Reading Runes: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions, Nyköping, Sweden, 2–6 September 2014最新文献

{"title":"Sources of the First Printed Scandinavian Runes","authors":"Andreas Fischnaller","doi":"10.33063/DIVA-438869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33063/DIVA-438869","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to shed some light on the sources that were used for the first printed scandinavian runes. These runes appear in works published in italy between 1539 and 1555 either by or in connection with Johannes and Olaus Magnus. The books and the information about runes and runic inscriptions they contain are presented first. A closer look is then taken at the shapes of the runes used and at the roman letters they represent according to the books. it will be shown that these runes and their sound values can in part be traced back to a mediaeval runic tradition, while others were created to provide at least one rune for every roman letter. The forms of the newly “invented” runes can be explained to some extent by the influence of the shape of the roman letters they represent, whereas others were taken from a source that contained runes but did not provide any information about their sound values, namely the runic calendars.","PeriodicalId":189256,"journal":{"name":"Reading Runes: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions, Nyköping, Sweden, 2–6 September 2014","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124813440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Runic Inscriptions in an Unrecognized Foreign Tongue?: Methodological Preliminaries to Language Identification","authors":"Stig Eliasson","doi":"10.33063/DIVA-438878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33063/DIVA-438878","url":null,"abstract":"Some allegedly nonsensical runic inscriptions from the late Viking Age and the early Middle Ages in Scandinavia might appear to be written in an unencrypted natural language. This paper discusses prerequisites to determining their possible linguistic meaningfulness and to identify- ing the language or languages concerned. Major indications of meaningfulness, both linguistic and non-linguistic, are cross-inscriptional textual parallels, particularly if the inscription- carriers are geographically far apart. Clues which jointly suggest linguistic structure include the employment of essentially all the signs of the basic 16-symbol futhark, the occurrence of special ‘rune-like signs’ that appear to augment the futhark inventory, the linguistically natural frequency of graphs, linguistically natural graphotactics, the recurrence of specific runes or runic combinations e.g. in ‘quasi-word-final’ position, and seemingly natural usage of separators. A crucial pre-condition of identifying the language used consists of the establishment of a basis for the comparison of inscription and language, either through recourse to actual contemporary language data or through historical-comparative and language-internal reconstruction. Factors suggestive of successful language identification include (a) a high degree of inscription-internal structural and lexical consistency vis-à-vis the language under investigation (barring borrowings and code-mixing), (b) parallels with other internally consistent inscriptions, (c) a markedly bet ter match to one particular language than to others, and (d) the applicability of the hypothesis to cases beyond the one for which it was originally devised. Due to the complex nature of the enterprise (highly impoverished runic script, brief texts, meager corpus of inscriptions, absence of contemporary records for many languages, lack of socio-cultural information etc.), the analyst normally operates with varying degrees of probability rather than definitive proof of language identification.","PeriodicalId":189256,"journal":{"name":"Reading Runes: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions, Nyköping, Sweden, 2–6 September 2014","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126324793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arbeiten mit Runica manuscripta: Einige Überlegungen zu Corpuserstellung und Vorgehensweise","authors":"A. Bauer","doi":"10.33063/DIVA-438868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33063/DIVA-438868","url":null,"abstract":"The corpus of scandinavian runica manuscripta covers a period of about 1000 years and utilises different systems of reference depending on the time and place of origin. Most of the runica manuscripta , however, originate from the post­reformation period, i.e. from a time in which runic writing had long since lost its importance as a tool of communication in favor of the latin alphabet. scholars working with runica manuscripta need to keep in mind a general consideration, i.e. that manuscript runes always represent a divergence from genuine runic writing due to their medium, which causes the runic graphs to undergo a realization different from that found in epigraphic records. The ductus of manuscript tradition is transferred to the runes, which very frequently show a tendency to resemble squiggles through the use of serifs or rounded and curv ed forms. As a result, the peculiar visual style of runic writing can be greatly distorted. even if some of the records correspond quite closely to the epigraphic tradition, in most cases a mix of runic and latin literacy can be observed, depending of course on the cultural background of the writers, who lived and acted in a ‘latinized’ writing culture. For this reason, a large range of forms has arisen and, in building the corpus—or better the different corpora—scholars must constantly ponder the extent to which they will accept a devi­ ation from the standard as a special realization of a basic graph type or will simply declare it a pseudo­rune.","PeriodicalId":189256,"journal":{"name":"Reading Runes: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions, Nyköping, Sweden, 2–6 September 2014","volume":"220 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121859907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}