mSphere最新文献

{"title":"Abundance of clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes in the golden jackal (<i>Canis aureus</i>) gut.","authors":"Roi Lapid, Yair Motro, Hillary Craddock, Ikram Salah, Roni King, Katherine Winner, Gila Kahila Bar-Gal, Jacob Moran-Gilad","doi":"10.1128/msphere.00819-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/msphere.00819-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical One Health issue. Wildlife could act as reservoirs or vehicles of AMR bacteria (ARBs) and AMR genes (ARGs) but are relatively understudied. We sought to investigate clinically relevant ARGs in golden jackals (<i>Canis aureus</i>) thriving near human settlements in Israel. Fecal samples were collected from 111 jackals across four regions over a 10-month period. Various animal and spatio-temporal metadata were collected. Samples were analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) for beta-lactamases (<i>bla</i>TEM, <i>bla</i>CTX-M15, and <i>bla</i>SHV), <i>qnrS</i> and <i>int1</i>. A subset of samples was subject to shotgun metagenomic sequencing followed by resistome and microbiome analyses. qPCR detected a high prevalence of ARGs, including beta-lactamases (<i>bla</i>TEM-1, 96.4%; <i>bla</i>CTX-M-15, 51.4%, <i>bla</i>SHV, 15.3%), fluoroquinolone resistance (<i>qnrS</i>, 87.4%), and class 1 integrons (<i>Int1</i>, 94.6%). The <i>bla</i>TEM-1 gene was found to be more prevalent in adult jackals compared to younger ones. Metagenomic analysis of a subset of samples revealed a diverse gut microbiome harboring a rich resistome with tetracycline resistance genes being the most prevalent. Metagenome-assembled genome analysis further identified several ARGs associated with clinically relevant bacteria. These findings highlight the potential role of golden jackals as reservoirs for AMR and emphasize the need for ongoing surveillance to better understand AMR transmission dynamics at the wildlife-human interface.</p><p><strong>Importance: </strong>The research highlights the potential role of the golden jackals as reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The high prevalence of clinically relevant AMR genes in these jackals emphasizes the need for ongoing surveillance and monitoring to better understand AMR transmission dynamics at the wildlife-human interface.</p>","PeriodicalId":19052,"journal":{"name":"mSphere","volume":" ","pages":"e0081924"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11934335/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143409345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UV-irradiated rotifers for the maintenance of gnotobiotic zebrafish larvae.","authors":"Susana Márquez Rosales, Peter I Bouchard, Emily M Olmstead, Raghuveer Parthasarathy","doi":"10.1128/msphere.00698-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/msphere.00698-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Host-associated microbial communities profoundly impact the health of humans and other animals. Zebrafish have proven to be a useful model for uncovering mechanisms of host-microbe interactions, but the difficulty of maintaining germ-free or gnotobiotic zebrafish beyond 1 week post-fertilization has limited their utility. To address this, we have developed a simple protocol using UV irradiation of rotifers, a common and nutrient-rich prey species for larval zebrafish, to reduce the bacterial load associated with the rotifers by several orders of magnitude while maintaining their motility and viability. We find that though feeding with UV-treated rotifers does not preserve the sterility of germ-free fish, it enables the maintenance of pre-existing bacterial communities. Normal feeding, in striking contrast, leads to the near-total depletion of these prior populations. We measure the abundance of single- and three-species consortia of zebrafish-commensal bacteria inoculated into initially germ-free larvae in a series of experiments extending to 8 days of feeding, or 13 days post-fertilization. We find, in fish-fed UV-treated rotifers, the persistence of bacterial populations on timescales of days, together with strong species-specific variation. In addition, re-inoculation of differently labeled strains of the same zebrafish-commensal species alongside feeding leads to colonization by the new bacteria without displacement of earlier microbes. Our method will facilitate the use of gnotobiotic zebrafish for investigations of phenomena that emerge later in animal development and for studies that probe microbiome composition fluctuations and stability over extended timescales.IMPORTANCEAll animals, including humans, are host to vast microbial communities that contribute to health and disease through mechanisms that remain largely mysterious. These microbiomes are challenging to study, spurring the use of various model organisms, including zebrafish. Zebrafish, however, are difficult to raise beyond 1 week post-fertilization under gnotobiotic conditions, in other words, germ free or with known microbial constituents, a consequence of normally feeding on live prey that brings their own, generally unknown, microbes. Therefore, we developed a simple protocol in which UV irradiation of rotifers, a widely used small-animal food for larval zebrafish, facilitates the maintenance of gnotobiotic larvae. We show that pre-existing bacterial communities in larvae are minimally affected by feeding on UV-treated rotifers, in strong contrast to feeding on untreated rotifers. We demonstrate that this feeding method allows investigations of zebrafish-associated bacterial community stability over several days, allowing investigation of previously intractable questions about microbiome stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":19052,"journal":{"name":"mSphere","volume":" ","pages":"e0069824"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11934316/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143483719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"mSphere of Influence: Rapid evolution of pathogenesis and drug resistance in human pathogenic fungi.","authors":"Pengjie Hu","doi":"10.1128/msphere.00570-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/msphere.00570-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pengjie Hu works in the field of fungal pathogenesis, drug resistance, and evolution. In this mSphere of Influence article, he reflects on how three works, \"Transposon mobilization in the human fungal pathogen <i>Cryptococcus</i> is mutagenic during infection and promotes drug resistance in vitro\" and \"Genome-wide analysis of heat stress-stimulated transposon mobility in the human fungal pathogen <i>Cryptococcus deneoformans</i>\" by Gusa et al. and \"Rapid evolution of an adaptive multicellular morphology of <i>Candida auris</i> during systemic infection\" by Bing et al. have impacted his work on the evolution of virulence, resistance, and adaptation in human fungal pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":19052,"journal":{"name":"mSphere","volume":" ","pages":"e0057024"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11934322/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143492979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A call for the United States to continue investing in science.","authors":"Ira Blader, Felicia Goodrum, Michael J Imperiale, Arturo Casadevall, Cesar A Arias, Andreas Baumler, Carey-Ann D Burnham, Christina A Cuomo, Corrella S Detweiler, Graeme N Forrest, Jack A Gilbert, Susan Lovett, Stanley Maloy, Alexander McAdam, Irene Newton, Gemma Reguera, George A O'Toole, Patrick D Schloss, Ashley Shade, Marvin Whiteley","doi":"10.1128/msphere.00128-25","DOIUrl":"10.1128/msphere.00128-25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19052,"journal":{"name":"mSphere","volume":" ","pages":"e0012825"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11934304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143516092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospective comparison of the digestive tract resistome and microbiota in cattle raised in grass-fed versus grain-fed production systems.","authors":"Jiye Kwon, Windy Tanner, Yong Kong, Martina Wade, Chad Bitler, Marilia B Chiavegato, Melinda M Pettigrew","doi":"10.1128/msphere.00738-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/msphere.00738-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most antimicrobials sold in the United States are used in food animals. Farm management practices contribute to antibacterial resistance (AR). Controversially, grass-fed diets have been recommended over grain-fed diets to reduce AR in beef cattle. Ionophore feed additives (non-therapeutic antibiotics that enhance feed efficiency) may contribute to AR development. We used shotgun metagenomic sequencing of fecal swabs to prospectively compare the cattle gastrointestinal resistome and microbiota in two different production systems over five periods from pre-weaning to pre-harvest. Cattle were grass-fed and pasture-raised (system A, <i>n</i> = 33) or grain-fed with ionophore additives in feedlots (system B, <i>n</i> = 34). System A cattle averaged 639 lb and 22.8 months of age, and system B cattle averaged 1,173 lb and 12.4 months of age preharvest. In total, 367 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and 329 bacterial species were identified. The resistome of system A cattle had higher alpha diversity than system B cattle over their lifespan (<i>P</i> = 0.008). Beta-diversity estimates indicated overlap in the pre-weaning resistome and microbiota in both systems, which diverged post-weaning, with increases in several medically important ARGs when system B cattle transitioned to a grain diet. Analysis of compositions of microbiomes with bias correction indicated that levels of tetracycline, macrolide, aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, and bacitracin ARGs were significantly higher in system B cattle pre-harvest. Resistome changes were highly correlated with bacterial community changes (Procrustes, <i>M</i>² = 0.958; <i>P</i> = 0.001). Potentially modifiable farm management strategies, including diet and ionophores, may influence abundance and diversity of ARGs in fecal samples from cattle.IMPORTANCEAntibiotic resistance is a One Health threat. More antibiotics are used in agriculture than in human medicine. We compared the relative abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacterial species in cattle raised in two different cattle production systems (grass- and grain-fed). Fecal swab samples were collected at five time points spanning pre-weaning and prior to harvest. The antibiotic resistance gene and bacterial communities were relatively similar in the pre-weaning period when cattle in both systems were milking and on pasture. Resistance genes and bacterial communities diverged post-weaning when system B cattle were given a grain diet with feed additives for growth promotion containing non-medically important antibiotics (i.e., ionophores). The levels of medically important ARGs (e.g., macrolides) increased in system B grain-fed cattle post-weaning and were higher than in system A just prior to slaughter. These data provide additional evidence that farm management strategies impact the level of antibiotic resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19052,"journal":{"name":"mSphere","volume":" ","pages":"e0073824"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11934311/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143414677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel <i>Erwiniaceae</i> gut symbiont modulates gene expression of the intracellular bacterium <i>Cardinium</i> in the stored product mite <i>Tyrophagus putrescentiae</i>.","authors":"Jan Hubert, Eliza Glowska-Patyniak, Scot E Dowd, Pavel B Klimov","doi":"10.1128/msphere.00879-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00879-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We examined host and bacterial gene expression profiles in the stored product mite <i>Tyrophagus putrescentiae</i> co-infected with <i>Wolbachia</i> (wTPut) and <i>Cardinium</i> (cTPut) while varying the presence of the <i>Erwiniaceae</i> symbiont (SLS). SLS, a novel symbiont in the family <i>Erwiniaceae</i>, with a genome size of 1.7 Mb, is found in 16% of mite species in infected cultures. In addition, SLS was detected in mite feces but not in their eggs. Although <i>Wolbachia</i> expression remained unchanged, the presence or absence of SLS significantly affected <i>Cardinium</i> expression. It indicated that the effect of <i>Wolbachia</i> on SLS was neutral. In SLS-positive samples, <i>Cardinium</i> exhibited 29 upregulated and 48 downregulated genes compared to SLS-negative samples. Furthermore, <i>Cardinium</i> gene expression strongly correlated with mite KEGG gene expression in SLS-positive samples. Positive Spearman's correlations between <i>Cardinium</i> gene expression and mite KEGG immune and regulatory pathways were doubled in SLS-positive compared to SLS-negative samples. The diversity of expressed genes in the mite host decreased in the presence of SLS. <i>Cardinium</i> had more interacting genes to mite host in SLS-positive samples than without SLS. Transposases are the most affected <i>Cardinium</i> genes, showing upregulation in the presence of SLS. Correlation analyses revealed interactions between <i>Cardinium</i> and SLS via mite immune and regulatory pathways, including lysosome, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, PIK3_Akt, and cGMP-PKG. The results showed that <i>Cardinium</i> indirectly affects the gut symbionts of mites.IMPORTANCEThis study introduces a new model to analyze interactions between intracellular bacterial symbionts, gut bacterial symbionts, and their mite hosts. Using gene expression correlations, we investigated how the intracellular <i>Cardinium</i> responds to the novel <i>Erwiniaceae</i> gut symbiont in the mold mite <i>Tyrophagus putrescentiae</i>. The data showed that both mite and <i>Cardinium</i> gene expression are different in the samples with and without <i>Erwiniaceae</i> symbionts. In the presence of <i>Erwiniaceae</i> symbionts, <i>Cardinium</i> increased the interaction with the mite host in terms of changes in gene expression. The mite immune and regulatory pathway gene expression is differently correlated to <i>Cardinium</i> genes in relation to <i>Erwiniaceae</i> symbionts. As a well-known producer of allergens, <i>T. putrescentiae</i> physiology and thus its allergen production are influenced by both symbionts, potentially affecting the release of allergens into human environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":19052,"journal":{"name":"mSphere","volume":" ","pages":"e0087924"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of the flagellar protein gene <i>fliK</i> on <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> biofilm formation.","authors":"Hongjin Tao, Wangjingyi Zhang, Jing Liu, Yu Zhou, Gangshi Wang","doi":"10.1128/msphere.00018-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00018-25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The biofilm structure of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> is known to enhance its capabilities for antimicrobial resistance. This study aims to investigate the role of the flagellar hook length control protein gene <i>fliK</i> in the biofilm formation of <i>H. pylori</i>. Homologous recombination was employed to knock out the <i>fliK</i> gene in the <i>H. pylori</i> NCTC 11637 strain. The flagella of <i>H. pylori</i> were observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), whereas <i>H. pylori</i> motility and growth were examined through semi-solid agar assays and growth curve analyses, respectively. The bacterial biofilm and its constituents were visualized utilizing fluorescence confocal microscopy. Assessments of <i>H. pylori</i> adhesion to gastric mucosal cells, its vacuolar toxicity, and antibiotic resistance were evaluated using co-culture experiments and E-test methods. The <i>fliK</i> gene was successfully knocked out in <i>H. pylori</i> NCTC 11637. The Δ<i>fliK</i> mutant exhibited polyhook structures or lacked typical flagellar morphology, reduced mobility, and a slower bacterial growth rate compared with the wild-type strain. Fluorescence confocal microscopy revealed a decrease in the thickness of the biofilm formed by the Δ<i>fliK</i> strain, along with reductions in polysaccharide and DNA components. The deletion of <i>fliK</i> did not affect vacuolar toxicity or antibiotic resistance but did reduce the adhesive capacity of the bacterium to gastric mucosal cells. The deletion of the <i>fliK</i> gene significantly impairs <i>H. pylori</i> biofilm formation, leading to substantial decreases in biofilm components, bacterial growth, and adhesion capabilities. These findings underscore the importance of <i>fliK</i> in the pathogenicity of <i>H. pylori</i>.IMPORTANCEThe increasing antibiotic resistance of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> has emerged as a global health concern, with biofilm formation serving as a crucial mechanism underlying this resistance. This study investigates the role of the <i>fliK</i> gene, which encodes the flagellar hook length control protein, in <i>H. pylori</i> biofilm formation. Furthermore, we examined the influence of <i>fliK</i> on <i>H. pylori</i> growth, motility, and cellular adhesion capabilities. Our findings elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing <i>H. pylori</i> biofilm formation and suggest potential therapeutic strategies for addressing <i>H. pylori</i> antibiotic resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19052,"journal":{"name":"mSphere","volume":" ","pages":"e0001825"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143674272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alarmone ppGpp modulates bacterial motility, zeamine production, and virulence of <i>Dickeya oryzae</i> through the regulation of and cooperation with the putrescine signaling mechanism.","authors":"Zurong Shi, Zhibin Liang, Qian Yang, Lian-Hui Zhang, Qingwei Wang","doi":"10.1128/msphere.00682-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00682-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Putrescine is an important interspecies and interkingdom communication signal, modulating the bacterial motility, biofilm formation, and virulence of <i>D. oryzae</i>. The understanding of the regulation of putrescine biosynthesis and transport in <i>D. oryzae</i> is limited. In this study, we report that alarmone ppGpp hierarchically modulates putrescine biosynthesis and transport and synergistically cooperates with putrescine to regulate virulence traits and the virulence of <i>D. oryzae</i>. We found that the alarmone ppGpp synthesized by RelA regulated putrescine biosynthesis through modulating <i>speA</i> expression, and the product putrescine would thus inhibit the expression of <i>potF</i> and <i>plaP</i>. Remarkably, we unveiled the synergistic effect of alarmone ppGpp and putrescine on the modulation of swimming motility and zeamine production. Compared with the single deletion of either <i>relA</i> or <i>speA</i>, the double deletion of <i>relA</i> and <i>speA</i> could decrease the expression of RNA chaperone encoded gene <i>hfq</i> and the production of phytotoxin zeamine, which further attenuated the capability of <i>D. oryzae</i> EC1 in inhibition of rice seed germination. Collectively, the findings from this study depict alarmone ppGpp regulation on putrescine biosynthesis and transport and present the cooperation of regulation of alarmone ppGpp and putrescine in the virulence of <i>D. oryzae</i>.IMPORTANCE<i>Dickeya oryzae</i> is the causal agent of rice root rot disease. Bacterial motility and phytotoxic zeamines are characterized as two major virulent factors during <i>D. oryzea</i> infecting rice seed. Putrescine, as an interspecies and interkingdom communication signal for the infections of <i>D. oryzae</i>, has been previously demonstrated to be involved in the modulation of bacterial motility. Here we report the novel synergistic effect of putrescine signal and alarmone ppGpp on the regulation of both zeamine production and bacterial motility via modulating the expression of RNA chaperone-encoded gene <i>hfq</i>. In addition, we also showed that alarmone ppGpp hierarchically modulates putrescine biosynthesis and transport. Therefore, the findings of this study unveil the previously undetermined contribution of putrescine in the modulation of virulence determinants, and the regulatory mechanism of putrescine biosynthesis and transport in <i>D. oryzae</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":19052,"journal":{"name":"mSphere","volume":" ","pages":"e0068224"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143664088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diverse ssRNA viruses associated with <i>Karenia brevis</i> harmful algal blooms in southwest Florida.","authors":"Shen Jean Lim, Alexandra Rogers, Karyna Rosario, Makenzie Kerr, Matt Garrett, Julie Koester, Katherine Hubbard, Mya Breitbart","doi":"10.1128/msphere.01090-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.01090-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by the dinoflagellate <i>Karenia brevis</i> frequently occur in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, where they negatively impact the environment, human health, and economy. Very little is known about viruses associated with <i>K. brevis</i> blooms, although viral infection of other HAB-forming phytoplankton species can play an important role in bloom dynamics. We used viral metagenomics to identify viruses in 11 pooled seawater samples collected from southwest Florida, USA, in 2021 during a severe, spatiotemporally dynamic <i>K. brevis</i> bloom. Assembled viral genomes were similar to published genomes from the order <i>Picornavirales</i>, family <i>Marnaviridae</i>, and genera <i>Sogarnavirus</i>, <i>Bacillarnavirus</i>, and <i>Marnavirus</i>. Several of the cultured viruses from these groups infect bloom-forming diatoms (<i>Chaetoceros</i> sp. and <i>Rhizosolenia setigera</i>) and the raphidophyte <i>Heterosigma akashiwo</i>. We also recovered unclassified <i>Riboviria</i> genomes related to a <i>Symbiodinium</i> positive-sense ssRNA virus sequenced from coral dinoflagellate symbionts. Reverse-transcriptase PCR assays were performed to monitor the occurrence of seven representative virus genomes in these samples from 2021 and 43 seawater samples collected during a subsequent, typical bloom between November 2022 and May 2023. Over half of the samples contained multiple viruses, and at least one viral genome was detected in 44 of the 54 samples collected across seasons and years, highlighting the ubiquity of these viruses in this region. Alpha diversity was highest in the summer months and positively correlated with <i>K. brevis</i> cell counts. Multiple regression revealed month and the presence of unclassified <i>Riboviria</i> sequences most similar to dinoflagellate viruses as significant predictors of <i>K. brevis</i> cellular abundance.IMPORTANCEHarmful algal blooms caused by the dinoflagellate <i>Karenia brevis</i> negatively impact the tourism, fisheries, and public health sectors. Anticipated impacts of climate change, nutrient pollution, and ocean acidification may sustain and/or exacerbate <i>K. brevis</i> blooms in the future, underscoring the need for proactive monitoring, communication, and mitigation strategies. This study represents a pioneering effort in monitoring viruses associated with <i>K. brevis</i> blooms. The findings lay the groundwork for studying the effects of environmental drivers on <i>K. brevis</i> blooms and their associated viruses, as well as for exploring the roles of viruses in bloom dynamics and potential applications of viruses as biocontrol agents for <i>K. brevis</i> blooms. Furthermore, the comparison of viral dynamics relative to local and regional bloom dynamics in this study helps inform future monitoring and modeling needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19052,"journal":{"name":"mSphere","volume":" ","pages":"e0109024"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143664092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"mSphere of Influence: The integral art of resolving host-virus interactions.","authors":"Elliott D SoRelle","doi":"10.1128/msphere.01040-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.01040-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Elliott D. SoRelle studies viral infection and pathogenesis, specifically Epstein-Barr virus and its associated diseases, through the lens of single cell and spatial biology. In this mSphere of Influence article, he reflects on the essential value of art in biological research-and the frequent homology between the two. He incorporates themes from music and visual arts into a discussion of how three publications entitled \"The cybernetics of development\" by C. H. Waddington (<i>The Strategy of the Genes</i>, chapter 2, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315765471), \"Epstein-Barr viral productive amplification reprograms nuclear architecture, DNA replication, and histone deposition\" by Y.-F. Chiu et al. (Cell Host Microbe 14:607-618, 2013, 10.1016/j.chom.2013.11.009), and \"Comprehensive integration of single-cell data\" by T. Stuart et al. (Cell 177:1888-1902.e21, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.031) shape his scientific perspectives in single-cell virology and provide a conceptual framework for dissecting multifaceted host-virus interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19052,"journal":{"name":"mSphere","volume":" ","pages":"e0104024"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143664095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}