{"title":"On the accurate calibration of the SeaWinds radar antenna: a cylindrical near-field measurement approach","authors":"Z. Hussein, Y. Rahmat-Samii","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516390","url":null,"abstract":"A multipolarization, multi-incidence angle conical scanning Ku-band radar antenna is being designed and calibrated at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for the SeaWinds Scatterometer instrument. To calibrate the radar's performance, it is essential to accurately determine the antenna gain and radiation pattern characteristics over wide angular range. Such characterizations may be performed on a far-field range or in an indoor near-field measurement facility. Among the advantage of the latter is that the antenna is in a controlled environment. This paper demonstrates the utility of a cylindrical near-field measurement approach for the SeaWinds radar antenna calibration. Both generalized measurement error models and measured tests on a standard gain horn and NASA Scatterometer instrument antenna have been performed to achieve and verify the desired calibration accuracy. A comparison between far-field measured data and those obtained from cylindrical near-field measurements was found in excellent agreement.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"31 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132984231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Atmospheric effects on the wind retrieval performance of satellite radiometers","authors":"R. West, S. Yueh","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516782","url":null,"abstract":"Atmospheric emission contributes to radiometer measurements meant to study the ocean surface. The relative importance of this contribution depends on the amount of water (vapor and liquid) in the air column, and on the frequency and polarization used. For vertical and horizontal polarization, the atmosphere contributes a significant bias to observed brightness temperatures. The U stokes parameter, however, is relatively insensitive to the atmosphere, and is therefore a more reliable measure of surface conditions.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"213 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133378760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Semiempirical modelling of bidirectional reflectance utilizing the MODIS BRDF/Albedo algorithm models","authors":"H. White, J. Miller, R. Soffer, W. Wanner","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516681","url":null,"abstract":"BRFs of an artificial conifer canopy were observed and modelled using the MODIS BRDF/Albedo algorithm. Derived BRDF functions show a reasonable agreement with the BRF observed in the illumination plane. The algorithm shows the ability to provide a reasonable BRDF for illumination conditions not used in the function derivation, which are based entirely on in-plane BRF data.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132772770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Consistent 2-D phase unwrapping guided by a quality map","authors":"Thomas Flynn","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516887","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of 2D phase unwrapping arises when a spatially varying quantity is measured module some period. One needs to reconstruct a smooth unwrapped phase, consistent with the original data, by adding a multiple of the period to each sample. Smoothness typically cannot be enforced over all of the scene, due to noise and localized jumps. An unwrapping algorithm may form a mask within which phase discontinuities are allowed. In interferometry a quality map is available, indicating the reliability of the measurements. In this case, the mask should be contained as much as possible in areas of low quality. This paper presents an algorithm for phase unwrapping in which the mask design is guided by the quality map. The mask is grown from the residues (as defined by Goldstein et al.) into areas where the quality is below a threshold. A connected component of the mask stops growing when its residue charge becomes balanced. The threshold is raised as necessary to allow growth. This stage terminates when all components are balanced. The mask is then thinned by removing points that are not needed to cover the residues correctly. The unwrapped phase is found by simple 1D unwrapping along paths that avoid the mask. The authors present an example solution found by the algorithm and discuss possible modifications.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127821490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Accuracy of soil moisture determination by means of passive microwave remote sensing method. Modeling and experiments","authors":"B. Liberman, A. Milshin","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516649","url":null,"abstract":"Some results of passive microwave remote sensing application for the determination of surface (20-30 cm layer) soil moisture and general water content in 1 m layer are presented. Model estimation of accuracy dependence on different soil parameters, vegetation biomass, errors of calibration, etc. are given. Results of comparison between remote sensing data and contact data, obtained in different regions are analyzed. The algorithms for data processing were elaborated in Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics Russian Academy of Sciences, and developed in Institute of Geoinformatics Ltd., software and microwave radiometers in centimeter and decimeter wavebands for experiments were elaborated in Institute of Geoinformatics Ltd.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115741183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Remote sensing: economic viability of environmental monitoring","authors":"M. Macauley, T. J. Brennan","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516942","url":null,"abstract":"The authors assess the benefits of future higher spatial and spectral resolution space-based remote sensing for environmental regulation and enforcement. They draw from the economics literature on regulation, monitoring, and enforcement to frame their analysis of the technological attributes of the emerging remote sensing systems. They find that the systems are likely to have significant and highly beneficial implications for regulation and enforcement.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"272 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115903948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of neural nets to rain rate retrieval from simulated multichannel passive microwave imagery","authors":"A. Gasiewski, G. Showman, G. Skofronick","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516771","url":null,"abstract":"The retrieval of precipitation parameters from passive microwave imagery requires the use of a nonlinear statistical estimation technique operating on a multichannel data stream. The authors describe the application of a feed-forward neural net to the estimation of precipitation parameters from noisy, multispectral brightness temperature imagery. A comparison of the neural net retrieval technique vis-and-vis a nonlinear statistical technique shows that with proper training the neural net achieves slightly better performance. The neural net technique developed has been used to study the tradeoffs associated with using various microwave channel sets and sensor resolutions. Initial calculations using simulated nadir-viewing imagery for a MIMR-compatible set of six channels are presented.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114579384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modelling of microwave backscatter using a tree-growth model for boreal forests within the NOPEX Test Site","authors":"I. Woodhouse, D. Hoekman","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516310","url":null,"abstract":"The use of a tree growth model to provide statistical information about the scattering components of boreal-type forests is described. Such data is used as input to a radar backscatter model as an alternative to data obtained through intensive fieldwork and has been used to predict the total backscatter from three test stands at C-band frequency for three polarisation combinations (HH, VV and HV). The test sites consisted of two stands of scots pine and one of Norwegian spruce. The modelled backscatter values are compared to measured C-band data from a polarimetric airborne synthetic aperture radar (EMISAR). Differences between modelled and simulated backscatter values compare favourably with previous studies, with like- and cross-polarisation differences less than 2.5 dB, with the modelled backscatter values generally less than those observed.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115035060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation of the accuracy of soil moisture inversion using microwave data and its impact on watershed hydrological modeling","authors":"P. O’neill, A. Hsu, T. Jackson, E. Wood, M. Zion","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516566","url":null,"abstract":"During 1992 and 1994 NASA/GSFC, USDA, and Princeton University conducted hydrology field experiments in the Little Washita River watershed near Chickasha, Oklahoma, with a goal of characterizing the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture using microwave sensors from ground, aircraft, and space platforms. A major objective of these activities included the subsequent incorporation of the microwave-derived soil moisture patterns in models of larger scale water balance and partial area hydrology. While work is continuing to improve the accuracy of microwave soil moisture inversion algorithms for both bare and vegetated soils, the impact of errors in estimated soil moisture on hydrological modeling of the watershed has yet to be addressed. In this study a coupled water and energy balance model operating within a topographic framework was used to predict surface soil moisture fields for the Little Washita watershed for an eight-day period in June, 1992 which covered a wide range of soil moisture conditions. The model was first driven by meteorological forcing data, and the model-generated soil moisture fields are compared in space and time to those produced for the watershed by the airborne passive microwave ESTAR sensor for the same time period. In a second analysis, the model was initialized by the remote sensing data, and subsequent model predictions of soil moisture are compared to measured values.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115043457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Broadband phenomena in oceanic passive wind direction signatures: The sensitivity to wave asymmetry, foam, and atmospheric profile","authors":"D. Kunkee, A. Gasiewski","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516590","url":null,"abstract":"An inherently broadband asymmetric-wave geometrical optics (AWGO) model of the upwelling thermal radiation over the ocean was used to investigate the contributions of wave asymmetry, foam, and the downwelling (background) radiation profile to the passive oceanic wind direction signature. Signatures at K- and K/sub a/-band (19 and 37 GHz) were calculated using a Monte-Carlo ocean surface simulation. The investigation showed that at angles near the SSM/I observing angle, T/sub h/ and T/sub U/ are sensitive but T/sub /spl nu// is insensitive to wave asymmetry. However, T/sub /spl nu// was found to be sensitive and T/sub U/ insensitive to the placement of foam on the waves. Sensitivity to the background radiation profile was investigated by varying the atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles. For changes of /spl gsim/33% in atmospheric water vapor from a global mean value, only slight variation (/spl sim/0.2 K) in the upwind/downwind brightness temperature difference for either polarization resulted.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115044689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}