Nigerian Journal of Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Seasonal Prevalence, Intensity and Risk Factors of Geohelminthiasis among Children in Peri-Urban Settings, Abraka, Southern, Nigeria","authors":"E. E. Ito, A. Egwunyenga","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.22","url":null,"abstract":"Geohelminthiasis among children in the Abraka metropolis is a serious public health concern. Atotal of 217 (124 and 93 for dry and wet seasons  respectively) schoolchildren between the ages of 4-12 years old were subjected to seasonal parasitological examination using structured questionnaires  and Kato-Katz techniques. A prevalence of 62.90 and 79.56% for dry and wet seasons were established with A. lumbricoides having the highest  prevalence. Statistically, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in geohelminths/coinfections and their seasonal prevalence. Principal component  analysis revealed that wet season correlated positively with Ascaris lumbricoides, A. lumbricoides + Trichuris trichiura and 2 moderately with T. trichiura and  T. trichiura + hookworm and hookworm. Chi-square (χ ) analysis revealed that the association in gender prevalence was not significant (p > 0.05) in both  seasons. The seasonal age prevalence was not significantly different (p > 0.05) except for T. trichiura whose age-gender prevalence in the wet season was  considered significant (p < 0.05). Geometric logarithmic mean EPG was higher in the dry season than wet season and the difference was not statistically  significant (p > 0.05). Personal hygiene as a risk factor showed that geohelminths were significantly (p <0.05) influenced by toilet paper usage, wadding in  stagnant waters, washing anal with hand after defecation, eating with unwashed 2 hands, and walking bare-footed. However, χ showed no significant  association in seasonal prevalence for all risk factors. Hookworm and T. trichiura prevalence was greatly (p < 0.05) influenced by parents’ economic status,  toilet facilities and waste disposal. Open garbage sites respondents exhibited the highest geohelminth prevalence. However, the water source  was not significantly affected (p > 0.05). The risk factors posed by the environment are less significant compared to personal hygiene. The seasons played  a significant role in the prevalence of geohelminths. The public health importance of these findings and the need to promote health education on  sanitation, eating habits and defecation are important in Abraka and its environs. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45832494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey of Bacterial Carriage by Musca domestica in Calabar Metropolis and Implication on Public Health","authors":"M. Mbah, N. Charity, C. Solomon","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.21","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to isolate the bacteria carried by houseflies (Musa domestica), determine the most occurring bacteria associated with houseflies  and assess the sanitary conditions of the different sampling locations in Calabar Metropolis. Samples were collected during September and October  2015. Perforated transparent plastic buckets and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles were used to collect houseflies from houses, food spots  (restaurants) and drinking spots located in Bogobiri, Goldie and Hawkings in Calabar. The samples were subjected to standard bacteriological analysis to  include cultures and biochemical identification. The results of the trap were 137 (51.1%) for the bucket trap and 131 (48.9%) for the Eva bottle trap.  Bogobiri location had the highest number of houseflies 95 (35.4%) followed by Hawking 90 (33.6%) and lastly Goldie with 83 (30.9%). and yielded the  following results: 13 (61.9%) of the sample had significant bacteria growth while 15 (71.4%) had insignificant bacteria growth. Among bacteria  isolated, Coliforms bacteria 5 (23.8%), Salmonella spp. 5 (23.8%), S. aureus 4 (19%) and Bacillusspp. 2 (9.5%). Hawking had the highest number of bacteria  isolated. The result of this survey has shown that the association of houseflies with street foods and drinks is a serious public health concern. Avoidance  of houseflies in our foods and drinks and good refuse dump disposal should be promoted. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46087111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of CD4 Count, Haemoglobin, and Intestinal Parasites Status of Cancer Patients Receiving Oncology Therapy in Calabar, Nigeria","authors":"I. Otu-Bassey, O. I. Inah, P.A. Omang","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is a human cellular error with a high mortality rate, especially in developing regions. Resolving this error with therapy may render patients  immunologically depressed and susceptible to opportunistic infections including parasitic. The gut parasites, Cluster of Differentiation four (CD4) cells  and haemoglobin (Hb) levels of cancer patients on oncology therapy in Calabar, Nigeria were studied. Stool and blood samples were collected from 317  (186 cancer and 131 apparently healthy) subjects. Parasites were identified using direct smear and formol ether concentration techniques while CD4 and  Hb estimation were done using BD-fascount and fluorescent flow cytometric techniques, respectively. Data were analysed using chi-square and  independent sample t-test. Overall parasitosis prevalence in this study was (27.44%) with cancer showing an association with intestinal parasitosis  (P=0.001) and CD4 level (P=0.002), respectively but none with Hb level. Parasiteinfected cancer subjects had significantly lower mean haemoglobin  concentration than their non-infected counterpart (t = - 4.869, P<0.001). Generally, cancer subjects on cancer treatment had an insignificantly lower  parasite and significantly lower CD4 levels compared to their non-treated counterpart (P = 0.829) and (P<0.001), respectively but their mean haemoglobin  levels were similar (P=0.701). Cancer subjects on chemotherapy alone had significantly higher parasite prevalence, 50.00% compared to 28.95% for those  on combined (surgery and chemotherapy) treatment (P=0.014), whereas the type of treatment showed no significant effect on CD4 and Hb levels.  Parasite occurrence was only pronounced (71.43%) among subjects with >12 months of treatment duration (P=0.1038). There was a correlation between  duration of treatment and CD4 levels (r = - 0.231, P<0.05) but none with haemoglobin levels (r = 0.024, P>0.05) of cancer subjects. In conclusion, although  this study has shown that cancer as a condition increases parasite prevalence and reduces mean CD4 counts in subjects, their haemoglobin levels were  not significantly affected, except for subjects with intestinal parasite infections. Treatment with cancer therapy did not also affect the haemoglobin  concentration, but significantly reduced the CD4 cell number of subjects. Subjects who had majorly, chemotherapy were mostly infected with the parasite  but with no noticeable effect on their CD4 and haemoglobin levels. A prolonged duration of treatment increased parasitosis and reduced the  CD4 level of subjects but did not affect haemoglobin levels. Apart from the oncological treatments given to cancer subjects, management of cancer  subjects should include parasitological examination and treatment, periodic monitoring of their hematologic profile and regular immune revitalization  procedures, especially for those placed on prolonged therapy. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48717505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intestinal parasitic infections among HIV/AIDS patients in relation to ART adherence in Nigeria","authors":"E. O. Udeh, R. Obiezue, C. B. Ikele, C. A. Otuu, I. Okoye, S. Eke, F. Okafor, O. Goselle, P. Jwanle, N. Iheanacho, P. O. Abba, N. Amali","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) cause morbidity among HIV-infected individuals. Poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) affects treatment  outcomes, especially in low-middle-income countries. The study evaluated the prevalence of IPI among HIV patients in relation to ART adherence  between May and November 2017. Ethical approval and consent were obtained from the ethical review committee of the Benue State Ministry of Health  and patients respectively. Patients’ clinical records were reviewed, and ART adherence status was obtained from the adherence assessment cards.  Participants were given two labelled sterile containers for stool samples. Direct wet mount of samples was prepared in normal saline to identify  helminths ova and larvae. Samples were further processed using parasite concentrators. Slides were stained with Lugol’s iodine, modified Ziehl-Neelsen  acid-fast and Giemsa and subsequently examined under a light microscope using x10 and x40 objectives. Data were analysed using the chi-square test  and SPSS version 22. Of the 757 patients, females constituted 57.7% (n=437). Good adherence rate (>95%) was 61.9% (n=469). More females (n=301,  64.2%) than males (n=168, 35.8%) had good adherence status. IPI rate among ART patients was 16.4% (n=124). Entamoeba histolytica (n=5, 1.0%), Giardia  lamblia (n=3, 0.6%) and Taenia sp. (n=8, 1.7%) were IPI seen among good adherence patients, and as single infections without diarrhoea. IPI was  significant (p<0.05) among poor adherence patients (37.5%, n=108) compared to good adherence patients (3.4%, n=16). IPI were significant among  females; 1.9% (n=9) in the good adherence group and 19.8% (n=57) in the poor adherence group. Cryptosporidium parvum (n=20, 6.9%), E. histolytica  (n=15, 5.2%), E. coli (n=11, 3.8%), G. lamblia (n=10, 3.5%) and Taenia sp. (n=10, 3.5%) accounts for significant rates of infections among patients with poor  adherence, with multiple infections and associated diarrhoea seen in 10 (3.5%) of them. Routine monitoring of HIV/AIDS patients for IPI by healthcare  providers is necessary. Coinfected patients with poor ART adherence should be routinely screened for IPI and promptly treated. Antiparasitic drugs  should be provided as prophylaxis along with ART, to enhance their overall treatment outcome.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42191070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ginger or Black Pepper Supplements Attenuate Oxidative stress and Renal Damage in Metabolic Syndrome-induced Wistar Rats","authors":"N. Imam, M. Osibemhe, L. Nura, A. I. Ganiyu, A. Idoko","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.15","url":null,"abstract":"There has been an increasing occurrence of cardio-metabolic risk factors globally due to increasing consumption of fructosesweetened foods and drinks that cause excessive generation of free radicals. This research investigated the inclusion of ginger and black pepper in the diet as an easy and affordable  means of managing oxidative stress and kidney damage in metabolic syndrome-induced rats. Fifteen metabolic syndrome-induced rats were divided into  three groups and fed on diets supplemented with 2 % inclusions of ginger or black pepper. Serum activities of antioxidant enzymes and some indices of  renal functions were determined. Compared with the normal control, there were significantly (p<0.05) lower activities of all the studied antioxidant  enzymes (Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase, Catalase, and glutathione reductase) in the groups of metabolic syndrome induced-rats fed  ginger or black pepper-supplemented diets which had significantly higher activities of these enzymes if compared with the group of metabolic syndrome-  induced rats fed standard diets. The serum concentrations of malondialdehyde in all the groups of metabolic syndrome-induced rats fed the  spices-supplemented diets did not significantly (p>0.05) differ from the concentration in the control group. The groups of metabolic-syndrome-induced  rats fed ginger or black pepper-supplemented diets had significantly (p<0.05) higher concentrations of urea, uric acid, and creatinine in comparison with  the normal control, but significantly (p<0.05) lower concentrations of these metabolites if compared with the metabolic syndrome-induced rats fed a  standard diet. Similarly, the concentrations of serum electrolytes were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the groups of metabolic-syndrome-induced rats fed  spices-supplemented diets compared with the normal control. From the findings, it is concluded that including ginger or black pepper in diets could be  useful in managing oxidative stress and kidney dysfunction resulting from the consumption of metabolic syndrome-causing diets. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46092707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the detection of Plasmodium falciparum infection in Urine, Plasma, Serum, and Dried Blood Spots using real-time Polymerase Chain React","authors":"C. Okangba, T. Ajani, G.C. Okangba, O. Makanjuola, C. Anaedobe, T. Oluwole, I. Otaigbe, A. Osinowo, A. Taiwo","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Access to timely and accurate diagnostic tests has a significant impact on the management of malaria disease which is a global concern. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of Plasmodium DNA is highly sensitive in diagnosing malaria. The specimen of choice for this assay has been whole blood  samples from patients with malaria caused by Plasmodium species. Nucleic acids can also be detected in urine, serum, plasma, and Dried Blood Spots  (DBS) samples but there are few studies describing the diagnostic performance of PCR. Therefore, this study was aimed at evaluating the performance of  realtime PCR (qPCR) in detecting malaria parasite DNA in serum, plasma, urine, and DBS. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 146 patients that  attended the clinic at Bayeku, Oreta, Imota, Ijede, Agura Primary Health Centres (PHC) and Ikorodu General hospital of Lagos State. Urine samples and a  total of 5 ml of blood were collected from each participant and made into dried blot spots, plasma, and serum. The samples were screened and assayed  for Plasmodium falciparum by microscopy and Multiplex qPCR respectively. The sensitivity of qPCR using plasma, serum and urine specimens were 100%,  87%, and 52.6% respectively, while the specificity was 82%, 87.5% and 80% respectively. Parasite detection by microscopy showed greater  agreement with detection by qPCR in serum (79.4%) than qPCR from plasma (75%) or urine (58.3%). In conclusion, malaria detection using qPCR assay on  plasma has high sensitivity and can be used as an alternative to microscopy.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47120748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Water Contact Behaviour and Schistosoma haematobium Infection among Almajiri School Children in Kurfi Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria","authors":"U. Abbas, N. C. Eberemu, J. Orpin, M. S. Kaware","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary schistosomiasis is caused by a parasitic flatworm (Schistosoma haematobium) commonly called blood fluke which infects humans and causes  public health problems. The study was conducted to determine the current status of human water contact behaviour and Schistosoma haematobium  infection among Almajiri school children in Kurfi local area of Katsina State, Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to 367 randomly selected Almajiris  to assess the risk factors and to identify the relationship between human water contact and the infection of urinary schistosomiasis.  Parasitological analysis was also used to determine the prevalence and intensity of infection among the Almajiri. Out of 367 sampled tested 161 were  positive. The prevalence is significantly higher in Kofar Yamma Almajiri School with 51(47.66%) when compared to other schools and there is no  significant relationship between human water contact and the infection in the study area due to the absence of intermediate host snail found in the  study area. ","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43232480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parasitological and Molecular Studies of Intestinal Helminths among Women in Obi and Oju Local Government Areas of Benue State, Nigeria","authors":"P. Uweh, E. Omudu","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The parasitological and molecular studies of intestinal helminth among women in Obi and Oju LGAs, Benue State were investigated. Stool samples were  analysed using the formal-ether concentration technique for the detection of parasites. Well-structured questionnaires were used to elicit socio-  demographic data as well as knowledge of the women towards helminth infection. Representative samples were afterwards processed molecularly using  PCR technology. The parasites recovered were Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia spp., Trichuris  trichiura and Trichomonas vaginalis. An overall prevalence of 9.93% was obtained for helminth infection. Women within the age group of 15-20 years  recorded the highest prevalence (27.77%). Civil servants and single women recorded the highest infection rates (19.52% and 23.82% respectively) while in  terms of education, those with no formal education recorded the highest rate of infection (27.52%). Furthermore, the majority of the women were  unaware of intestinal helminths and the specific types (85.53%). There was also a significant relationship between education, age, and rate of infection  (P<0.05). It was therefore concluded that helminth infection among women in Oju and Obi LGAis comparatively low. The amplification of genes confirms  the presence of Plasmodium falciparum, Schistosoma haematobium, Trichomonas vaginalis, Ascaris lumbricoides and Entamoeba histolytica. The  detection of T. vaginalis by the polymerase chain reaction buttresses the sensitivity of PCR as a diagnostic tool. There is a need for enlightenment  campaigns against helminth infections in Oju and Obi. Efforts of the government are needed to ensure the provision of efficient molecular facilities for  accurate diagnosis of infection.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46397073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Further Studies on Helminth Parasites of Fish in Asa Dam, Kwara State, Nigeria","authors":"A. Junaid, O. Q. Junaid, M. Shuaib, A. A. Kolawole, F. Adamu, L. Bello, J. Omotosho","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on parasites in fish have been a great concern for over a decade now due to disease conditions, overall nutritive devaluation and huge economic  loss that resulted from parasitic infections. Added to the potential of infected fish to be a source of infections to man and other animals. The present  study is, however, designed to ascertain the parasitic infection in fish from Asa Dam, Kwara State, Nigeria. Atotal number of 196 fish belonging to 10  families and 18 species were examined for helminth infection with an overall prevalence rate of 31.10%. Parasites were recovered from the skin, gills,  body cavity, intestine, and liver of the fish host. Trematode was the most prevalent parasite group found in the fish host and represented 79.5% of the  isolated parasites, followed by Cestode (7.14%), and Acanthocephalan was the least group (0.4%) recovered. Most of the Trematodes were recovered from  T. zillii and H. fasciatus (109 and 56 respectively), while C. anguillaris, C. senegalensis, C. gariepinus and C. obscura have no cases of trematode.  2.55% of the cestodes were recovered from C. gariepinus while the overall index of infection was significantly high in T. zillii (48.90%) and H. fasciatus  (40.44%). The overall prevalence of parasites examined in relation to sex indicates that males had 33.7% females had 28.4% prevalence accordingly with  no significant difference (P> 0.05). This finding indicates that there is a high parasitic load as evident by the infection rate on the examined fishes, as such  adequate measures should be put in place to reduce and prevent the parasites from spreading.","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47510407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides infection in relation to Malnutrition among School-aged Children of Lamurde Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria","authors":"E.G. Adache, G. Chessed","doi":"10.4314/njpar.v44i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"No Abstract","PeriodicalId":19206,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49299339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}