performance characteristic study with a sample size of 1008. Specimens were taken from the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. These specimens were then characterised and utilised to evaluate the test kit at a reference laboratory. The data were analysed using IBM-SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). The sensitivity and specificity (with 95% confidence interval) of the test were determined. Results: The OraQuick HIV 1/2 self-test had a sensitivity of 98.39%, specificity of 98.42% and accuracy of 97.6%. All the participants (100%) said that the test kit was reasonable, liked the packaging and said that it was easy to read. Almost all respondents (99.9%) said that they would recommend it to others, and 99.8% said that the kit was easy to dispose of and easy to learn. Almost all said that the test was easy to perform, while 99.1% said that the device was comfortable. Conclusion: This evaluation has shown good performance in the testing result, but it has also demonstrated good acceptability of the OraQuick test device by the public members who used the device. This development would also contribute to actualising the sustainable development goal of eradicating HIV by 2030.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"23 1","pages":"17 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80186588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of home-grown school feeding on nutritional status of schoolchildren: Findings from South-West Nigeria","authors":"B. Oyela, A. Ogunfowokan, M. Olodu, O. Olagunju, T. Famakinwa, M. Olumakaiye","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_8_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_8_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Improving the nutritional status of schoolchildren is one of the aims of home-grown school feeding programme (HGSFP) which has been implemented in some schools in Nigeria Objective: The study assessed the prevalence of stunting, wasting and overweight amongst home-grown school-fed (HGSF) and non-HGSF (N-HGSF) elementary school children; identified the gender differences in the nutritional status of HGSF and N-HGSF children and compared the nutritional indices of HGSF children and N-HGSF children at baseline, 3 months and 6 months. Methods: The study employed a longitudinal design and was conducted in South-west Nigeria amongst 500 elementary school children aged 5–7 years. The height and weight of each child were measured longitudinally at three waves (baseline, 3 months and 6 months). The data were analysed using the WHO AnthroPlus software and SPSS version 20. Statistical differences were determined using the repeated measures analysis of variance and paired-wise t-test. Results: The mean age of the children was 5.6 ± 0.67 and 6.2 ± 0.77 for the HGSF and N-HGSF groups, respectively. At baseline, there were more stunted children in the N-HGSF children (44.4%) than the HGSF children (22%), but wasting (12%) and underweight (23.2%) were higher in the HGSF children. Furthermore, more males in the N-HGSF children were wasted (9.9%) and stunted (51.1%) compared to their female counterparts. However, there were no observable percentage sex differences amongst the children in the HGSF group, except that there were more females (12.8%) who were wasted compared to their male counterparts (11.3%). The findings for the wasting indicator revealed no statistically significant relationship between the HGSFP and wasting (P = 0.30, F = 1.075, η2=0.002). The findings showed a statistically significant relationship between HGSFPs and reduction in underweight (P = 0.001, F = 23.847, η2 = 0.046) and stunting (P = 0.04, F = 4.083, η2 = 0.008). Furthermore, the impact of feeding was observed in the HGSF children of both genders as there was an improvement in the nutritional status of both male and female children at 6 months. Conclusion: There was an improvement in the nutritional status of the children in the HGSF group compared to the N-HGSF children at both 3 and 6 months. A significant improvement in underweight and stunting was observed at 6 months than at 3 months.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"62 1","pages":"32 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90600681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and exposure to non-communicable disease risk factors amongst undergraduates in the University of Lagos","authors":"O. Ricketts-Odebode, T. Ladi-Akinyemi, O. Kanma-Okafor","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_3_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_3_22","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are known as chronic diseases which are of long duration and progress slowly. There has been increasing evidence of NCDs amongst university students, youths and adolescents. Aims: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, perception and exposure to the risk factors for NCDs amongst students of the University of Lagos. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study carried out amongst non-medical Undergraduates of the University of Lagos. Materials and Methods: About 413 respondents were recruited into the study using multi-stage sampling. A Google link containing a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire was shared amongst respondents to obtain data from them. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS version 27 was used to analyse the data. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 22.8 ± 2.1 years with a proportion of females-to-males at almost 1:1. The majority (73.1%) of the respondents had good knowledge of NCDs and almost two-thirds (64.4%) of the respondents had a right perception of the risk factors of NCDs, respectively. More than two-thirds of the respondents (67.2%) were exposed to at least one risk factor of NCDs. Variables that are statistically significantly associated with exposure to the risk factors of NCDs are gender (P = 0.000), employment status (P = 0.000), religion (P = 0.013), income (P = 0.000), knowledge of NCDs (P = 0.002) and perception of NCDs (P = 0.000). Conclusions: This study has shown that while the level of knowledge of NCDs is satisfactory amongst the undergraduates, many of the respondents engaged in one or more risk factors that could lead to the development of NCDs.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"61 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83830110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and pattern of work-related musculoskeletal disorders amongst electricity utility workers in Lagos, Nigeria","authors":"U. Okafor, M. Danjuma, S. Oghumu, K. Oke, A. Akinfeleye, C. Mbada","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_2_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_2_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Electricity utility workers are often exposed to various types and degrees of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). However, there seems to be a neglect or underreporting of WMSDs amongst them in developing countries, including Nigeria. Hence, this study investigated the prevalence and pattern of WMSDs amongst electric utility workers in Lagos, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey using a 68-item questionnaire was conducted amongst 180 electricity utility workers in selected electric power companies in Lagos, Nigeria. Data collected included sociodemographic variables of respondents, 12-month and point prevalence of WMSDs as well as psychosocial risk factors of WMSDs. The disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) and their impacts on work performance of respondents were evaluated. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The 12-month prevalence of WMSDs amongst the respondents was 78.9%, while the point prevalence was 53.3%. The wrist/hand, lower back and the shoulders in descending order were the body parts most affected. Age and work experience had a significant association (P < 0.05) with the prevalence of WMSDs. Psychosocial risk factors had no association with the occurrence of WMSDs. However, a significant association (P < 0.05) was found between perceived physical work demand and prevalence of WMSDs. Furthermore, a significant association (P < 0.05) was found between each of the DASH with prevalence of WMSDs. Conclusion: A high proportion of electric utility workers presented with WMSDs of which the wrist/hand was the most affected body part. Ergonomic interventions may have a great impact in the prevention of WMSDs amongst electricity workers.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":"27 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86798393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity and specificity of electrocardiographic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) criteria amongst hypertensives in University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja","authors":"M. Ngabea, D. Ojji, M. Sani, H. Umar, S. Isezuo","doi":"10.4103/njhs.njhs_29_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njhs.njhs_29_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hypertension remains one of the important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and a major global public health problem. Left ventricular hypertrophy is a recognised complication of systemic hypertension and strongly predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In Nigeria, few studies have tested the sensitivity and specificity of multiple electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria in the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) amongst hypertensives although it is a commonly used diagnostic method. This study sets out to determine the sensitivity and specificity various ECG criteria of LVH amongst patients with hypertension. Methodology: One hundred and seventy-eight hypertensives were recruited consecutively into the study. They all had ECG done using standard methodology. They all had echocardiography done to assess the presence of echocardiographic LVH. ECG-LVH was determined using various ECG criteria. Results: The various ECG criteria for the diagnosis of LVH were lower in sensitivities (23.5%–38.6%) compared to specificities (64.1%–72.9%). The Cornell voltage (CV) criterion had the combination of the highest sensitivity and specificity at 38.6% and 72.9%, respectively. The Massoleini criterion (MC) had similar values with CV criteria with sensitivity of 38.6% and specificity of 72.9%. The Romhilt criterion had a high specificity of 64.1% but low in sensitivity (23.5%). The sensitivity and specificity obtained for Sokolow–Lyon (SL) criterion were 28.9% and 64.0%, respectively. The corresponding values for Cornell product criterion were 34.6% and 69.4%, whereas those of Goldberger criterion were 34.4% and 68.0%. The prevalence of echocardiographic LVH was 32.4%. Conclusion: CV, SL and MC ECG criteria had the best combination of sensitivities and specificities and therefore are good testing criteria for LVH in patients with hypertension.","PeriodicalId":19310,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"34 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85993889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}