Wolfgang Marx, Brenda W J H Penninx, Marco Solmi, Toshi A Furukawa, Joseph Firth, Andre F Carvalho, Michael Berk
{"title":"Major depressive disorder.","authors":"Wolfgang Marx, Brenda W J H Penninx, Marco Solmi, Toshi A Furukawa, Joseph Firth, Andre F Carvalho, Michael Berk","doi":"10.1038/s41572-023-00454-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41572-023-00454-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by persistent depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyable activities, recurrent thoughts of death, and physical and cognitive symptoms. People with MDD can have reduced quality of life owing to the disorder itself as well as related medical comorbidities, social factors, and impaired functional outcomes. MDD is a complex disorder that cannot be fully explained by any one single established biological or environmental pathway. Instead, MDD seems to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, psychological and biological factors. Treatment for MDD commonly involves pharmacological therapy with antidepressant medications, psychotherapy or a combination of both. In people with severe and/or treatment-resistant MDD, other biological therapies, such as electroconvulsive therapy, may also be offered.</p>","PeriodicalId":18910,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers","volume":"9 1","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":81.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10071145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Linda-Gail Bekker, Chris Beyrer, Nyaradzo Mgodi, Sharon R Lewin, Sinead Delany-Moretlwe, Babafemi Taiwo, Mary Clare Masters, Jeffrey V Lazarus
{"title":"HIV infection.","authors":"Linda-Gail Bekker, Chris Beyrer, Nyaradzo Mgodi, Sharon R Lewin, Sinead Delany-Moretlwe, Babafemi Taiwo, Mary Clare Masters, Jeffrey V Lazarus","doi":"10.1038/s41572-023-00452-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41572-023-00452-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The AIDS epidemic has been a global public health issue for more than 40 years and has resulted in ~40 million deaths. AIDS is caused by the retrovirus, HIV-1, which is transmitted via body fluids and secretions. After infection, the virus invades host cells by attaching to CD4 receptors and thereafter one of two major chemokine coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4, destroying the host cell, most often a T lymphocyte, as it replicates. If unchecked this can lead to an immune-deficient state and demise over a period of ~2-10 years. The discovery and global roll-out of rapid diagnostics and effective antiretroviral therapy led to a large reduction in mortality and morbidity and to an expanding group of individuals requiring lifelong viral suppressive therapy. Viral suppression eliminates sexual transmission of the virus and greatly improves health outcomes. HIV infection, although still stigmatized, is now a chronic and manageable condition. Ultimate epidemic control will require prevention and treatment to be made available, affordable and accessible for all. Furthermore, the focus should be heavily oriented towards long-term well-being, care for multimorbidity and good quality of life. Intense research efforts continue for therapeutic and/or preventive vaccines, novel immunotherapies and a cure.</p>","PeriodicalId":18910,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers","volume":"9 1","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":81.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10560210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Murray Grossman, William W Seeley, Adam L Boxer, Argye E Hillis, David S Knopman, Peter A Ljubenov, Bruce Miller, Olivier Piguet, Rosa Rademakers, Jennifer L Whitwell, Henrik Zetterberg, John C van Swieten
{"title":"Frontotemporal lobar degeneration.","authors":"Murray Grossman, William W Seeley, Adam L Boxer, Argye E Hillis, David S Knopman, Peter A Ljubenov, Bruce Miller, Olivier Piguet, Rosa Rademakers, Jennifer L Whitwell, Henrik Zetterberg, John C van Swieten","doi":"10.1038/s41572-023-00447-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41572-023-00447-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is one of the most common causes of early-onset dementia and presents with early social-emotional-behavioural and/or language changes that can be accompanied by a pyramidal or extrapyramidal motor disorder. About 20-25% of individuals with FTLD are estimated to carry a mutation associated with a specific FTLD pathology. The discovery of these mutations has led to important advances in potentially disease-modifying treatments that aim to slow progression or delay disease onset and has improved understanding of brain functioning. In both mutation carriers and those with sporadic disease, the most common underlying diagnoses are linked to neuronal and glial inclusions containing tau (FTLD-tau) or TDP-43 (FTLD-TDP), although 5-10% of patients may have inclusions containing proteins from the FUS-Ewing sarcoma-TAF15 family (FTLD-FET). Biomarkers definitively identifying specific pathological entities in sporadic disease have been elusive, which has impeded development of disease-modifying treatments. Nevertheless, disease-monitoring biofluid and imaging biomarkers are becoming increasingly sophisticated and are likely to serve as useful measures of treatment response during trials of disease-modifying treatments. Symptomatic trials using novel approaches such as transcranial direct current stimulation are also beginning to show promise.</p>","PeriodicalId":18910,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers","volume":"9 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":81.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10005736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ioannis Konstantinidis, Kristina Crothers, Ken M Kunisaki, M Bradley Drummond, Thomas Benfield, Heather J Zar, Laurence Huang, Alison Morris
{"title":"HIV-associated lung disease.","authors":"Ioannis Konstantinidis, Kristina Crothers, Ken M Kunisaki, M Bradley Drummond, Thomas Benfield, Heather J Zar, Laurence Huang, Alison Morris","doi":"10.1038/s41572-023-00450-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41572-023-00450-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung disease encompasses acute, infectious processes and chronic, non-infectious processes such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and lung cancer. People living with HIV are at increased risk of both acute and chronic lung diseases. Although the use of effective antiretroviral therapy has diminished the burden of infectious lung disease, people living with HIV experience growing morbidity and mortality from chronic lung diseases. A key risk factor for HIV-associated lung disease is cigarette smoking, which is more prevalent in people living with HIV than in uninfected people. Other risk factors include older age, history of bacterial pneumonia, Pneumocystis pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis and immunosuppression. Mechanistic investigations support roles for aberrant innate and adaptive immunity, local and systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, altered lung and gut microbiota, and environmental exposures such as biomass fuel burning in the development of HIV-associated lung disease. Assessment, prevention and treatment strategies are largely extrapolated from data from HIV-uninfected people. Smoking cessation is essential. Data on the long-term consequences of HIV-associated lung disease are limited. Efforts to continue quantifying the effects of HIV infection on the lung, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, are essential to advance our knowledge and optimize respiratory care in people living with HIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":18910,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers","volume":"9 1","pages":"39"},"PeriodicalIF":76.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11146142/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10281786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yehuda Adler, Arsen D Ristić, Massimo Imazio, Antonio Brucato, Sabine Pankuweit, Ivana Burazor, Petar M Seferović, Jae K Oh
{"title":"Cardiac tamponade.","authors":"Yehuda Adler, Arsen D Ristić, Massimo Imazio, Antonio Brucato, Sabine Pankuweit, Ivana Burazor, Petar M Seferović, Jae K Oh","doi":"10.1038/s41572-023-00446-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-023-00446-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency caused by the progressive accumulation of pericardial fluid (effusion), blood, pus or air in the pericardium, compressing the heart chambers and leading to haemodynamic compromise, circulatory shock, cardiac arrest and death. Pericardial diseases of any aetiology as well as complications of interventional and surgical procedures or chest trauma can cause cardiac tamponade. Tamponade can be precipitated in patients with pericardial effusion by dehydration or exposure to certain medications, particularly vasodilators or intravenous diuretics. Key clinical findings in patients with cardiac tamponade are hypotension, increased jugular venous pressure and distant heart sounds (Beck triad). Dyspnoea can progress to orthopnoea (with no rales on lung auscultation) accompanied by weakness, fatigue, tachycardia and oliguria. In tamponade caused by acute pericarditis, the patient can experience fever and typical chest pain increasing on inspiration and radiating to the trapezius ridge. Generally, cardiac tamponade is a clinical diagnosis that can be confirmed using various imaging modalities, principally echocardiography. Cardiac tamponade is preferably resolved by echocardiography-guided pericardiocentesis. In patients who have recently undergone cardiac surgery and in those with neoplastic infiltration, effusive-constrictive pericarditis, or loculated effusions, fluoroscopic guidance can increase the feasibility and safety of the procedure. Surgical management is indicated in patients with aortic dissection, chest trauma, bleeding or purulent infection that cannot be controlled percutaneously. After pericardiocentesis or pericardiotomy, NSAIDs and colchicine can be considered to prevent recurrence and effusive-constrictive pericarditis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18910,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers","volume":"9 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":81.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10251100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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