Nigerian Journal of Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Baseline epidemiological assessment of urinary schistosomiasis among school children in Okpoto District, Southeast Nigeria","authors":"F. Okoh, O. N. Akoma, P. U. Eze","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"This cross-sectional survey was set out to identify and describe urinary schistosomiasis and associated factors among school-aged children in a rural Okpoto District, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; given the relevance and scarce scientific information about the epidemiology of the infection in the area. Sedimentation and light microscopic methods were used to examine 180 urine samples of randomly selected school-aged children from three primary schools in the community for Schistosoma haematobium eggs. While relevant epidemiological data were collected using questionnaires, further laboratory investigations were conducted to estimate the amount of blood in the urine. The result of urine microscopy showed that 10 % of all the specimens examined were positive for S. haematobium, amongst which a prevalence of 16.7 % was recorded amongst males and 6.7 % among females. The prevalence of infection with S. haematobium was higher in the group 9-12 years (14.1 %) than in the 5-8 years age group (6.3 %); while Central School Lobasa had 6.6 %, Ukwuachi Primary School had 23.3 % and none detected among pupils from Ndieze Primary School. Results of the urine reagent strip showed 0 %, 20 % and 0 % positives in pupils from Central School Lobasa, Ukwuachi Primary School, and Ndieze Primary School, respectively. The outcome of this investigation confirmed that urine containing blood contains schistosome eggs. The related environmental, as well as host behavioural factors identified in this study, suggest that the overall prevalence of schistosomiasis in this area could be fast-increasing, with attendant morbidity and mortality implications. This effort, therefore, provides an appropriate basis for further investigation; urgent implementation and sustenance of relevant control interventions.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47857679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaria infection: knowledge, attitude and perception among the inhabitants of Shongom Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria","authors":"I. Nassai, M. S. Pukuma, G. Chessed, I. Z. Kunihya, J. Seni, N.H. Kure, P. Godwin","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is a life-threatening disease transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Human behaviour contributes significantly to malaria transmission. The study aimed to investigate malaria infection in relation to the knowledge, attitudes, and perception of participants in Shongom LGA. Gombe State. Consent was sought from the participants, 377 people were enrolled, blood samples were collected, and a thick blood smear was performed to check the presence of malaria parasites. Information of the participants i.e., gender, age, employment and marital status, knowledge, attitudes, and perception of malaria was obtained through the administration of questionnaires, SPSS version 26.0 was used for the data analysis. Of the 377 participants tested for malaria, 144(38.2%) were positive. Assessment of knowledge of participants with regards to malaria revealed, that 112(29.7%) opined that malaria is transmitted through a mosquito bite, fever 66(17.5%) is the major sign/symptom of malaria, 50(13.3%) used LLIN for malaria protection p>0.05 which is statistically insignificant. Investigation of the attitudes of the participants in relation to malaria showed that 123(32.6%) infected with malaria stayed outdoors at night, the major reason for staying outdoors at night was to get fresh air 45(36.6%) p<0.05 which is statistically significant, while outdoors at night, 63(20.8%) do nothing to protect themselves from mosquito bites p>0.05 which is statistically insignificant. With regards to the perception of malaria, 71(18.8%) said malaria is common during the rainy season, and 77(20.0%) opted that males are more susceptible to malaria, and mostly affects adults as revealed by 66(15.9%), however, 90(23.9%) said malaria is curable and 98(26.0%) said malaria is a common illness in the communities p>0.05 which is statistically insignificant. 134(35.5%) said that malaria can cause death p<0.05 which is statistically significant, and 76(20.2%) opined that malaria is a communicable disease p>0.05 which is statistically insignificant. Concern authorities should strategies and prioritize behavioural change to reduce malaria transmission.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41975098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Succession pattern of insects in relation to drowning and poisoning of Rattus norvegicus at Delta State University, Abraka, Southern Nigeria","authors":"C. Ojianwuna, V. Enwemiwe","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic study using insects is a veritable tool for tracing crime and cruelty cases. In recent times, forensics is gaining local or international attention. Poisoning and drowning are similar criminal cases occurring in Nigeria, thus, this present study determined insects associated with decaying carcasses of rats drowned and poisoned in Site III, of Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria. Poisoned and drowned rats were positioned at several mapped spots in undeveloped bushy paths close to the uncompleted University library in replicates. Albino Wistar rats of 0.25 to 0.30kg were killed by poisoning and drowning. The carcasses were observed daily, between the hours of 8 am and 6 pm, with a minimum observation time of one hour per sample. A total of 1318 insect belonging to 3 Orders, 6 Families and 7 insect species was encountered in this study. Musca domestica, Sarcophaga albiceps and Calliphora viciniam were common species associated with poisoning and drowning of rats. Six hundred and eighty-nine (689) insects accounting for 52.3% was recovered from drowned rats while poisoned rats accounted for (12.37%) of insect species as compared to control (35.36%). The differences were significant (p < 0.05). More insects were collected during the decay stage of the drowned carcass (53.17%). The overall duration for decomposition was not significantly faster (F= 0.89, p > 0.05) for drowned carcass (mean ± SD= 21.43 ± 9.10 days) in poisoned carcass (mean ± SD= 9.53 ± 1.75 days) and control (mean ± SD= 13.21 ±2.20 days). The results of this present study have shown that poisoning inhibited insect abundance. The occurrence of dipterans in all stages is an indication that they can be adopted as key species to determining poison and drowned carcasses. Though future studies are required studies to confirm this is required to develop the succession status in forensic entomology studies using other animal models.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48246509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Status of bovine fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis in cattle slaughtered in abattoirs, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria","authors":"Clement Ameh Yaro, T.M. Abdulazeez, U. U. Afia, I.H. Udoudom, A. E. Onoja-Abutu, K. Opara","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i2.16","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to investigate the current status of bovine fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis in cattle slaughtered in abattoirs, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Visits were paid to slaughtered houses to collect bile samples from slaughtered cattle between 6.00 and 8.00 a.m. on each sampling day. A total of 378 cattle were observed for the presence of Fasciola spp., and Dicrocoelium spp. Bile samples collected were processed using sedimentation methods and viewed under the microscope for the eggs of these parasites. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were performed. An overall prevalence of 280(74.1%) was observed for Fasciola spp., the prevalence was higher at Abak abattoir, 118(80.8%) than Itam abattoir, 162(69.8%). Dicrocoelium spp. had an overall prevalence of 260(68.8%) with Itam abattoir having significantly higher prevalence of 172(74.1%) than Abak abattoir, 88(60.3%). Females [28(77.8%)] had higher prevalence of Fasciola spp. than males [252(73.7%)] while for Dicrocoelium spp, females [28(77.8%)] had higher prevalence than male [232(67.8%)]. The age group of 5-6 years had the highest prevalence of 58(85.3%) for Fasciola spp. and 52(76.5%) for Dicrocoelium spp. Significant difference was observed in the prevalence of Fasciola spp. according to age group. An overall coinfection of 222(58.7%) was observed between Fasciola spp. and Dicrocoelium spp. Fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis are still endemic in Akwa Ibom State with very high prevalence, this calls for urgent measures in the handling of meat before consumption. Also, the need for proper ranching in the rearing of cattle should be adopted in the state.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43334783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization of babesia species infecting dogs (Canis familiaris) in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria","authors":"S. Obeta, A. Lawal, A. Natala, N. Ogo, M. Opara, O. Jegede, E. Balogun","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by an intra-erythrocytic protozoan of the genus Babesia. The genus contains a large number of species capable of infecting a variety of mammalian hosts, including humans. Misdiagnosis of the infection is a major setback in disease management, monitoring, and control. Therefore, timely and precise identification of infecting Babesia species is critical. This study aimed at detecting and characterizing the Babesia species infecting dogs in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja. Blood samples were collected from apparently healthy dogs (n=480), thin smears were prepared, Giemsa-stained, and examined under a microscope. DNA was extracted from positive blood samples (n=15), and PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA gene was performed using generic primers. PCR products were purified, electrophoresed on 1.5% agarose gels and thereafter, sequenced bidirectionally. The prevalence of Babesia species in thin smear was 3.1%. The prevalence in the six Area Councils was 5.0%, 3.75%, 2.5%, 2.5%, 2.5% and 2.5% for Gwagwalada, Municipal, Bwari, Kuje, Kwali and Abaji respectively. The prevalence in relation to age was 3.87% in dogs >1year old and 1.76% in dogs ≤ 1 year old. Prevalence by breed, was 4.38% in exotic dogs, 3.23% in local and 2.35% in crossbred. The prevalence in relation to sex was 3.96% in males and 2.37% in females. The BLAST search was carried out in the NCBI database, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using nucleotide sequences in GenBank. Electrophoresed PCR products revealed a band size of about 612bp. Blast in NCBI demonstrated 100% similarity with Babesia canis vogeli nucleotide sequences. This study reaffirmed the molecular identification of B. c. vogeli in apparently healthy dogs in Nigeria and it may be of clinical importance to veterinary clinicians in the management and control of the disease.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41513946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of coccidial infection on growth of broilers raised on different litter materials in a deep litter system","authors":"H. Usman-Yamman, I. Ejima, H. Idris, A. Adamu","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i2.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i2.19","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was carried out on broiler chickens to evaluate the effects of coccidial infection on the growth rate of broilers raised on different litter materials. Sixty-day-old broiler chicks, each weighing an average of 33.3 g, were randomly divided into four treatments of deep litter materials: sawdust, maize cob, groundnut husk and fallen leaves. Average weight was recorded, and faecal samples were collected weekly for eight weeks and analysed using the floatation technique. About 34% of the weekly faecal samples collected were infected with Coccidia. There was no significant difference in the intensity (Geometric Mean Intensity, GMI) of coccidial Oocyst in the different litter materials (p>0.05; Fcal=0.62;d.f=3/28). The growth parameters tested in the experiment were body weight and body weight gain. Broilers on sawdust and maize cob gained more body weight with over 25% growth rate. Significant differences in growth were observed between the different litters; sawdust and maize cub; sawdust and groundnut husk; and sawdust and fallen leaves (p<0.05). The result of the variance analysis showed that coccidial infection does not affect the growth rate of the broilers at (p>0.05), and this was irrespective of the litter they were raised on. It can therefore be stated that maize cob, groundnut husk and fallen leaves could be used as an alternate litter to the commonly used sawdust which may reduce the high demand for sawdust and subsequently fall in price.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45934000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in slaughtered cattle at Lafenwa Municipal Abattoir, Ogun State","authors":"T. Adewumi, O. A. Akinkuotu, R.T. Shoyombo-Amusa, O. A. Adekoya, N. Okwelum, A. Akinkuotu","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in slaughtered cattle at a municipal abattoir in Ogun State was determined by acid-fast staining of stools. Using formalin ethyl acetate sedimentation followed by modified kinyoun’s acid fast staining of 280 faecal samples collected, 105 (37.5%) were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Infection was higher in females and nondiarrhoeic cattle than males and diarrhoeic animals respectively. However, there were no statistical differences (p>0.05) between the sexes and stool consistencies in Cryptosporidium infection. The highest infection rate, 51.2%, was recorded in the Red Bororo breed while the lowest rate, 17.0%, was recorded in the Sokoto Gudali breed. This study showed that cattle slaughtered at the abattoir were mostly infected with Cryptosporidium which may have serious economic, veterinary, and public health implications to beef consumers, abattoir, and farm workers within the state.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45286114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Choice of tools for routine malaria diagnosis among diagnostic Centres in Urban settings of Anambra State, Nigeria.","authors":"C. Egbuche, F.G. Egbuche, A. E. Nwafia, C. Nwadike, F. Samuel, A. Anyasodor","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i1.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i1.20","url":null,"abstract":"As malaria elimination efforts continue to show promise, the diagnostic services require constant review to ensure effective treatment. This study was aimed at determining the choice of tools for routine malaria diagnosis in Anambra State. The research was a cross sectional study carried out in 2019 and 2021, using the total population sampling technique to enrol diagnostic centres. Data were collected using pretested questionnaire, and analysed using Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test and Chi-square test at a 5% significance level. Microscopy and RDT usage were 73.6% and 68.1% respectively, with 41.8% overlap (p > 0.05). Overall RDT usage was higher, 69.7% than Microscopy usage with 63.6% in Hospital-based Laboratories (p > 0.05). Overall Microscopy usage, ranging from 72.5% to 80.0% was higher than RDT in Private Laboratories, Government-owned Laboratories and Private-owned Laboratories (p > 0.05). SD-Bioline® (38.7%) and Carestat® (35.5%) were the most commonly used RDTs (p < 0.05). Overall usage of thick and thin blood films were: 74.6% and 37.3% respectively, with 11.9% overlap (p < 0.05). Giemsa stain had higher, 78.0% usage in preparing thick blood films than Field stain with 22.0 % (p < 0.05). Usage of Giemsa, Leishman and Field’s stain for thin blood film were: 64.0%, 20.0% and 16.0% respectively (p < 0.05). All the diagnostic centres (100%) report positive and negative results as ‘seen’ and ‘not seen’; with 3.0% of them identifying Plasmodium species while 97.0% report as ‘malaria parasite’ (p < 0.05). Regarding intensity, 1.5% of the diagnostic centres use ‘parasite count / μl of blood’ while 98.5% adopted ‘plus system’ (p < 0.05). Only Microscopy and RDT are used for routine diagnosis of malaria in the study area. However, not all the Microscopy components are used fully and according to standard. Reasons for the choice of tool / their components were given.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48872952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors and prevalence of porcine cysticercosis and epilepsy survey among human in Ibadan, Oyo state","authors":"A. Ololade, C. A. Olanrewaju, Y. Malann","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Taenia solium cysticercosis is a re-emerging zoonotic disease in the developing world and had been diagnosed in nonendemic regions following the migration of carriers. It is a neglected tropical disease and the leading cause of epilepsy. This work aimed to study the prevalence, risk factors of porcine cysticercosis, suitable management practice, and epilepsy survey in humans at Ibadan, Oyo state. This study was conducted from September 2018 to July 2019. 240 faecal samples collected from pigs were analysed with ethyl acetate sedimentation method. Questionnaires were administered to determine associated risk factors and occurrences of epilepsy. Faecal sample screening from the study shows a prevalence of 3.3%. Risk factors include management practice, access to clean drinking water and toilet facilities. The χ2 test of significance was significant for risk factors such as; management practice (p-value =0002), provision of water (p-value= 0.039), and toilet facilities (pvalue= 0.000). It is recommended that farmers provide clean drinking water for their pigs and keep them away from human settlement.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42183767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-treatment evaluation of urogenital schistosomiasis among elementary school children in Erin Osun, a peri-urban community in Irepodun Local Government Area, Osun State.","authors":"S.O. Oyelami, A.S. Oyibo, A. Olabanji, M. Adeleke, A. Odaibo","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v43i1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v43i1.17","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the post-treatment status of urogenital schistosomiasis among school-aged children in Erin Osun in Osun State, Nigeria. A total of 357 children from five elementary schools that had participated in the Osun State Elementary School Feeding and Health Programme (O-MEALS Programme) and received praziquantel as part of the deworming programme were examined for the study. Urine samples were collected and tested for microhaematuria and proteinuria using urinalysis reagent strips. The urine samples were further examined for Schistosoma haematobium ova. A snail survey was conducted in the River Awesin at the water contact points in the community. Out of the 357 participants examined, (4.2%) had S. haematobium infection; males had a higher prevalence (5.5%) than females (2.9%). Christ Apostolic Church Elementary School had the highest (7.2%) prevalence of infection while Ansar-Ud-Deen ‘A’ Elementary School had the least prevalence (1.5%). There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the prevalence between gender and between schools. The highest prevalence was recorded among children of age group 13-15years (20.0%) while the least was among the age group 5-8years, and there was a significant difference in the prevalence of infection between age groups (p < 0.05). The overall geometric mean intensity of infection was 1.14 eggs/10mls of urine. There was a high (52.9%) prevalence of proteinuria. However, 47.1% of the participants had no proteinuria, 43.7% had 1+ amount (0.3 g/L) and 1.9% had 3+ amount (5.0 g/L). The low prevalence (4.2%) and intensity (1.14 eggs/10ml) of S. haematobium infection, in this study, suggest a positive impact of the O-Meals programme, which used Praziquantel twice a year to treat the pupils. No snail intermediate host of S. haematobium was encountered during the survey. Continuous drug administration with the feeding initiative and provision of safe drinking water in the community will help sustain the current level of control.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42215230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}