Danish Journal of Archaeology最新文献

{"title":"First evidence of lime burning in southern Scandinavia: lime kilns found at the royal residence on the west bank of Lake Tissø","authors":"P. Henriksen, Sandie Holst","doi":"10.1080/21662282.2014.990310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2014.990310","url":null,"abstract":"In connection with investigations of the aristocratic residence at Tissø from the Viking Age, the earliest evidence so far of lime burning in Denmark has been excavated. The excavations unearthed traces of up to five lime kilns which were subsequently dated to the end of the ninth century. This corresponds well with the dating of the erection of the hall in the third construction phase at Fugledegård. Finds of mud-and-wattle with whitewashing show that the lime was used to whitewash the halls at Tissø in both the Germanic Iron Age and the Viking Age. Analyses of lime from the lime kilns and the whitewashed mud-and-wattle demonstrate that the raw material for the lime burning was mainly travertine deposited in spring water, but that bryozoan limestone was also used. The lime kilns were just under 2 m in diameter with stone-built edges, and there are indications that the superstructure may have been built up with clay. This resembles the corresponding parallel finds from the Iron Age in the German area.","PeriodicalId":191998,"journal":{"name":"Danish Journal of Archaeology","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122797668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two new denarius hoards from the island of Lolland","authors":"A. Rasmussen","doi":"10.1080/21662282.2015.1055160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2015.1055160","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2009, a number of Roman denarii from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd centuries AD have been discovered on the Danish island of Lolland. Among them, two denarius hoards contained, respectively, approximately 110 and 46 coins. Previously, only few imported objects from the Late Roman Iron Age were known from Lolland, in stark contrast to the large amount of imported prestigious artefacts from the preceding Early Roman Iron Age. These denarius finds shed new light on an otherwise poorly understood time period in the region, especially with regard to the possible networks of trade and exchange in which the local population took part. As the presence of denarii in an Iron Age context is often interpreted as a sign of contacts ultimately extending beyond the bounds of present-day Denmark, this article explores the possibility that the in casu denarius finds from Lolland point to the existence of local settlements participating in the flow of elite exchange during the 3rd and possibly also 4th centuries AD.","PeriodicalId":191998,"journal":{"name":"Danish Journal of Archaeology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125857853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiments on digging pits in pit zone alignments","authors":"Henriette Lyngstrøm","doi":"10.1080/21662282.2015.1101526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2015.1101526","url":null,"abstract":"Iron Age pit zone alignments are a relatively newly recognized type of system and research has focused primarily on why the pits were dug. There are numerous proposals, although the general perception of them as a kind of defence system has not changed since it was put forward by Eriksen and Rindel in 2001. But an experimental archaeological approach is, as of yet, untested, and by asking the ‘how’ before the ‘why’ the enigmatic tracts of thousands of pit-holes can be analysed from a new angle. Thus, in this article, the focus moves from the collective pit zone alignments to each individual pit-hole and the process involved in digging same. Systematic studies of spades, attempts to reconstruct double-spades, experiments digging pit-holes and the construction and use of parts of pit zone alignments helps make it probable that the inhabitants of a village from the pre-Roman Iron Age would have been able to dig a stretch of 100 metres by 4 metres of a pit zone alignment, broadly equivalent to seven holes, in 1 day. The experiments also made it clear that the pit zone alignment did not constitute an obstacle to sheep or cattle, and that they only, under exceptional circumstances, were an obstacle to people. But most significant was the insight gained into the process of digging the holes in terms of the organization of work, which undoubtedly lay behind the excavation work","PeriodicalId":191998,"journal":{"name":"Danish Journal of Archaeology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132245987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeating boundaries – repertoires of landscape regulations in southern Scandinavia in the Late Bronze Age and Pre-Roman Iron Age","authors":"Mette Løvschal, M. Holst","doi":"10.1080/21662282.2014.990311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2014.990311","url":null,"abstract":"Towards the end of the Late Bronze Age, linear boundaries such as enclosed farmsteads, field divisions, and pit zone alignments emerged and gradually permeated the landscapes of southern Scandinavia on multiple scales. This article suggests the concept of a ‘repertoire’ as a way of approaching this phenomenon. The repertoire consisted of different topological operations (e.g. plot definition, demarcation, and enclosure), constructed by different materials (e.g. fences, pit zones, and earthen banks) on different scales (e.g. farmstead, settlement, and landscape). Such linear boundaries were applied as technological solutions to the new social and economic problems that occurred at this time in prehistory. A number of chronological and regional preferences can be demonstrated within this repertoire, and during the Late Bronze Age and Pre-Roman Iron Age, a range of new applications and combinations were developed in a creative exploration of the repertoire of linear boundaries.","PeriodicalId":191998,"journal":{"name":"Danish Journal of Archaeology","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124594785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A ritual site with sacrificial wells from the Viking Age at Trelleborg, Denmark","authors":"A. B. Gotfredsen, C. Primeau, K. Frei, L. Jørgensen","doi":"10.1080/21662282.2015.1084730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2015.1084730","url":null,"abstract":"The promontory facing Storebælt with the well-known circular Viking Age military fortress of Trelleborg erected by Harold Bluetooth in AD 980/981 seems to have been an important ceremonial space prior to the erection of the fortress and contemporary with a nearby high status settlement dated to the seventh to the eleventh century. This study presents new cross-disciplinary investigations focusing on three sacrificial well-like structures (47, 50 and 121) from the pre-Christian Viking Age at Trelleborg. Two of the sacrificial wells (47 and 121) included the only skeletal remains of four children hitherto recovered from Danish Viking Age wells. The strontium isotope results of the four children point to local provenance. However, the results of each well seem to pair up in a systematic way pointing to that the children might come from two different key surrounding areas at Trelleborg. Furthermore, the three wells contained animal remains of primarily domestic livestock partly representing consumption waste from either profane or ritual meals deriving from, for example, blót activities. Well 47 produced a young he-goat and well 121 a hindlimb of an above-average-size young horse, a large part of a young cow and a large dog. Altogether intentional offerings deposited while still enfleshed and interpreted to have served as propitiatory sacrifices to honour or appease the gods and to ensure fertility. This research provides new information that enlightens the formation processes underlying accumulation of cultural deposits in features such as ritual wells, in the period prior to Christianity.","PeriodicalId":191998,"journal":{"name":"Danish Journal of Archaeology","volume":"328 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116615930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancient monuments on the brink","authors":"T. Dehn","doi":"10.1080/21662282.2014.994909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2014.994909","url":null,"abstract":"The coastline of Denmark has a total length of 7314 km. Due to isostatic subsidence and marine erosion of the coast, some of the country’s 32,000 scheduled ancient monuments are always in danger of being destroyed by coastal collapse. Then there are rivers and watercourses that, either in an original or in a restored state, create new courses or erode away the sides of river valleys where there are also ancient monuments. This risk has always existed and will continue to do so in the future – especially under the influence of current climate change. The scheduled ancient monuments that are primarily in the danger zone are, for example, megalithic graves from the Stone Age, Bronze Age barrows, churches and castle mounds from the Middle Ages, coastal defences from the wars of the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries and more recent fortifications from the Second World War. Since 1937, scheduled ancient monuments have in general been covered by legislation that fundamentally forbids any change to their state and which has traditionally been applied in restrictive fashion. Exceptionally weighty grounds are required for permission to be granted for changes to or, more drastically, actual removal of a scheduled ancient monument. For example, the entire network of natural gas pipelines was established without a single scheduled ancient monument being affected, and the motorway network has sinuously avoided all scheduled barrows that otherwise stood in the way. Damage caused, for example, by agriculture, forestry and tourism is taken seriously, and on reinstatement – often at the perpetrator’s expense – efforts are made to preserve respect for ancient monuments and thereby preclude future destruction. It is therefore a paradox that well-preserved ancient monuments located along the coast have for decades slowly but surely been allowed to degrade without this unique source material being secured through archaeological investigation. There are several reasons – both formal and practical – for this situation. Until 1969, the costs of archaeological excavations were included in museums’ running costs and other activities or were met by grants from foundations and special funding arrangements. With a change to the Nature Protection Act of 1969, a modification was introduced whereby public contractors and the state were obliged to pay for the investigation of non-scheduled ancient monuments that would otherwise be destroyed by development works. As for scheduled ancient monuments, funding was only earmarked for restoration – not for archaeological investigation – as the intention was of course that these monuments should be preserved. In the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, archaeological investigations were increasingly carried out at public expense and, because there was no provision in the legislation that permitted the financing of investigations of scheduled ancient monuments, these investigations were by and large not carried out when monuments were undergoing des","PeriodicalId":191998,"journal":{"name":"Danish Journal of Archaeology","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116416611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Back to the edge – heritage management, landscaping or contemplation","authors":"J. Wienberg","doi":"10.1080/21662282.2014.994912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2014.994912","url":null,"abstract":"A reply to comments by Torben Dehn, Nikolaos D. Karydis and Tim Flohr Sorensen on my article \"Four churches and a lighthouse – preservaton, 'creative dismantling' or destruction\"","PeriodicalId":191998,"journal":{"name":"Danish Journal of Archaeology","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132649363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transience and the objects of heritage: a matter of time","authors":"T. Sørensen","doi":"10.1080/21662282.2014.994911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2014.994911","url":null,"abstract":"Let me start by briefly recapitulating Sigmund Freud’s short but seminal essay from 1915 on ‘transience’ (Freud 1957b). In this essay, Freud relates a conversation with two friends as they are strolling in a beautiful countryside setting. Freud describes how one of his companions – a poet – admires the beauty of the scenery, but how he cannot feel any real joy in the beauty of the landscape, because he knows that the beauty will vanish some day and be doomed by the transience of all things material. For the poet, the transience – or Vergänglichkeit – of whatever is beautiful means that it loses its worth. In the essay, Freud advocates an entirely opposite attitude. He argues that the temporal limitations of an object do not devalue the object, and that transience may indeed increase the importance of the object. Seeing things perish may of course be difficult – as in all cases of true mourning – but if we are not capable of letting go, Freud argues, then we end up in the pathological state of melancholia (Freud 1957a). Freud’s position on mourning and melancholia has been challenged by more recent research on bereavement and grief (Klass et al. 1996, Howarth 2007, see also Bjerregaard et al. in prep.), yet I believe that it is worthwhile – if not necessary – to return to Freud’s praise of transience in light of the widespread paranoia of losing material culture characterising much contemporary heritage management and heritage politics. In the present issue of Danish Journal of Archaeology, Jes Wienberg offers a very stimulating and for some readers probably also provocative perspective on the dismantling of heritage objects. Wienberg makes the interesting suggestion that certain heritage sites – in his case architecture – can be ‘creatively dismantled’; a managerial practice located somewhere between ‘preservation’ and ‘destruction’. I believe that Wienberg’s discussion of four churches and a lighthouse on the coast of north-western Denmark needs to be set in a greater conceptual discussion, relieving the architecture of the limited geographical and thematic confines within which Wienberg has chosen to delimit the scope of his article. I would argue that two aspects of Wienberg’s argument in particular hold the potential for further elaboration and critique: first the notion of ‘creative dismantling’ and second the notion of threat. In the following, I explore these issues through a critique and an example.","PeriodicalId":191998,"journal":{"name":"Danish Journal of Archaeology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129429441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The pictures on the greater Jelling stone","authors":"Rita Wood","doi":"10.1080/21662282.2014.929882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2014.929882","url":null,"abstract":"The greater Jelling stone, with an informative runic inscription mentioning King Harald Blåtand and the conversion of the Danes, is at the core of a large and important archaeological site of the late tenth century situated in the centre of the Danish peninsula. The stone is thought to have been positioned immediately to the south of some sort of church, and between the two mounds ever since that period. The great boulder has three main surfaces, all closely covered by carving. The first face has most of the inscription, which, unusually for runes, is arranged in parallel lines as for a Latin text. The second face shows an animal entwined with a snake, and the third face has the earliest image in Scandinavia of Christ – these two ‘pictures’ can be compared to a diptych since they share a similar border and are connected by a ‘hinge’. Identifying a diptych implies that the two faces must have compatible not antagonistic subjects. It is suggested that the design and carving was controlled by a missionary party from Ottonian Germany, and that in choosing the motifs they used various sources, mostly in the writings of Pope Gregory the Great. Following these early sources, the animal and snake can be interpreted as God the Father and God the Holy Spirit. It is likely that Christ is shown ascending to heaven in triumph, so that the two pictures show the Trinity united in celebration of the redemption of mankind.","PeriodicalId":191998,"journal":{"name":"Danish Journal of Archaeology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115221136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vegetation development in south-east Denmark during the Weichselian Late Glacial: palaeoenvironmental studies close to the Palaeolithic site of Hasselø","authors":"M. Mortensen, P. Henriksen, C. Christensen, P. V. Petersen, J. Olsen","doi":"10.1080/21662282.2014.994281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21662282.2014.994281","url":null,"abstract":"Eastern Denmark was an important region for the early immigration of humans into southern Scandinavia throughout the Late Glacial period. One possible explanation for this is that the landscape provided an especially favourable environment for Palaeolithic hunters. To examine this, the local and regional environment is reconstructed through the analysis of pollen and plant macrofossils from a small kettle hole and is discussed in relation to human presence in the region. The kettle hole is situated close to a Palaeolithic occupation site with artefacts belonging to the Federmesser and Bromme Cultures. The lake sediments encompass the Bølling, Allerød, Younger Dryas and the early Preboreal biostratigraphic periods. An increase in charcoal dust between c. 14,000 and 13,900 cal. BP may be related to the occupation site. This study shows that an ecotone was positioned between present-day Denmark and northern Germany during a large part of the Late Glacial period. This was especially the case during the Older Dryas and early Allerød periods, when woodland was expanding in northern Germany while the Danish area remained open. Later in the Allerød period, northern Germany seems to have been the northern limit for pine woodland. The low-lying region separating Denmark and Germany was periodically covered by the Baltic Ice Lake and this may have delayed the dispersal of plants from south to north. Areas lying between different habitats are known to have a high biodiversity and this may be why a high frequency of Palaeolithic finds is seen here. It has long been thought that tree birch grew in the Danish region from the beginning of the Late Glacial, but this study of both local and regional proxies clearly shows that the immigration of tree birch was delayed by more than 1000 years. A delay of c. 250 years between the climatic transition from GI-1a to GS-1 and the biostratigraphic transition from the Allerød to the Younger Dryas periods is also shown. The three 14 C ages available from the Danish Bromme Culture are from this transition phase when the birch woodland was becoming more open. Pollen analysis also shows the classical Younger Dryas cold separated into an early dry phase (until c. 12,100 cal. BP) and a later wetter phase. This was most likely due to a change in atmospheric circulation and variation in the extent of sea ice in the North Atlantic. The combined analysis of both pollen and plant macrofossils has led to a detailed and accurate reconstruction of the local environment and, in turn, the preconditions for human presence.","PeriodicalId":191998,"journal":{"name":"Danish Journal of Archaeology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114435184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}