Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension最新文献

{"title":"Protogynous dichogamy, leaf morphology and leaf essential oil composition of selected Cinnamomum species in Sri Lanka","authors":"M. R. Prathibhani, R. Ranawaka, A. Samantha, S. Geekiyanage","doi":"10.4038/tare.v24i3.5515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/tare.v24i3.5515","url":null,"abstract":"Wild relatives of cultivated cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) are underutilized and endangered in Sri Lanka. There is a lack of knowledge on wild relatives of cinnamon, hampering their utilization in breeding and industry. Morphology, floral behaviour and leaf essential oil composition of selected wild relatives were determined under ex-situ conservation in Dalpitiya, Sri Lanka. Floral cycles were determined in Cinnamomum dubium Nees (Cd) and Cinnamomum litsaeifolium Thwaites (Cl) along with Cinnamomum verum (Cv) variety Sri Gemunu (SG). Cl and SG belonged to type A, while Cd was type B of protogynous dichogamy. Partial overlapping of male and female phases in types A and B may lead to self-pollination. Leaf morphological characters varied among species. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry revealed 34, 34, 12, 48, 8 and 18 chemical compounds from Cinnamomum capparu-coronde Blume (Cc), Cd, Cl (1), Cl (2), SG and variety Sri Wijaya (SW) respectively. The highest abundant chemical compound in leaf oil varied as Eugenol in Cc, SG and SW (33.11%, 82.11% and 90.80% respectively), Methyl eugenol in Cl (1) (59.27%), Eucaliptol in Cd (51.19%) and Linalool in Cl (2) (30.93%). The above variation of wild cinnamon provides insights on future cinnamon breeding and industry.","PeriodicalId":191739,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114253213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mutations in plant evolution, crop domestication and breeding","authors":"R. Pathirana","doi":"10.4038/tare.v24i3.5551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/tare.v24i3.5551","url":null,"abstract":"Mutations and natural selection have been the cornerstone of plant evolution. Mutations have also played a significant role in crop domestication and plant breeding. Defined as sudden heritable changes in the DNA in living cells, not caused by genetic segregation or genetic recombination, mutations can be intragenic (point mutations), structural (chromosome rearrangements) or genome mutations (changes in chromosome number). Extranuclear or plasmone mutations such as those leading to cytoplasmic male sterility are also of significance in crop breeding. Using mutation techniques, defects in elite cultivars such as susceptibility to a new pathogen can be fixed faster than backcrossing. If a gene of interest is not available in the germplasm, mutation induction could be the only non-GM pathway to introduce a new trait. Mutation breeding is the only straightforward alternative for improving seedless crops and cultivars. Since the first publications of induced mutagenesis using x-rays almost a century ago, many more potent physical and chemical mutagens have been introduced, and methodologies for using those in seed (both self- and cross- pollinated) and vegetatively propagated crops have been established. This review first looks at the role of mutations in plant and crop evolution and then describes the choices available for mutation breeding programmes in terms of available mutagenic agents, treatment methods from cell cultures to whole plants, and some of the achievements. There are exciting opportunities available for modern plant breeding through integration of mutation techniques with plant molecular approaches. More than 3400 registered mutants in over 170 species in the largest mutant database managed by FAO/IAEA is a testament to the success of practical application of the technology.","PeriodicalId":191739,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124103790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing suitable combinations of potting mixtures and hormone levels for vegetative propagation of Excoecaria agallocha (milky mangrove) from Madu ganga Ramsar Wetland","authors":"Palihakkara, Ekanayake Emui","doi":"10.4038/tare.v24i3.5519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/tare.v24i3.5519","url":null,"abstract":"Mangroves are the foundation species that control ecosystem dynamics and identifying their vegetative propagation methods is important to conserve them. This study was conducted to identify suitable combinations of potting media and indole-3butyric acid (IBA) concentrations for the propagation of Excoecaria agallocha (milky mangrove) stem cuttings sourced from Madu Ganga Wetland in south west rainforest region of Sri Lanka. Three IBA concentrations (2500, 3000 and 3500ppm) and three potting media (P1. lagoon silt, P2. clay and sand (1:1), and P3. topsoil, coir-dust, compost and sand (4: 4: 4: 1) were factorially combined in a Completely Randomized Design with five replicates. The control treatment was 2500 ppm IBA with P2 potting media. There was no interaction effect for survival percentage, root dry weight and shoot number between potting media and IBA concentration. For survival percentage, and root dry weight, significantly highest values were observed in 3500ppm IBA. Shoot number was significantly higher in P3 while the survival percentages were significantly greater in P1 and P3 potting media than control. The average number of roots, root length, and root volume, were significantly greater in 35000ppm IBA with P1 media. According to the vigor scales, the highest root vigor was depicted by lagoon silt treated with 3500 ppm IBA while the highest shoot vigor was observed from P3 media treated with 3500 ppm IBA. Results revealed that treating stem cuttings with 3500ppm IBA and using P1 or P3 potting media are the most effective method to propagate E. agallacha through stem cuttings out of the treatments tested in this study.","PeriodicalId":191739,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension","volume":"352 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116534413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Root system attributes, morphology and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculate L. Walp.) under moisture stress","authors":"H. K. A. Harshani, K. Fernando","doi":"10.4038/tare.v24i3.5512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/tare.v24i3.5512","url":null,"abstract":"Cowpea is an important grain legume crop and inexpensive plant protein source cultivated year around in Sri Lanka. Tolerance to moisture stress is a critical factor for getting high production of cowpea growing in the Dry Zone (mean annual rainfall < 1,750mm). The present study consisting of three experiments was conducted in a protected house and laboratory conditions to determine the relationship of root traits with plant morphology and yield among eight cowpea varieties grown in Sri Lanka under moisture stress conditions. The eight cowpea varieties and two moisture stress levels were used as experimental factors and set up as a two-factor factorial completely randomized design. The interaction effect between the two factors were not significant for morphological traits such as the number of branches, plant height, number of leaves and basal stem diameter, but some of those traits significantly influenced by the main factors. The yield and root attributes such as the pod length, 100 seed dry weight and root dry weight at maturity were significantly influenced by the interaction while the number of flowers per plant, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod and the above-ground biomass per plant were not significantly affected by the interaction. However, those parameters varied significantly with variety and moisture stress levels. Furthermore, the interaction effect was significant for the water use efficiency of the mature plants. The basal root growth angle, taproot diameter at 5cm level and length of the taproot at maturity were significantly affected by the interaction. Additionally, seedlings grown in cotton wool culture reported a significant interaction effect of main factors on the length of the taproot, the total root length and root dry weight except for the number of lateral roots. However, the Interaction effect of variety and moisture stress was significant for the majority of root attributes such as length of the taproot, total root length and the number of lateral roots of the seedlings grown in sand media. A positive correlation found between the total root length of the mature plant and the above-ground biomass. All seedling root traits measured in cotton wool culture showed a negative correlation with the above-ground biomass of mature plants while none of the seedling root traits in sand media had an association with above-ground biomass. All root traits recorded in mature plants showed a significant negative and positive correlation with important yield attributes of cowpea. Therefore, identified favourable root attributes related to morphology and yield components of cowpea could be used as screening parameters of cowpea populations at the seedling stage to identify efficient genotypes under moisture stress levels and introduce them to breeding programs.","PeriodicalId":191739,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127979236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How green marketing tools shape consumer purchase behavior","authors":"Sandeepani Dmm, GC Samaraweera","doi":"10.4038/tare.v24i3.5523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/tare.v24i3.5523","url":null,"abstract":"Consumers have more concerned about the ‘green concept’ and thus lead the industry to focus on ‘green marketing’ with the rapid increase in environmental and health considerations. In the Asian context, the studies on green marketing are still in their initial stages and more research is needed to gain its full potential within the market. As green marketing has become a novel and emerging concept in the Sri Lankan market, the present study focused to identify the consumer awareness and attitude towards green products while evaluating the consumer perception towards selected green marketing tools; eco-labelling, eco-branding and eco-packaging. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 150 randomly selected residents in Mapalana Magin Pahala Grama Niladari Division. Results indicated that the female consumers were willing to pay a premium price for green products to conserve the environment. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the income and education level have a highly significant contributions towards the consumers’ purchase intention towards green products and the majority (82.7%) and used the products promoted by green marketing (52%) due to their high quality. Furthermore, the results of independent sample t-test revealed that the gender significantly shapes eco-labelling, eco-branding and eco-packaging attributes on consumer purchase behaviour. Hence, the findings will be instrumental for marketers and policymakers for the effective implementation of green marketing tools while considering gender and other attributes in particular.","PeriodicalId":191739,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114519499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An efficient mass propagation protocol for Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. through In Vitro generated shoot tips","authors":"D. Fonseka, S. Hansani, H. N. Aluthgamage","doi":"10.4038/tare.v24i3.5504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/tare.v24i3.5504","url":null,"abstract":"Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. commonly known as ‘beli’ in Sri Lanka is an important fruit tree with extensive medicinal uses in indigenous medicinal systems. The plant is conventionally propagated by seeds which have short viability and low germination percentage. Vegetative propagation through root suckers is slow and challenging. Root being the major medicinally valuable part, destructive harvesting poses a serious threat to the sustenance of the tree. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an efficient mass propagation protocol for A. marmelos through in vitro generated shoot tips. Shoot tips taken from three weeks old in vitro grown seedlings of A. marmelos were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (1.0 mgL-1 or 2.0 mgL-1), kinetin (0.5 mgL-1 or 1.0 mgL-1), and thidiazuron (TDZ) (0.25 mgL-1 and 0.5 mgL-1) either alone or in combination. The highest mean number of shoots per shoot tip (16.73) and highest mean total length per shoot tip (10.58 cm) were observed on MS medium containing 1.0 mgL-1 BAP and 1.0 mgL-1 kinetin. In this study poor response of shoot proliferation was observed when using MS medium supplemented with TDZ alone. Shoot formation was optimum in the fifth week from establishment. In vitro derived shoots were transferred to root induction medium consisting of half-strength MS medium supplemented with three different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mgL-1) with or without 5% activated charcoal. Highest rooting was achieved in the medium supplemented with 1.0 mgL-1 IBA with activated charcoal. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized using coco pellets and transferred to the soil with 80% survival rate.","PeriodicalId":191739,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125006570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of UV treated silver on black polythene mulch on the growth and yield of Capsicum annuum L. (chilli) var. MI2 AND MI3","authors":"W. A. G. C. P. Wickramarathne, D. L. Wathugala, D. Amarasekara, H. Kumarasinghe","doi":"10.4038/tare.v24i3.5518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/tare.v24i3.5518","url":null,"abstract":"Weed infestation is one of the limiting factors in the production of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Weeds reduce the availability of nutrients and water for the main crop reducing the fruit yield. The application of herbicides is not an environmentally friendly method. Therefore, there is a movement to use alternative methods for weed management. Polythene mulches have many benefits such as soil temperature modification, soil conservation by preventing runoff, nutrient addition, and improvement in soil structure in addition to minimizing weed infestation. Therefore polythene mulches are a popular method to reduce weed infestation in various crops. UV treated silver on black polythene mulch is one such polythene mulch introduced to the Sri Lankan market recently. Therefore, this research was conducted with the objectives to study the effect of UV treated silver on black polythene mulch on growth and yield parameters and weed infestation of chilli. The possibility of the reduction of the amount of recommended fertilizer with the application of UV treated silver on black polythene soil cover was also tested. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block design with four replications. Two local chilli varieties (MI2 and MI3) popular among farmers were used for the study. The four treatments comprised UV treated polythene mulch with different percentages of the recommended fertilizer dosage (100%, 75%, and 50%) for chilli. Recommended fertilizer mixture without polythene mulch was the control treatment. Yield and weed parameters such as time taken to 50% of flowering, time taken to first picking, fruiting span, and yield per plant, number of weeds per unit area and fresh weight of weeds per unit area were evaluated. Plants in the treatments with UV treated polythene mulch exhibited a significantly higher growth and yield in both chilli varieties along with a significantly lower weed infestation. The plants grown with 100% and 75% fertilizer levels with polythene mulch did not show a significant difference in total yield, indicating the possibility of reducing 25% of recommended fertilizers. Therefore, the UV treated biodegradable silver on black polythene mulch can be recommended to obtain high production with less fertilizer and zero levels of herbicides.","PeriodicalId":191739,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension","volume":"238 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114155203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of dietary probiotic supplementation on growth, survival, coloration and stress resistance in guppy (Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859)","authors":"T. Samarawardane, K. Radampola, S. Rathnapala","doi":"10.4038/tare.v24i3.5520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/tare.v24i3.5520","url":null,"abstract":"Effect of commercial probiotic (AQUALACTTM) on the growth performance, feed utilization, colouration and stress resistance of Poecilia reticulata was investigated. Experimental diets were iso nitorgenic (30% Protein) and probiotic mixture (PM) was added in four different levels by replacing wheat flour. The diets were labeled as 0PM (0%), 50PM (0.5%), 75PM (0.75%) and 100PM (1.0%). Male guppy fry (28 days; 0.11±0.01 g and 2.20±0.05 cm) were fed ad libitum twice daily and growth performance and feed efficiency were evaluated. After 42 days of the feeding trial, guppies were exposed to NaCl salinity (35 gL-1) stress test. All dietary probiotic supplemented diets significantly influenced the growth performance, colouration and salinity stress resistance of fish compared to 0PM diet. Fish in 75PM treatment showed significantly highest growth (total length-3.35 ± 0.01cm; weight- 0.43 ± 0.01g) and better feed conversion ratio (2.51 + 0.01). The study revealed that 0.75 g/100g probiotic level was the best level among the tested levels to enhance the growth performance, colouration and salinity stress resistance of Guppy in aquarium conditions.","PeriodicalId":191739,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127760253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotypic dependence of wheat species in nitrogen uptake determines by root morphology at maturity","authors":"K. Fernando, C. Wibowo, D. Sparkes","doi":"10.4038/TARE.V24I2.5529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/TARE.V24I2.5529","url":null,"abstract":"The root system is essential for taking up nutrients while providing anchorage to the plant. The controlled environment experiment was conducted to study root morphological traits, plant growth, yield and nitrogen (N) up-take in different wheat species. Seven genotypes including cultivated emmer (Triticum dicoccum), spelt (T. spelta L.) and modern bread wheat (T. aestivum) under three N levels were examined. A split-plot design was used in the experiment where the main plot factor was N levels and the sub-plot factor was genotypes and replicated three times. Root samples at five depth layers were scanned and analysed using WinRHIZO software at anthesis and maturity. Total root length, root volume, root biomass, root diameter, root length density, rooting depth and root N uptake efficiency were recorded. Plant N uptake, N uptake efficiency, N utilisation efficiency and N use efficiency were calculated at maturity (excluding N in roots). Neither interaction effect between main factors nor N level were significant for all measured root traits except N uptake efficiency of roots. Similar results were observed for growth and yield traits together with plant N uptake, N uptake efficiency, N utilisation efficiency and N use efficiency. All measured parameters were significantly different among genotypes. Spelt genotypes recorded the highest total root length, root volume, root biomass and root length density at all depth layers while emmer genotypes recorded the greatest root N uptake efficiency. Plant N uptake was significantly different between genotypes where all spelt genotypes had high plant N uptake followed by bread wheat and emmer. Plant N uptake of the genotypes had a very strong positive correlation with total root length, root volume, root biomass and rooting depth of the genotypes. Therefore, it could be concluded that the high plant N uptake of spelt may be due to the robust and vigorous growth of root systems.","PeriodicalId":191739,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129603405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of refused tea as an alternative litter material to paddy husk: effects on broiler performance their behaviour, litter properties and ammonia emission","authors":"U. D. Belpagodagamage, N. Atapattu, S. Wanniarachchi, R. T. Seresinghe","doi":"10.4038/TARE.V24I2.5530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/TARE.V24I2.5530","url":null,"abstract":"The availability of paddy husk (PH) as a litter material for poultry production is decreasing. The objective of the present study was to determine the suitability of refused tea (RT), a waste generated during the processing of green leaves into black tea, as alternative litter material. Three experiments using completely randomized design were conducted for PH and RT each alone or as mixtures to determine the effects of the type of litter material on growth performance, behaviour of broilers, litter characteristics, and litter ammonia emission. In experiment one, 300 male broilers (Cobb–500) chicks were raised from day 5 to 21 on ten-floor pens (1.5m2), each provided with either PH or RT as the litter material. Five and three PH and RT mixtures (v/v) were used in experiment two and three, respectively to raise broilers (n=300 in each experiment) from day 21 to 42. The type of litter material had no significant effect (P>0.05) on growth performances, hock burn damage score, bird’s cleanliness score and dressing percentage. Compared to PH, RT litter reported a significantly (P<0.05) higher bulk density, N content and caked surface area and tend to have a higher moisture level (p<0.10). Compared to PH alone, RT alone or 1:1 PH:RT litter reduced the emission of ammonia by 53.6 and 34%, respectively. Percentage time spent on foraging was significantly (P<0.05) higher on PH than on RT. The time spent on and the frequency of inter-bird interactions were significantly (P<0.05) higher among the birds raised on RT, compared to those kept on PH. The study concluded that RT can be used as an alternative litter material for broilers. Other advantages of RT litter were the lower ammonia emission and higher litter N contents. Higher litter moisture content and incidence of caking were the disadvantages of RT as litter material.","PeriodicalId":191739,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117200859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}