Introduction to Computable General Equilibrium Models最新文献

{"title":"The CGE Model Database","authors":"M. Burfisher","doi":"10.1017/9781316450741.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316450741.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":190937,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to Computable General Equilibrium Models","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124738177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taxes in a CGE Model","authors":"M. Burfisher","doi":"10.1017/9781316450741.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316450741.009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the treatment of trade and domestic taxes in a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Trade taxes are imposed on imports and exports of goods and services. Domestic taxes are taxes paid by production activities on output and factor use and by purchasers on sales of intermediate and retail goods, and income taxes. We trace the tax data in a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) to describe the agent and the economic activity on which the tax is levied and the amount of revenue generated by each tax; we also show how to use the SAM's data to calculate tax rates. Partial equilibrium diagrams then illustrate the theoretical effects of taxes on economic activity and welfare. The results of tax policy experiments using a CGE model support the theoretical predictions and offer insight into the economy-wide effects of each tax. Three applied examples of tax policy analysis explore the second-best welfare effects of a tax, the marginal welfare impacts of a country's entire tax structure, and the elimination of import tariffs in a preferential trade agreement. The large federal deficit in the United States has spurred intense debate on whether the sizeable tax cuts enacted by the previous administration should be maintained or allowed to lapse. The tax cuts were intended to spur consumer demand during the financial crisis. Economists argued that lower taxes would lead to increased consumer spending, thereby providing an economic stimulus as production and employment expanded to meet higher demand. Some economists also argued that lower tax rates motivate producers to invest and produce more, which also helps stimulate employment. Taxes influence the behavior of an economy's consumers and producers in important ways. CGE models have proven to be a valuable tool for researchers in empirically and comprehensively analyzing how taxes affect households’ and firms’ economic decisions about how much to consume, produce, and trade, and how these actions impact the economy as a whole. Governments impose taxes for many reasons. Foremost is the need to raise revenue to support the provision of public goods such as national defense and education. Governments sometimes use taxes to redress market failures such as externalities. For example, the government may impose carbon taxes to reduce the harm to public health that is associated with air pollution by private industry.","PeriodicalId":190937,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to Computable General Equilibrium Models","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115691685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to Computable General Equilibrium Models","authors":"M. Burfisher","doi":"10.1017/9781316450741.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316450741.002","url":null,"abstract":"Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are widely used by governmental organizations and academic institutions to analyze the economy-wide effects of events such as climate change, tax policies and immigration. This book provides a practical, how-to guide to CGE models suitable for use at the undergraduate college level. Its introductory level distinguishes it from other available books and articles on CGE models. The book provides intuitive and graphical explanations of the economic theory that underlies a CGE model and includes many examples and hands-on modeling exercises. It may be used in courses on economics principles, microeconomics, macroeconomics, public finance, environmental economics and international trade and finance, because it shows students the role of theory in a realistic model of an economy. The book is also suitable for courses on general equilibrium models and research methods and for professionals interested in learning how to use CGE models.","PeriodicalId":190937,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to Computable General Equilibrium Models","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126354982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elements of a Computable General Equilibrium Model","authors":"M. Burfisher","doi":"10.1017/CBO9780511975004.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511975004.003","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we deconstruct the computable general equilibrium model and describe its core elements. These include sets, endogenous and exogenous variables, exogenous parameters, behavioral and identity equations, and model closure. We describe prices, price normalization, price transmission, and the numeraire. We explain how the CGE model runs and how to carry out an experiment. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is a system of mathematical equations that describes an economy as a whole and the interactions among its parts. A model this comprehensive is more complex than the bicycle industry model we built in Chapter 1, but it need not be a “black box.” In this chapter, our objective is to introduce, at a general level, the model's elements and mechanics. Even so, for many students, it may suffice to skim this chapter and return to it as needed as your modeling skills progress. For now, we also set aside any consideration of the economic theory that governs behavior in the model. Here, we do not consider how the model describes the motivations behind producers’ decisions about how much to produce or consumers’ decisions about how much to buy, or a nation's choice between consumption of its domestic production and imported goods. Of course, the economic properties of a CGE model are its real heart and soul, but they also present a much broader area of study; most of the other chapters in this book address this study. In this chapter, we deconstruct the CGE model to describe its core elements. We show that a CGE model and the simple bicycle model share many features, such as exogenous and endogenous variables, market-clearing constraints, and identity and behavioral equations. We explain and compare linearized and nonlinear expressions of the behavioural equations in a CGE model. We describe how the price of a single good changes as it moves along the supply chain from producers to consumers and the implications for price transmission. We explain the practice of normalizing prices and the role of the price numeraire. We introduce model closure, which is the decision about which variables are exogenous and which are endogenous. We also describe how the CGE model runs by explaining the sequence of model calibration or consistency check, baseline model solution, and model experiment.","PeriodicalId":190937,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to Computable General Equilibrium Models","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115440818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}