Natural Science最新文献

{"title":"Lift Force at Equatorial Sea Level Due to Compressed Air Dynamics of the Trade Wind’s Boundary Layer","authors":"K. Kenyon","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.136015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.136015","url":null,"abstract":"Starting with a recent unconventional explanation of the lift force on a wing, featuring compressibility of the air, an application of the same concept is made to the lift force on the equatorial sea surface due to the Trade Winds, by greatly increasing the spatial scales. If the equatorial sea level does rise up, the northward slope to the sea level should facilitate the poleward flux of summer heat in both the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans, as two examples, in accordance with the heat budget requirements of these oceans. Compressed air dynamics consists of Bernoulli’s law applied to the streamlines of the Trade Winds, the force balance between the upward centrifugal force of the curved streamlines at the earth’s surface and a downward pressure force, and the perfect gas law for air.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"33 1","pages":"191-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87212257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermophysical Properties and Supercritical Heat Transfer Characteristics of R515A","authors":"A. Ibrahim, Peng Hu, Yiran Jiang, F. Saleem, A. Riaz, Yifang Dong, Lei Jia, Panpan Zhao","doi":"10.4236/ns.2021.136019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.136019","url":null,"abstract":"The \u0000heat transfer of supercritical fluids is a vastly growing field, specifically \u0000to find suitable alternative to replace \u0000conventional R134a, which can be beneficial for climate change. A considerable \u0000suggestion is R515A which possesses considerably lower global warming \u0000potential. The present simulations are designed to study supercritical fluid \u0000R515A under cooling conditions in horizontal position. The effect of pressure, \u0000mass flux, heat flux and tube diameter were considered for horizontal tube in \u0000the vicinity of pseudo critical temperature. Numerical investigations on heat transfer characteristics of supercritical \u0000fluid R515A were performed using widely used shear-stress transport \u0000(SST) model. Moreover, heat transfer correlations were developed and suggested to accurately predict Nusselt number within \u000010% accuracy. The simulation results showed about 3.98% average absolute \u0000deviation.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81523207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary Analyses of Expression of Learning and Memory Related Genes in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) in Free-Choice Learning Paradigms","authors":"T. Black, Medhat Radi, Amanda Somers, C. Abramson","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.136016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.136016","url":null,"abstract":"Honey bees are an \u0000established animal model for studying learning and memory related behaviors. In \u0000recent years, honey bees have become more common as a model for investigations \u0000of molecular biology, including gene expression. Honey bees have been used to \u0000extrapolate genetic functions found in other invertebrates, such as Drosophila melanogaster. The honey bee \u0000model has also provided a means for isolating novel genes, including non-coding \u0000microRNA fragments. Integrating the study of learning and memory with molecular \u0000genetics, the present work examines the effect of learning acquisition and \u0000memory consolidation in free-choice paradigms \u0000on the expression of a suite of genes of interest. Results suggest that \u0000short-term learning acquisition causes differential expression of microRNA \u0000fragments, while memory consolidation \u0000differentially affects the expression of the serine/threonine protein \u0000kinase gene in honey bees. These results corroborate previous findings \u0000suggesting the importance of protein kinases in the formation of long term \u0000memory, and suggest that microRNA may play a large role in regulation of \u0000cytoskeletal scaffolding proteins.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"49 1","pages":"194-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81983971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrophysical Tutorial, Lessons Learned, and Evaluation Workflow: A Case Study in the Power River Basin","authors":"S. Perry, M. White","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.135014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.135014","url":null,"abstract":"The \u0000objective is to empower the reader and scientific community with the knowledge \u0000and specific applicable equations to then reproduce the critical rock and fluid \u0000attributes in the Powder River Basin. To then continue to unravel the basin and \u0000its potential (both conventionally and unconventionally). The overall goal is \u0000to ensure the transfer of knowledge and communication \u0000of a petrophysical workflow that can then also influence application to other \u0000basins worldwide. The Powder River Basin is \u0000in southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming and is a prolific oil and gas \u0000(hydrocarbon-prone) sedimentary basin related to the greater Rockies chain/series of hydrocarbon-bearing \u0000basins (ex. Big Horn, Greater Green River, Denver-Jules). In this study, we briefly set-up the geological \u0000background of the Powder River Basin and the importance/ relevance to then \u0000tackling subsurface petrophysical evaluation on a regional scale. Approximately, \u0000200 wells were evaluated petrophysically by a combined deterministic and \u0000inversion-based workflow representing an effort to share best practices, approaches, and the relative trends to apply in the \u0000basin to unravel the stratigraphic hydrocarbon potential in place. An extensive \u0000workflow involving basic petrophysical approaches such as raw log applicable \u0000cutoffs and volume of clay determination are shared as well as extending knowledge and application into advanced \u0000petrophysics through geochemical property derivation and impact of those \u0000derived properties as well as bound versus free water and hydrocarbon understanding. Results of the petrophysical \u0000analysis highlight the varying properties in conventional and unconventional \u0000formations (example Niobrara). The results of how and why the petrophysical \u0000approach was calibrated and then applied are the primary efforts accomplished.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"140-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91059964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the Instrument Slit Function on Upwelling Radiance from a Wavelength Dependent Surface Reflectance","authors":"R. Jagpal, R. Siddiqui, S. Abrarov, B. Quine","doi":"10.4236/ns.2022.143013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.143013","url":null,"abstract":"The Radiance Enhancement (RE) method was introduced for ef-ficient detection of clouds from the space. Recently, we have also re-ported that due to high reflectance of combustion-originated smokes, this approach can also be generalized for detection of the forest fires by retrieving and analyzing datasets collected from a space orbiting micro-spectrometer operating in the near infrared spectral range. In our previous publication, we have performed a comparison of observed and synthetic radiance spectra by developing a method for computation of surface reflectance consisting of different canopies by weighted sum based on their areal coverage. However, this approach should be justified by a method based on corresponding proportions of the upwelling radiance. The results of computations we performed in this study reveal a good match between areal coverage of canopies and the corresponding proportions of the upwelling radiance due to effect of the instrument slit function.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81109734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rotating Translating Cones","authors":"K. Kenyon","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.134012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.134012","url":null,"abstract":"A \u0000first attempt has been made to confirm experimentally a theoretical concept, \u0000recently published, involving a rigid cone rotating about its long axis under \u0000still water: it should tend to translate along that axis blunt end leading and \u0000apex trailing. Two identical hollow cones, neutrally buoyant, with equal \u0000weights attached to the apexes, were released simultaneously at the surface of \u0000a swimming pool. One cone had a thin light weight spiral vane vertically \u0000attached to the cone’s outside surface in order to cause it to rotate as it \u0000sank. Several trial runs were made in the shallow and deep ends of the pool, \u0000and in every case, the non-rotating cone without a vane hit the bottom of the \u0000pool first. These comparisons qualitatively and indirectly validate the \u0000prediction.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"39 4 1","pages":"133-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86376151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Astrophysical Processes of Cosmological Hydrogen that Generate the Chemical Elements that Make up the Universe","authors":"M. J. Gómez, Salvador Galindo Uribarri, Olga B. Benítez López","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.133010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.133010","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the present article is to explain how all the chemical elements were formed from the big bang generated element: hydrogen. The methodology used was to analyze the main cosmological and astrophysical processes in order to explain the origin of all the known chemical elements. The main results are: Hydrogen cannot be formed in any part of the actual universe; it must come from the Big Bang. Helium and a little bit of lithium can have a cosmological origin associated to the Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the recombination process. The elements with an atomic number between 3 and 26 were, and continue to be, synthetized by nuclear fusion reactions inside the core of massive stars and liberated by explosion when the stars go supernovae, at the end of their lives. In the process of going supernova, elements with a medium atomic number, between 27 and 40, are created. All the elements with an atomic number larger than 40 were generated by neutron star collisions. When Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer designed an ordered arrangement of chemical elements, their tables included the 63 chemical elements known in 1869. A century and a half later, the known elements are 118. By studying different topics related to the elements, it was possible to uncover fundamental particles, such as quarks and leptons, and the strong and weak nuclear forces that form the baryonic part of the universe. The Sun was formed 6000 million years ago and its planets, including earth, were formed 4600 million years ago when and where there were debris of different stars that went supernova, in particular 1A type, and also debris, of at least one of a binary neutron star collision, so to attain, all the elements that have been identified in the solar system, and especially in earth. In addition, the current “periodic table” includes 26 synthetic elements that were produced in neutron star collisions but, because of their short lifetimes, they are not found, on earth. The vast quantities of the elements, produced during the aforementioned astrophysical processes, clustered into planets, stars and galaxies; and at least in one planet, our earth, some chemical elements organized themselves into living creatures.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90306574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lift on a Low Speed Circular Arc Wing due to Air Compression","authors":"K. Kenyon","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.133008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.133008","url":null,"abstract":"A fluid flow model consisting of Bernoulli’s law in its normal form, the equation of state of air, and the cross-stream force balance between a downward pressure gradient and the upward centrifugal force on fluid particles moving along curved streamlines over the top circular wing surface involving three equations in three unknowns (pressure, density and velocity) are solved to show that both density and pressure decrease upward as the inverse square of the distance from the circle’s center, and the velocity is independent of that dis-tance. These derived characteristics are used to explain the lift force on the wing in what is believed to be a novel way.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"88-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86139849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Gum Arabic (Acacia nilotica) Constituents Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy","authors":"M. M. Yousif, N. Almuslet, E. Hassan, Fatima Medany Mohamed Taha, Mohammed Idriss Ahmed Mohammed, Anwar Faizd Osman","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.133009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.133009","url":null,"abstract":"In \u0000this work, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to determine \u0000the constituent of Gum Arabic (Acacia nilotica) \u0000collected from five different locations in Sudan. Gum samples were irradiated \u0000with 80 mJ pulse energy of Nd-YAG laser (1064 nm) and Atomic spectra Database \u0000was used for the spectral analysis of the plasma emitted from these samples. It \u0000was found that the samples contain the elements C, O, H, S, N, P, Na, Mg, Ca, \u0000Fe, Cr, Mn, Co with different amounts. Some elements like (Ti, Br, Ar, Th, Kr, \u0000Sc and Pr) are recorded here for the first time.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"25 1","pages":"91-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77941543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Remarkable Impacts of Gordon Life Science Institute","authors":"K. Chou","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.133006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.133006","url":null,"abstract":"In \u0000this review paper, the remarkable impacts of the first Internet Institute, the \u0000Gordon Life Science Institute, as well as its profound and far-reaching \u0000influence have been systematically and comprehensively presented.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"43-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81730608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}