Northern Journal of Applied Forestry最新文献

{"title":"Changes in the Fuel Pellet Industry in the Lake States 2005 to 2008","authors":"W. Luppold, T. Mace, A. Weatherspoon, Keith Jacobson","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.204","url":null,"abstract":"Premium fuel pellets are popular for home heating fuel and standard fuel pellets are finding increased use for electrical generation. In 2005, 41 percent of the fiber feed stock used to produce pellets in the Lake States was wood residue, 27 percent waste paper or agricultural residue, and 32 percent multiple or unspecified fiber feed stocks. Between 2005 and 2008, the number of wood pellet processing facilities in the region nearly doubled and this expansion required an additional 592 thousand dry tons of fiber feed stock. Currently, two facilities producing 67 thousand tons of pellets are under construction and four plants slated to produce an additional 600 thousand tons of product are in the planning stage. The primary product manufactured in these new or planned facilities will be commercial fuel pellets and the primary feed stock will be roundwood or harvest residues and paper and agriculture waste. The potential increase in the demand for lower quality roundwood by these new facilities could replace the declining demand for this material by the paper industry. However, if the fuel pellet industry continues to expand, it could bid roundwood away from the remaining pulp and paper mills.","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"204-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of Soil Compaction Associated with Four Ground-Based Harvesting Systems","authors":"Oscar Bustos, A. Egan","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.194","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"194-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of and Challenges Faced by Logging Business Owners in Southern New England","authors":"A. Egan","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.180","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"180-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.180","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nontarget Insects Caught on Emerald Ash Borer Purple Monitoring Traps in Western Pennsylvania","authors":"M. Skvarla, J. D. Holland","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.219","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"219-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Composition of Beech-Dominated Northern Hardwood Understories in Northern Maine","authors":"A. Nelson, R. Wagner","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.186","url":null,"abstract":"regeneration and pole-sized beech densities (Jones et al. 1989, Bohn and Nyland 2003, Nolet et al. 2008), but with larger gap/patch openings, beech densities can be reduced while allowing shade-tolerant sugar maple to grow beneath shade-intolerant species that establish after harvest (Leak 1999). Subsequent timber stand improvement can then be used to shift species compositions to sugar maple and yellow birch (Leak and Smith 1997). Shelterwood harvests can favor beech-dominated understories when residual beech regeneration remains, root suckering increases, and harvests occur on mid-quality sites, because beech is typically more competitive than sugar maple on sites low in calcium and nitrogen (Boerner and Koslowsky 1989, Long et al. 1997). Preharvest site preparation (Kelty and Nyland 1981) and postharvest herbicide applications (Ostrofsky and McCormack 1986) can be effective strategies for promoting the establishment of sugar maple and yellow birch when combined with even-aged management. Advances in forest herbicide technology, including precise application rates, make it possible to test the performance of treatments designed to release desirable hardwood species from understory beech cover, similar to northern conifer release treatments (sensu Newton et al. 1992, Wagner and Robinson 2006). The high susceptibility of beech and low susceptibility of sugar maple to moderate glyphosate rates (Ostrofsky and McCormack 1986, Pitt et al. 1992, 1993) makes this herbicide an ideal candidate for testing the selective removal of beech and preservation of sugar maple following shelterwood harvests. We hypothesized that by systematically adjusting the glyphosate rate and surfactant concentration that a treatment combination could be identified that produced maximum beech control and minimal injury to sugar maple and other desirable hardwood species. The objectives of this study were to (1) document the relative susceptibility of five major hardwood species in Maine northern hardwood stands (beech, sugar maple, red maple, striped maple, and yellow birch) to various combinations of glyphosate herbicide (Accord Concentrate) and surfactant (EnTree 5735); (2) identify an optimal combination of glyphosate rate and surfactant concentration that produced the highest level of beech control and lowest level of sugar maple injury; and (3) determine whether the results produced using hydraulic nozzle applications (which were required to precisely control herbicide and surfactant application rates) were transferable to mistblower applications that would typically be used for industrial herbicide applications.","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"186-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economics of Coharvesting Smallwood by Chainsaw and Skidder for Crop Tree Management in Missouri","authors":"P. Becker, E. Bilek, T. Cunningham, M. Bill, M. Calvert, J. Jensen, M. Norris, T. Thompson","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.214","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the case studies reported here was to quantify actual timber revenues, the production rates and hourly machine costs of conventional harvest equipment (chainsaw and skidder), and the cost of loading and transporting timber from the woods to the mill. This permitted an assessment of the net operating revenues to loggers generated by forest improvement harvests using BMPs and crop tree management in the Missouri Ozarks. Our aim was to assess whether these harvest practices were an affordable option for loggers and landowners. Neither silvicultural prescriptions nor harvest practices were modified for this study, which measured outcomes based on actual costs and revenues. The loggers were exceptional in that all but one team were state or regional loggers of the year, and all incorporated smallwood harvesting in their normal operations. The low capital cost of their equipment was, however, typical of family logging operations, which predominate in the Missouri Ozarks. Materials and Methods Site Descriptions and Silvicultural Prescriptions Four upland oak or oak-hickory stands in the Missouri Ozarks were selected on the basis of the willingness of landowners and their loggers to participate in the study. All stands had some sawtimber 70 years old. Slope varied from 0% to 50%, and soils were mainly silt loams varying in depth from 1 to 8 ft. Our harvests occurred in 2008 and 2009, at least 30 years after the previous harvest. We studied a variety of approaches to crop tree management to better assess the economic feasibility of forest improvement harvests. At all sites, professional foresters selected individual crop trees (e.g., Iffrig et al. 2008) and marked trees for felling. Additionally, some group openings due to mortality or current prescription occurred at Sites II and IV. Two sites (II and III) had been harvested under crop tree management for at least three decades and were already producing sawtimber of greater size and quality than the other two sites, which had experienced only diameter-limit cuts. These groups were further dichotomized by the extent of FSI performed (greatest at Sites I and II). Smallwood consequently made up very different proportions of harvested timber volume and revenue among the sites. We have reported the results for individual sites so that readers can better judge their generality. Stand Inventories Preharvest inventories of trees l.5 in. dbh with a basal area factor prism of 10 followed standard procedures (Missouri Department of Conservation 2007). Postharvest damage was assessed for all live trees 5 in. dbh in 7 or 12 plots of 0.1 ac each, established in a systematic grid at about 3% sampling intensity. The boundary of the harvest area was mapped with a GPS device, as were the location of log decks within the harvest area and skid trails with three or more hauls to measure their areas. Work and Production Records Loggers were financially compensated for their time to record production data and","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"214-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.214","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) and Beech Scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.) in Michigan from 2005 to 2009","authors":"D. Wieferich, D. McCullough, D. Hayes, Nancy J. Schwalm","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"173-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.173","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foresters' Perceptions of Family Forest Owner Willingness to Participate in Forest Carbon Markets","authors":"D. Wade, C. Moseley","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.199","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"199-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Height Growth Model and Associated Growth Intercept Models for Estimating Site Index in Black Spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) Plantations in Northern Ontario, Canada","authors":"M. Kwiaton, Jian R. Wang, Douglas E B Reid","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.3.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.129","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"129-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.129","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid aspen response to shearing in Minnesota: Implications for biomass production","authors":"G. Domke, A. David, A. D’Amato, A. Ek, Gary W. Wycoff","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.3.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.117","url":null,"abstract":"There is great potential for the production of woody biomass feedstocks from hybrid aspen stands; however, little is known about the response of these systems to silvicultural treatments, such as shearing. We sought to address this need by integrating results from more than 20 years of individual tree and yield measurements in hybrid aspen (Populus tremuloides Mich. P. tremula L.) stands in north central Minnesota. Specifically, tree and stand-level responses are described in terms of sucker density, early diameter and height characteristics, volume, and biomass production. Overall, shearing treatments increased the density of hybrid aspen stems, relative to preshear densities at the same age. In addition, average stem diameter and volume as well as stand-level biomass were considerably greater in hybrid aspen stands relative to similarly aged native aspen stands also established via shearing treatment. These findings illustrate that coppice systems using hybrid aspen provide great potential to rapidly produce biomass feedstocks, with little management investment.","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"125 22 1","pages":"117-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}