Neuron glia biology最新文献_第9页

What is myelin? 髓磷脂是什么?

Neuron glia biology Pub Date : 2008-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1740925X09990263

Daniel K Hartline

{"title":"What is myelin?","authors":"Daniel K Hartline","doi":"10.1017/S1740925X09990263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740925X09990263","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of a character is better appreciated if examples of convergent emergence of the same character are available for comparison. Three instances are known among invertebrates of the evolution of axonal sheaths possessing the functional properties and many of the structural properties of vertebrate myelin. Comparison of these invertebrate myelins raises the question of what structural features must a sheath possess in order to produce the two principal functional characteristics of impulse speed enhancement and energy savings. This essay reviews the features recognized by early workers as pertaining to myelin in vertebrate and invertebrate alike: osmiophilia, negative birefringence and saltatory conduction. It then examines common features revealed by the advent of electron microscopy: multiplicity of lipid membranes, condensation of those membranes, specialized marginal seals, and nodes. Next it examines the robustness of these features as essential components of a speed-enhancing sheath. Features that are not entirely essential for speed enhancement include membrane compaction, spiral wrapping of layers, glial cell involvement, non-active axonal membrane, and even nodes and perinodal sealing. This permissiveness is discussed in relation to the possible evolutionary origin of myelin.","PeriodicalId":19153,"journal":{"name":"Neuron glia biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1740925X09990263","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28389270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 78

Phylogeny of proteolipid proteins: divergence, constraints, and the evolution of novel functions in myelination and neuroprotection. 磷脂蛋白的系统发育:分化、限制和髓鞘形成和神经保护新功能的进化。

Neuron glia biology Pub Date : 2008-05-01 Epub Date: 2009-06-05 DOI: 10.1017/S1740925X0900009X

Wiebke Möbius, Julia Patzig, Klaus-Armin Nave, Hauke B Werner

{"title":"Phylogeny of proteolipid proteins: divergence, constraints, and the evolution of novel functions in myelination and neuroprotection.","authors":"Wiebke Möbius, Julia Patzig, Klaus-Armin Nave, Hauke B Werner","doi":"10.1017/S1740925X0900009X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740925X0900009X","url":null,"abstract":"The protein composition of myelin in the central nervous system (CNS) has changed at the evolutionary transition from fish to tetrapods, when a lipid-associated transmembrane-tetraspan (proteolipid protein, PLP) replaced an adhesion protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily (P0) as the most abundant constituent. Here, we review major steps of proteolipid evolution. Three paralog proteolipids (PLP/DM20/DMalpha, M6B/DMgamma and the neuronal glycoprotein M6A/DMbeta) exist in vertebrates from cartilaginous fish to mammals, and one (M6/CG7540) can be traced in invertebrate bilaterians including the planktonic copepod Calanus finmarchicus that possess a functional myelin equivalent. In fish, DMalpha and DMgamma are coexpressed in oligodendrocytes but are not major myelin components. PLP emerged at the root of tetrapods by the acquisition of an enlarged cytoplasmic loop in the evolutionary older DMalpha/DM20. Transgenic experiments in mice suggest that this loop enhances the incorporation of PLP into myelin. The evolutionary recruitment of PLP as the major myelin protein provided oligodendrocytes with the competence to support long-term axonal integrity. We suggest that the molecular shift from P0 to PLP also correlates with the concentration of adhesive forces at the radial component, and that the new balance between membrane adhesion and dynamics was favorable for CNS myelination.","PeriodicalId":19153,"journal":{"name":"Neuron glia biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1740925X0900009X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28221923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 72

The natural history of the myelin-derived nerve growth inhibitor Nogo-A. 髓鞘源性神经生长抑制剂Nogo-A的自然历史。

Neuron glia biology Pub Date : 2008-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1740925X09990147

Rüdiger Schweigreiter

引用次数: 13

The evolution of Olig genes and their roles in myelination. oliggenes的进化及其在髓鞘形成中的作用。

Neuron glia biology Pub Date : 2008-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1740925X09990251

Huiliang Li, William D Richardson

{"title":"The evolution of Olig genes and their roles in myelination.","authors":"Huiliang Li, William D Richardson","doi":"10.1017/S1740925X09990251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740925X09990251","url":null,"abstract":"One of the special attributes of vertebrates is their myelinated nervous system. By increasing the conduction velocity of axons, myelin allows for increased body size, rapid movement and a large and complex brain. In the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes (OLs) are the myelin-forming cells. The transcription factors OLIG1 and OLIG2, master regulators of OL development, presumably also played a seminal role during the evolution of the genetic programme leading to myelination in the CNS. From the available ontogenetic and phylogenetic data we attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary events that led to the emergence of the Olig gene family and speculate about the links between Olig genes, their specific cis-regulatory elements and myelin evolution. In addition, we report a putative myelin basic protein (MBP) ancestor in the lancelet Branchiostoma floridae, which lacks compact myelin. The lancelet 'Mbp' gene lacks the OLIG1/2- and SOX10-binding sites that characterize vertebrate Mbp homologs, raising the possibility that insertion of cis-regulatory elements might have been involved in evolution of the myelinating programme.","PeriodicalId":19153,"journal":{"name":"Neuron glia biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1740925X09990251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28389269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 34

The phylogeny of invertebrates and the evolution of myelin. 无脊椎动物的系统发育与髓磷脂的进化。

Neuron glia biology Pub Date : 2008-05-01 Epub Date: 2009-06-10 DOI: 10.1017/S1740925X0900012X

Betty I Roots

引用次数: 38

Myelin structure and composition of myelinated tissue in the African lungfish. 非洲肺鱼髓鞘结构和髓鞘组织组成。

Neuron glia biology Pub Date : 2008-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1740925X09990196

Daniel A Kirschner, Jothie Karthigesan, Oscar A Bizzozero, Bela Kosaras, Hideyo Inouye

{"title":"Myelin structure and composition of myelinated tissue in the African lungfish.","authors":"Daniel A Kirschner, Jothie Karthigesan, Oscar A Bizzozero, Bela Kosaras, Hideyo Inouye","doi":"10.1017/S1740925X09990196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740925X09990196","url":null,"abstract":"To analyze myelin structure and the composition of myelinated tissue in the African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi), we used a combination of ultrastructural and biochemical techniques. Electron microscopy showed typical multilamellar myelin: CNS sheaths abutted one another, and PNS sheaths were separated by endoneurial collagen. The radial component, prominent in CNS myelin of higher vertebrates, was suggested by the pattern of staining but was poorly organized. The lipid and myelin protein compositions of lungfish tissues more closely resembled those of teleost than those of higher vertebrates (frog, mouse). Of particular note, for example, lungfish glycolipids lacked hydroxy fatty acids. Native myelin periodicities from unfixed nerves were in the range of those for higher vertebrates rather than for teleost fish. Lungfish PNS myelin had wider inter-membrane spaces compared with other vertebrates, and lungfish CNS myelin had spaces that were closer in value to those in mammalian than to amphibian or teleost myelins. The membrane lipid bilayer was narrower in lungfish PNS myelin compared to other vertebrates, whereas in the CNS myelin the bilayer was in the typical range. Lungfish PNS myelin showed typical compaction and swelling responses to incubation in acidic or alkaline hypotonic saline. The CNS myelin, by contrast, did not compact in acidic saline but did swell in the alkaline solution. This lability was more similar to that for the higher vertebrates than for teleost.","PeriodicalId":19153,"journal":{"name":"Neuron glia biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1740925X09990196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28389266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Astrocytes process synaptic information. 星形胶质细胞处理突触信息。

Neuron glia biology Pub Date : 2008-02-01 Epub Date: 2009-02-27 DOI: 10.1017/S1740925X09000064

Alfonso Araque

{"title":"Astrocytes process synaptic information.","authors":"Alfonso Araque","doi":"10.1017/S1740925X09000064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740925X09000064","url":null,"abstract":"Astrocytes were classically considered as simple supportive cells for neurons without a significant role in information processing by the nervous system. However, considerable amounts of evidence obtained by several groups during the past years demonstrated the existence of a bidirectional communication between astrocytes and neurons, which prompted a re-examination of the role of astrocytes in the physiology of the nervous system. While neurons base their excitability on electrical signals generated across the membrane, astrocytes base their cellular excitability on variations of the Ca2+ concentration in the cytosol. This article discusses our current knowledge of the properties of the synaptically evoked astrocyte Ca2+ signal, which reveals that astrocytes display integrative properties for synaptic information processing. Astrocytes respond selectively to different axon pathways, discriminate between the activity of different synapses and their Ca2+ signal is non-linearly modulated by the simultaneous activity of different synaptic inputs. Furthermore, this Ca2+ signal modulation depends on astrocyte cellular intrinsic properties and is bidirectionally regulated by the level of synaptic activity. Finally, astrocyte Ca2+ elevations can trigger the release of gliotransmitters, which modulate neuronal activity as well as synaptic transmission and plasticity, hence granting the bidirectional communication with neurons. Consequently, astrocytes can be considered as cellular elements involved in information processing by the nervous system.","PeriodicalId":19153,"journal":{"name":"Neuron glia biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1740925X09000064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28012256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 99

Activity-dependent neuron-glial signaling by ATP and leukemia-inhibitory factor promotes hippocampal glial cell development. ATP和白血病抑制因子介导的活性依赖性神经元-胶质信号通路促进海马胶质细胞的发育。

Neuron glia biology Pub Date : 2008-02-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1740925X09000076

Jonathan E Cohen, R Douglas Fields

{"title":"Activity-dependent neuron-glial signaling by ATP and leukemia-inhibitory factor promotes hippocampal glial cell development.","authors":"Jonathan E Cohen, R Douglas Fields","doi":"10.1017/S1740925X09000076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740925X09000076","url":null,"abstract":"Activity-dependent signaling between neurons and astrocytes contributes to experience-dependent plasticity and development of the nervous system. However, mechanisms responsible for neuron-glial interactions and the releasable factors that underlie these processes are not well understood. The pro-inflammatory cytokine, leukemia-inhibitory factor (LIF), is transiently expressed postnatally by glial cells in the hippocampus and rapidly up-regulated by enhanced neural activity following seizures. To test the hypothesis that spontaneous neural activity regulates glial development in hippocampus via LIF signaling, we blocked spontaneous activity with the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) in mixed hippocampal cell cultures in combination with blockers of LIF and purinergic signaling. TTX decreased the number of GFAP-expressing astrocytes in hippocampal cell culture. Furthermore, blocking purinergic signaling by P2Y receptors contributed to reduced numbers of astrocytes. Blocking activity or purinergic signaling in the presence of function-blocking antibodies to LIF did not further decrease the number of astrocytes. Moreover, hippocampal cell cultures prepared from LIF -/- mice had reduced numbers of astrocytes and activity-dependent neuron-glial signaling promoting differentiation of astrocytes was absent. The results show that endogenous LIF is required for normal development of hippocampal astrocytes, and this process is regulated by spontaneous neural impulse activity through the release of ATP.","PeriodicalId":19153,"journal":{"name":"Neuron glia biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1740925X09000076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28106667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 31

NG2 cells generate oligodendrocytes and gray matter astrocytes in the spinal cord. NG2细胞在脊髓中产生少突胶质细胞和灰质星形胶质细胞。

Neuron glia biology Pub Date : 2008-02-01 Epub Date: 2008-11-13 DOI: 10.1017/S1740925X09000015

Xiaoqin Zhu, Robert A Hill, Akiko Nishiyama

{"title":"NG2 cells generate oligodendrocytes and gray matter astrocytes in the spinal cord.","authors":"Xiaoqin Zhu, Robert A Hill, Akiko Nishiyama","doi":"10.1017/S1740925X09000015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740925X09000015","url":null,"abstract":"NG2 cells represent a unique glial cell population that is distributed widely throughout the developing and adult CNS and is distinct from astrocytes, mature oligodendrocytes and microglia. The ability of NG2 cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes has been documented in vivo and in vitro. We reported recently that NG2 cells in the forebrain differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes but into a subpopulation of protoplasmic astrocytes (Zhu et al., 2008). However, the in vivo fate of NG2 cells in the spinal cord and cerebellum has remained unknown. To investigate the fate of NG2 cells in caudal central nervous system (CNS) regions in vivo, we examined the phenotype of cells that express EGFP in mice that are double transgenic for NG2CreBAC and the Cre reporter Z/EG. The fate of NG2 cells can be studied in these mice by permanent expression of EGFP in cells that have undergone Cre-mediated recombination in NG2 cells. We find that NG2 cells give rise to oligodendrocytes in both gray and white matter of the spinal cord and cerebellum, and to protoplasmic astrocytes in the gray matter of the spinal cord. However, NG2 cells do not give rise to astrocytes in the white matter of the spinal cord and cerebellum. These observations indicate that NG2 cells serve as precursor cells for oligodendrocytes and a subpopulation of protoplasmic astrocytes throughout the rostrocaudal axis of the CNS.","PeriodicalId":19153,"journal":{"name":"Neuron glia biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1740925X09000015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27836122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 155

Glial cell regulation of neurotransmission and behavior in Drosophila. 果蝇神经传递和行为的神经胶质细胞调节。

Neuron glia biology Pub Date : 2008-02-01 Epub Date: 2008-10-27 DOI: 10.1017/S1740925X09000027

F Rob Jackson, Philip G Haydon

引用次数: 29