Rob Flickenger, Steve Okay, E. Pietrosemoli, M. Zennaro, C. Fonda
{"title":"Very long distance wi-fi networks","authors":"Rob Flickenger, Steve Okay, E. Pietrosemoli, M. Zennaro, C. Fonda","doi":"10.1145/1397705.1397707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1397705.1397707","url":null,"abstract":"802.11 Wi-Fi technology is commonly used for creating wireless networks with a range of about one hundred meters. With careful planning and proper antennas, this same equipment can be used to make point-to-point links of hundreds of kilometers. This paper presents a successful 279 km link made by wireless experts in Venezuela, and a permanent 133 km test network in northern Italy for ongoing research.","PeriodicalId":189697,"journal":{"name":"USENIX/ACM Workshop on Networked Systems for Developing Regions","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126521663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"N-smarts: networked suite of mobile atmospheric real-time sensors","authors":"R. Honicky, E. Brewer, E. Paulos, Richard White","doi":"10.1145/1397705.1397713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1397705.1397713","url":null,"abstract":"By attaching sensors to GPS-enabled cell phones, we can gather the raw data necessary to begin understand how urban air pollution impacts both individuals and communities. In this paper we introduce a hardware and software platform for exploring algorithms and data gathered from pollution sensors integrated into cell phones, and discuss our main research agenda going forward.","PeriodicalId":189697,"journal":{"name":"USENIX/ACM Workshop on Networked Systems for Developing Regions","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122629938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Secure rural supply chain management using low cost paper watermarking","authors":"Ashlesh Sharma, L. Subramanian, E. Brewer","doi":"10.1145/1397705.1397711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1397705.1397711","url":null,"abstract":"Supply chain systems in rural developing regions are extremely fragile and are vulnerable to a wide range of security threats including theft, fraud and counterfeit goods. In this paper, we propose the design of a secure, low cost supply chain management system that leverages cheap cellphones and a low-cost paper watermarking system that can authenticate and verify the integrity of goods in a supply chain. Unlike many sophisticated solutions which have deployment problems due to the harsh ground realities in rural regions, our system is easy to use, deploy and does not require significant changes to the existing operational model. In addition, our system relies only on paper and cellphones, both of which are ubiquitously used in rural developing regions.","PeriodicalId":189697,"journal":{"name":"USENIX/ACM Workshop on Networked Systems for Developing Regions","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134276686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Serengeti broadband","authors":"A. Nungu, B. Pehrson, Nsubis Genesis","doi":"10.1145/1397705.1397716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1397705.1397716","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a broadband island defined by a fibre-optic communication network between Bunda and Serengeti, two rural districts in the Mara region in northern Tanzania. The purpose of the network is to facilitate creation and sharing of information at government institutions. The network is also expected to create jobs and entrepreneurial activities in these under-served areas\u0000 The network is comprised of an optical fibre backbone and wireless local area networks operating in license-free spectrum as access networks. The fibre is currently terminated at three locations. VLAN-capable Ethernet switches with long range optical transceivers provide backbone transmission as well as fibre access. To minimize costs, routers and servers in the network are all based on standard PC hardware and Free Open Source software. The infrastructure is operated under an Open Access regime, other ways of resource sharing like virtualization at the link; network and application layers are explored.\u0000 Although the broadband island defined by the fibre has a narrowband VSAT connection to the Internet, the focus on the services provided in the network is local, focusing on e-government, education, healthcare and support to local entrepreneurs.","PeriodicalId":189697,"journal":{"name":"USENIX/ACM Workshop on Networked Systems for Developing Regions","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128027262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rabin K. Patra, S. Surana, S. Nedevschi, E. Brewer
{"title":"Optimal scheduling and power control for tdma based point to multipoint wireless networks","authors":"Rabin K. Patra, S. Surana, S. Nedevschi, E. Brewer","doi":"10.1145/1397705.1397708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1397705.1397708","url":null,"abstract":"In TDMA-based point-to-multipoint rural wireless deployments, co-located base station radios and sector antennas are used to increase base station capacity. To achieve maximum capacity with limited availability of non-overlapping wireless channels, we need to operate as many radios as possible from different sectors on the same channel. However, operating co-located radios on the same channel can result in substantial interference especially with the current practice of operating all radios at maximum power. We investigate techniques that increase network throughput by eliminating this interference.\u0000 To this end we formulate an LP optimization problem that maximizes throughput by computing optimal transmit schedules, optimal allocation of clients to base station radios, and optimal radio power levels. Our results suggest that there is a large gap between currently-used and optimal strategies, creating opportunities for simple, practical algorithms to address these issues. Our techniques are equally applicable to both WiFi based networks as well as other point-to-multipoint technologies such as WiMax.","PeriodicalId":189697,"journal":{"name":"USENIX/ACM Workshop on Networked Systems for Developing Regions","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128397376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Providing voice connectivity to rural India using WiMAX: issues and solution","authors":"A. Lele, M. Raj, D. Das","doi":"10.1145/1326571.1326574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1326571.1326574","url":null,"abstract":"The need of emerging markets telecom, specifically in the Indian telecom scenario, WiMAX is being looked as a broadband access solution ahead of LTE and other competing technologies due its long range and high bandwidth. Voice Over IP (VoIP) will potentially be the killer application for emerging market like India. In this paper we propose a Kiosk based WiMAX infrastructure model to provide voice connectivity to rural Indian villages. In the proposed kiosk model, plain old telephones are connected to a WiMAX subscriber station using Foreign Exchange Subscriber and a Media Gateway. The novelty of the kiosk based infrastructure models is that it has low deployment cost from a service provider perspective, and almost negligible equipment cost for the end user.\u0000 In order to make the kiosk based model economically sustainable, the number of simultaneous voice calls that can be supported over the WiMAX subscriber stations needs to be maximized. To this end, the paper proposes a Dynamic Frame Profile algorithm to maximize the number of VoIP calls supported over a single subscriber station. A performance evaluation of the the proposed Dynamic Frame Profile algorithm is also carried out to study its effectiveness and reported in this paper.","PeriodicalId":189697,"journal":{"name":"USENIX/ACM Workshop on Networked Systems for Developing Regions","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134201211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DTLSR: delay tolerant routing for developing regions","authors":"M. Demmer, K. Fall","doi":"10.1145/1326571.1326579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1326571.1326579","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the problem of routing in delay tolerant networks deployed in developing regions. Although these environments experience intermittent connectivity (hence the desire to use DTN), in many cases the topology has an underlying stability that we can exploit when designing routing protocols. By making small, yet critical, modifications to classical link state routing, we derive a more effective algorithm capable of leveraging predictions of future link uptimes. We describe a complete and fully-implemented protocol, capable of being deployed in the DTN reference implementation without modification. Using a simulation incorporating real-world network characteristics, we demonstrate that our system operates effectively when conventional routing and forwarding may fail.","PeriodicalId":189697,"journal":{"name":"USENIX/ACM Workshop on Networked Systems for Developing Regions","volume":"125 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115615575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TinyPC: enabling low-cost internet access in developing regions","authors":"Muneeb Ali, K. Langendoen","doi":"10.1145/1326571.1326576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1326571.1326576","url":null,"abstract":"Benefits of the Internet and communication technologies are limited to the world's \"first-world\" population. Cost factors, low literacy, and limited access to power and bandwidth in developing regions prohibit Internet access for potential developing-world users. Apart from limited communication infrastructure (telephone lines, ISPs, 802.11 long-distance links, etc.) a fundamental road-block in providing Internet access to developing-world users is the lack of affordable end-user computing devices. Most previous attempts to develop inexpensive computing devices were commercial failures as they were unable to keep the retail costs low. In this paper we present the design of TinyPC - a low-cost computing device specifically aimed at providing basic Internet access (web browsing, email) to developing-world users. TinyPC is inspired by recent advances in embedded networked systems (like sensor networks) and we show that, even today, with TinyPC it is possible to connect a developing-world user to the Internet in price ranges well below $100.","PeriodicalId":189697,"journal":{"name":"USENIX/ACM Workshop on Networked Systems for Developing Regions","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130058043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scalable DTN distribution over uni-directional links","authors":"D. Kutscher, Janico Greifenberg, K. Loos","doi":"10.1145/1326571.1326580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1326571.1326580","url":null,"abstract":"We present an architecture for scalable DTN communication in sparsely populated areas. Our approach is based on Uni-DTN, a unidirectional DTN convergence layer that we have developed for unicast and multicast distribution of DTN bundles. In this paper, we discuss possible application scenarios, present a suitable distribution architecture and the Uni-DTN convergence layer and describe, how specific features of the DTN bundle specification and DTN communication scenarios can be implemented using Uni-DTN.","PeriodicalId":189697,"journal":{"name":"USENIX/ACM Workshop on Networked Systems for Developing Regions","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125190458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. DeRenzi, Yaw Anokwa, Tapan S. Parikh, G. Borriello
{"title":"Reliable data collection in highly disconnected environments using mobile phones","authors":"B. DeRenzi, Yaw Anokwa, Tapan S. Parikh, G. Borriello","doi":"10.1145/1326571.1326577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1326571.1326577","url":null,"abstract":"Over four and a half billion people live in the developing world and require access to services in the financial, agricultural, business, government and healthcare sectors. Due to constraints of the existing infrastructure (power, communications, etc), it is often difficult to deliver these services to remote areas in a timely and efficient manner.\u0000 The CAM framework has found success as a flexible platform for quickly developing and deploying high-impact applications for these environments. Many of the applications built with CAM have relied on a model where a field worker with a mobile phone regularly returns from a disconnected environment to one with connectivity. In this connected state, the phone and a centralized server can exchange information and get the collected data backed up on reliable media.\u0000 We propose extending CAM's networking model to enable continual operation in disconnected environments. Using a set of heterogeneous paths made available through social and geographic relationships naturally present among workers, we describe a system for asynchronously routing data in a best-effort manner.","PeriodicalId":189697,"journal":{"name":"USENIX/ACM Workshop on Networked Systems for Developing Regions","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114141997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}