Nigerian Journal of Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Blood and urinary parasites and associated risk factors in a rural community in Abia State, Nigeria","authors":"C. Okosa, O. M. Ukpai, Q. O. Lawrence, B. C. Chukwuemeka, P. O. Ikpi","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i1.10","url":null,"abstract":"The environment, climate, social behaviour, and economic factors make developing countries vulnerable to parasitic infections. A cross-sectional study was conducted (Dec 2017-May 2018) to determine the prevalence of blood and urine parasites in Obizi, Amakama-Olokoro, a rural community in Umuahia South LGA, Abia State. Blood and urine samples were collected from 284 respondents. Sample analyses were done using Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kits and microscopy for blood and centrifugal sedimentation method for urine. Socio-demographic data and risk factors were collected with structured questionnaires. Statistical analysis was done using the Pearson’s Chi-square, with the PAST Statistical package. The results showed an overall blood parasitic prevalence of 32.4%. Plasmodium falciparum recorded the highest prevalence of 28.17% by RDT and 30.6% by microscopy. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense occurred as a mixed infection (1.8%). Schistosoma haematobium had a prevalence of 3.9%. Socio-demographic data showed there were more females (67.3%); more persons in the age group 61-70 years (31.0%) and more farmers (38.0%) in the studied population. More females were infected with Plasmodium falciparum (34.6%) while more males were infected with Schistosoma haematobium (8.6%) P. falciparum occurred in all the age groups. S. haematobium occurred only in three age groups with the highest prevalence found in the age group (11-20) years (26.9%). Malaria infection was higher in those who did not use ITNs (37.1%). Some reasons given for the non-usage of ITNs were high cost/non-availability and discomfort. Farming activities and swimming have been recognized as risk factors to the acquisition of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Schistosoma haematobium, respectively. Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Schistosoma haematobium still pose a serious health threat to the community. Eliminating vector breeding sites, the use of ITNs and changes in social behaviours will help reduce blood and urinary parasites and ensure a healthier and economically viable community. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48830087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Assessment of anti plasmodial activity of Albizia chevalieri extracts against Plasmodium falciparum","authors":"H. Labaran, H. U. Aliyu, A. Galadima, A. Sarki, M. Babangida","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants play a key role in malaria control in Africa, especially in remote areas where health facilities are limited. This study was carried out with the aim to investigate the anti plasmodial activity of Albizia chevalieri against Plasmodium falciparum. The three aerial parts of Albizia chevalieri were extracted using methanol via maceration process. Anti plasmodial assay was carried out in duplicate in the 96-well microtitre plate. The anti Plasmodial activity of A. chevalieri methanolic extracts observed in this study may be attributed to the presence of some bioactive compounds. The effect of A. chevalieri methanolic extracts and reference drugs showed a decrease in percentage parasitaemia with increasing concentration. With regard to concentrations administered, a dose-dependent antimalarial activity was clearly shown for crude extract, isolates and the reference drugs. Artemether, the root isolate and leaf isolate exhibited a remarkable antiplasmodial activity. Root, leaf extracts and the pure isolates when compared with the standard drug that has the highest percentage inhibition shows no significance difference at (P>0.05). However, when compared with the other drugs such as Chloroquine, Quinine shows a significance percentage inhibition difference at (P>0.05). Considering the inhibitory effect of A. chevalieri methanol extracts on the growth of P. falciparum as reported in this study, it is concluded that the anti plasmodial activity of the plant on P. falciparum suggests its potency in the treatment of malaria infection. Further study on this plant is on-going to isolate, identify and characterize the bioactive compounds from this plant responsible for this bioactivity, and also to carry- out the drug synthesis.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45111630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haemoparasitic infection and haematological parameters of cattle slaughtered at four abattoirs in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"A. Yusuf, A. Dambo, S. Luka, A.M. Bringa","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i1.9","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate and provide information on the prevalence and haematological parameters of haemoparasites in cattle slaughtered in selected abattoirs in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. A total of 384 blood samples were randomly collected between January and July 2021 and screened for haemoparasites by examining Giemsa-stained thin blood smears. TRBC count, TWBC count, PCV, Hb concentration and DLC were determined using standard methods. An overall parasitaemia of 10.68% was recorded for Anaplasma centrale 14 (3.65%), Anaplasma marginale 11 (2.86%), Theileria mutans and Babesia bigemina with 8 (2.08%) each. Abattoir-specific prevalence indicated 13 (3.39%), 11 (2.86%), 9 (2.34%) and 8 (2.08%) for Unguwa-Uku, Kano central, Bachirawa and Tudun-Wada abattoirs respectively (p>0.05). Young cattle had a significantly (p<0.05) higher prevalence of 11.58% compared to adults with 8.08%. Gender-related parasitaemia revealed that females had higher prevalence of 10.73% than males with 10.60% which was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Breed-specific prevalence showed 9.24%, 11.54% and 16.67% for White Fulani, Red Bororo and Sokoto Gudali respectively, which was statistically significant (p<0.05). Season-related parasitaemia showed that dry season had higher prevalence of 13.54% compared to rainy season with 7.81% which was statistically significant (p<0.05). All haematological parameters were within the recognized reference intervals for cattle. Significant decrease in mean values of PCV, TRBC and slight increase in TWBC was recorded. Routine treatment of animals and regular vector control to reduce the prevalence of haemoparasites in the study area is highly recommended.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42669407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle at the Kumasi abattoir","authors":"F. Sallu, D. Asare, N.T. Aseno, D. Essel-Cobbinah, B. Emikpe","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus in slaughtered cattle at the Kumasi abattoir. A total of one hundred (100) slaughtered cattle were sampled randomly (60-bulls and 40 cows) with preputial wash and vaginal lavage collected after slaughter for laboratory analysis using Wet-mount technique. Data obtained were analyzed by descriptive statistics using MS Excel and the results expressed in percentages and graphs. The prevalence of bovine Tritrichomoniasis was 34% with the cows recording 20% and the bulls 14% of the sampled population. Out of the cows sampled, twenty (20) were positive representing 50% and out of the bulls sampled, fourteen (14) were positive representing 23.3%. This clearly shows that cows had the highest prevalence compared to the bulls, therefore sex has a significant effect on the infection, since p˂0.05. The WASH and the Zebu cattle had relatively higher % positivity of 41.7% and 40.7%. N’dama cattle recorded 28.6% positivity which was same as the 28.6% positivity in the White Fulani, while the Sanga breed recorded the least positivity (21.4%) of the infection. Breed of cattle however had no significant effect on infection (p>0.05). The highest prevalence of Tritrichomonas infection was 47.2% in adult cattle of 4 years old whiles adult cattle of 3 years old had a prevalence rate of 28.6% whereas cattle of 2 years of age recorded the lowest prevalence rate of 22.7%. However, age had no significant effect (p>0.05) on the infection. Further studies should be conducted to ascertain the rate of infection in the country by using a larger sample size. In order to reduce the level of infection it is advisable to screen all breeding bulls and cull the affected ones.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44588965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water closets as breeding sites for Aedes mosquitoes in dry seasons","authors":"C. Ojianwuna, V. Enwemiwe","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i1.19","url":null,"abstract":"The challenges of reducing vectors that transmit diseases such as mosquitoes have been very tasking, especially in dry seasons where there are no visible  breeding habitats. The identification of these breeding habitats and control measures during dry periods are important in the integrated control approach. This study assessed various water closets to ascertain the occurrence and density of mosquitoes and the physicochemical parameters of the water in a University in Southern Nigeria. Water closets in the main campus and its annexes were examined for either the presence or absence of immature stages and adult mosquitoes. Mosquito density in each sampled closet was determined. Water parameters were taken using standard techniques. The association between the density of immature stages and adults with water parameters was equally determined. Mosquitoes were morphologically identified. Hydrogen ion concentration (7.57), electrical conductivity (498.60 μS/cm), and salinity (249.20 ppm) were highest in closets with mosquitoes compared to the closets without mosquitoes. Significant differences were observed between all the sampled water parameters of closets with and without mosquitoes (p< 0.05). Mean larval density (40.77) and occurrence were higher than eggs, pupal and adults. All adult mosquitoes (49) identified was Aedes aegypti. Out of the closets sampled, 48.2% had  mosquitoes. Temperature and Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) positively influenced larval and pupae density while conductivity and salinity showed no correlation to all stages of mosquitoes. This study revealed that closets in this area also serve as reservoir habitats for Aedes aegypti especially when they are not in use during dry seasons and has implications for disease transmission in the region. This requires urgent awareness and prompt public health interventions.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44714700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hunting: A risk factor associated with malaria infection in Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria","authors":"F. Akande, O. Ejilude, O. Adelakun, A. Idowu","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i1.","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i1.","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is a known major health problem affecting half of the world’s population. The disease prevalence is associated with some occupational risks. The aim of this study was to determine malaria prevalence among hunters in Ogun state, southwest Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were administered on 212 consenting hunters whose blood samples were collected. The blood samples were screened for Plasmodium species by microscopy using both thin and thick blood smears. Blood parameters were monitored in both infected and non-infected hunters; Packed Cell Volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration, WBC count, and RBC count. Plasmodium falciparum was observed in the blood of 38 hunters (17.9%), of which three had a PCV of ≤ 33%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of Plasmodium parasite and gender of the hunters but there was a significant difference with PCV, RBC, haemoglobin concentration, age, sleeping in the bush, mosquito bite, level of education and hunting experience of the hunters as regards Plasmodium infection. With the prevalence recorded from this study, there is need for hunters to be educated on the risk of malaria and the need to use insecticide treated nets, repellents and protective clothing during their hunting adventures. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44934060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among school children In Ago Aduloju Community, Ado LGA of Ekiti State, Nigeria","authors":"F. Oluwafemi, T. Oluwadare, B. Fasuba, C. Faeji, O. Kukoyi, I. O. Oni, E. J. Akele, S.O. Uzoayia","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i1.18","url":null,"abstract":"Schistosomiasis is a common neglected tropical disease in sub-Saharan Africa, with the greatest number of infected people residing in Nigeria. Several factors have been shown to facilitate the continuous transmission of schistosomiasis in endemic countries, especially water activity in freshwater bodies where the snail vector lives and socio-economic factors. Available control efforts rely on epidemiological information for better targeting of intervention; however, this information is lacking in some research-naive communities in Ekiti State. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the prevalence of schistosomiasis in the Ago-Aduloju community. The urine sample was collected from 315 consenting community-based school children and screened for schistosomiasis infection using the filtration technique. Data were gathered utilizing questionnaires and laboratory analysis. 315 participants within the age range of 5-19 years comprising 55.2% males, 44.8% females were examined. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was found to be 6.35% with 4.44% in females and 1.91% in males. Among the participant, the questionnaire revealed 84.1% and 95.6% had received praziquantel and albendazole, respectively. 6.41% of the participant who took praziquantel tested positive for schistosomiasis infection. Haematuria was positive in 0.95% of participants. Although 61.3% of participants are aware of schistosomiasis infection, none of them knew the intermediate host involved in the transmission. The findings showed that there is a significant difference (p>0.05) between respondents that have taken praziquantel and those that are positive for schistosomiasis. Conclusively, the study revealed that schistosomiasis is still of concern among the school children in the Ago-Aduloju community and that continuous Mass Drug Administration and health education is imperative to sensitize and educate the school children on transmission, risk, and prevention of schistosomiasis.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44238686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Necrophagous arthropods associated with Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Carrion in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria","authors":"E. Umeh, O. Nmorsi","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i1.16","url":null,"abstract":"Carrion is an ecosystem in which different fauna arrive and depart at different times. The arrival time and the growth rate of organisms inhabiting carrion are used to determine circumstances surrounding deaths. Studies on Arthropods associated with Rattus norvegicus carrion have great potential in forensic investigations. The present study was undertaken to determine the abundance of some forensically important arthropods on the carrion of rats buried at different depths namely; 0.6m & 1.21m and on the soil surface in six successions in Abraka, Delta State Nigeria. Entomological analysis was carried out on the carrion by standard procedure. Site climatic factors such as temperature and relative humidity were recorded using a digital thermo-hygrometer. A total of 531 Arthropods consisting of Chrysomya species 61(11.4%), Streblognathus aethiopicus 82(15.4%), Musca domestica 55(10.3%) Necrobia rufipes 35(6.5%) Heteronychus arator 38 (7.1%), Onitis sp. 50(9.4%), Saprinus chalcites 83(15.6%), Bryocharis analis 37(6.9%), Piesocorynus lateralis 25(4.7%), Acropteroxys gracilis 12(2.2%), Trochosa sp.5 (0.9%), Nicrophorus sp. 5(0.9%), Solenopsis sp. 26(4.8%), Cartharsius triconutus 1(0.1%), Margaritus feedatus 6(1.1%) Diaperis sp. 4(0.7%), Olibrus liquidus 4(0.7%), Erytus sp. 1(0.1%) and Julus sp. 1(0.1%) were collected from Rattus norvegicus carrion. The difference in the relative abundance of these necrophagous organisms was statistically significant (F=7.168, p<0.05). More arthropods were collected on the soil surface (51.9%) than 0.61m depth (27.4%) and 1.21m depth (20.5%) and these differences were statistically different (F=2.904, p<0.05). The relative humidity showed a positive correlation with relative abundance (r= 0.49). The organisms collected during the wet months were more in abundance than in the dry months and the difference was statistically significant (t= 0.6736, p<0.05). It is hoped that the data in this study will contribute to post-mortem interval monitoring and forensic investigation in our locality.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49651290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence and risk factors associated with Eimeria species infections in Clarias gariepinus and Heteroclarias species","authors":"A. D. Adah, S. Lawal, S. Oniye, O.O. Okunbabjo, S. Ola-Fadunsin, A. Adah","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Eimeria infection can cause a serious health risk to fish in the wild and especially to the fish production enterprise. Eimeria species are a group of protozoan parasites common in many fish farming systems with little information available on the occurrence, impact, and risks associated with the infection in fish populations. This study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence and risk factors associated with Eimeria species infections in three hundred and seventy-six Clarias gariepinus and Heteroclarias species from some selected fish farms in Kaduna state, Nigeria. Using direct smear techniques, oocysts were recovered from the mucous and intestinal content of the fish. Data on the risk factors were obtained by administering a well-structured questionnaire to the fish farmers. An overall prevalence of 30.3 % was obtained for the apicomplexan parasite of the genus Eimeria. The monthly prevalence of Eimeria species infection among fish was highest in October and the lowest in July. Some risk factors were significantly (p <0.05) associated with fishes in the univariate model. Sex of fish, level of formal education of farmers, feeding of fish with dead poultry and fish, and the number of ponds in a fish farm were the significant risk factors in the multivariate model. This finding indicates that Eimeria species infection is endemic and of great concern among the fish population, thereby posing significant health problems. There is a need for improved fish management practices and biosecurity protocols.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41244608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization and species differentiation of Fasciola parasite isolated from cattle slaughtered at Sokoto modern abattoir, Nigeria","authors":"M. Salihu, A. Musawa, B. Garba, Y. Yakubu, M. Bello, A. A. Magaji, A. Junaidu, A. Jibril, F. M. Ballah, C. Achi","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i1.14","url":null,"abstract":"Fascioliasis is an important zoonotic disease endemic in many African countries, causing significant financial losses due to reduced productivity and visceral condemnation at slaughter. Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica are the main causative agents of fascioliasis in domestic animals and humans. Traditional species differentiation based on their morphometric characteristics is subjective and can be challenging. This study was undertaken to identify the Fasciola species associated with cattle infection using a molecular approach. Thirty-eight Fasciola parasite samples collected from cattle slaughtered at the Sokoto modern abattoir were characterised by PCR-RFLP analysis of ITS1 and ITS2 genes using RsaI restriction enzyme, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. The results revealed that the isolates belonged to the F. gigantica species based on RFLP patterns. Similarly, phylogenetic results showed clustering with F. gigantica when compared with sequences from neighbouring African countries obtained from the GenBank. This study affirmed that F. gigantica is the predominant Fasciola species affecting cattle in Sokoto state, Nigeria. The results also demonstrate the discriminatory potentials of RFLP and its ability to determine genetic variability among Fasciola Parasites.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47834836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}