Mutual FundsPub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3927427
John C. Adams, Darren K. Hayunga, S. Mansi
{"title":"Index Fund Trading Costs are Inversely Related to Fund and Family Size","authors":"John C. Adams, Darren K. Hayunga, S. Mansi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3927427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3927427","url":null,"abstract":"Trading costs are a significant, but unobserved, drag on mutual fund performance. Because an index fund does not engage in securities selection or market timing, its net benchmark-adjusted return is equivalent, but opposite in sign, to its net trading costs. Using a sample of index funds, we find positive returns to scale at the fund and family levels. We also find greater fund size helps alleviate the higher trading costs associated with illiquid equities and that net trading costs are comparable in magnitude to expense ratios. Because reduced trading costs to scale are not limited to index funds, our results also have implications for active funds.","PeriodicalId":18891,"journal":{"name":"Mutual Funds","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74825405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mutual FundsPub Date : 2021-09-18DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3926059
Sebastian Müller, Fabian Preissler
{"title":"In Good and in Bad Times? The Relation between Anomaly Returns and Market States","authors":"Sebastian Müller, Fabian Preissler","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3926059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926059","url":null,"abstract":"We evaluate the relation between the size of 138 return anomalies and market states using a sample of 56 countries from 1981 to 2019. We find that the vast majority of anomalies (51 of 138 statistically significant at the 5% level) perform better if the country’s stock market index trades below its 200-day moving average, our definition of a bad market state; 10 anomalies perform significantly better in good market states. On average, the value-weighted four-factor alpha amounts to 46.7 (31.2) bps per anomaly-month in bad (good) times. In relative terms, abnormal anomaly returns are 49.8% higher in bad times. Our findings are consistent across regions and different anomaly classifications. They are robust to alternative market state classifications and additional controls for investor sentiment. The evidence suggests that risk or data-mining cannot entirely explain anomaly returns.","PeriodicalId":18891,"journal":{"name":"Mutual Funds","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90674979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mutual FundsPub Date : 2021-09-10DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3883504
Yimou Li, D. Turkington
{"title":"Mapping Momentum","authors":"Yimou Li, D. Turkington","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3883504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3883504","url":null,"abstract":"Findings on momentum and reversal effects in the stock market are often disparate. Differences in methodology, calibration, data universe, and the granularity of tests have made it challenging to reconcile and unify the various documented relationships. Our goal is to attribute stock return predictability to a variety of distinct momentum (and reversal) components within a single coherent framework. We focus on S&P 500 stocks and implement consistent data transformations, nested sets of excess returns, and panel regressions to facilitate this attribution. We find that sector and factor momentum coexist, but they operate on different horizons, and sector momentum is more prone to crash during volatile markets. Collectively, sector and factor momentum explains away most of the security-specific 12-month momentum effect, with factors explaining more. Traditional 12-month momentum is much more prevalent for past “loser” stocks whereas crashes and reversals are found mostly among past “winners.” Lastly, we show that in the decade after the 2008-2009 financial crisis compared to the decade prior, sector and industry momentum disappeared at the 12-month horizon but intensified in terms of 1-month reversals.","PeriodicalId":18891,"journal":{"name":"Mutual Funds","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76960695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mutual FundsPub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3830518
Mark Jansen, T. Noe, Ludovic Phalippou
{"title":"Online Appendix for 'Seller Debt in Acquisitions of Private Firms: A Security Design Approach'","authors":"Mark Jansen, T. Noe, Ludovic Phalippou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3830518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3830518","url":null,"abstract":"This appendix provides derivations and additional results for “Seller Debt in Acquisitions of Private Firms: A Security Design Approach.” Section A provides some background definitions and simple mathematical identities used in the subsequent sections. Section B provides derivations for those result not established in the main text. Section C provides an example of cash flow distribution that satisfy Assumptions 1 and 2 but not the ratio condition, Assumption 4. Section D shows that almost all common “textbook” distributions satisfy the ratio condition, Assumption 4, when they satisfy the MLR ordering assumptions, Assumptions 1 and 2. Section E considers a number of alternative scenarios using a simple three-point cash flow distribution model and shows that seller debt can be optimal whenever acquirers are confident about their value-add plan and sellers have private information about the compatibility of their assets with the plan. The paper is available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=3731086.","PeriodicalId":18891,"journal":{"name":"Mutual Funds","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72827999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mutual FundsPub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3918896
Ladislav Ďurian, Matúš Padyšák
{"title":"Return Asymmetry in Commodity Futures","authors":"Ladislav Ďurian, Matúš Padyšák","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3918896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3918896","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to examine the return asymmetry in commodity futures. Instead of using skewness as a proxy for the return asymmetry, we rely on a new asymmetric measure IE, that uses the difference between upside and downside return probabilities to capture the degree of asymmetry and has a low correlation to the original skewness effect. Our study documents that the high (low) IE commodities are overvalued (undervalued), and their subsequent returns are lower (higher). These results are consistent with the high (low) demand by the risk-averse investors for the high (low) IE commodities. A strategy that takes a long position in the bottom seven commodities with the lowest IE in the previous month and shorts the top seven commodities with the highest IE exhibits an economically large and statistically significant return. Besides, it can serve as a hedge to the stock portfolio because of its negative correlation with the stock market. Our results contribute to the existing literature by expanding an asymmetric measure IE to the new asset class.","PeriodicalId":18891,"journal":{"name":"Mutual Funds","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77946134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mutual FundsPub Date : 2021-09-05DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3917998
Aneel Iqbal, Shivaram Rajgopal, Anup Srivastava, Rong Zhao
{"title":"Value of Internally Generated Intangible Capital","authors":"Aneel Iqbal, Shivaram Rajgopal, Anup Srivastava, Rong Zhao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3917998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3917998","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the current U.S. GAAP, internally developed intangibles are not included in reported assets. Omission of an increasingly important class of assets reduces the usefulness and relevance of financial statement analysis, conducted using book value. Recent studies attempt to overcome this deficiency by capitalizing the outlays reported in selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses and reestimating book values with capitalized intangibles, using a perpetual inventory model. However, those studies rely on one-size-fits-all mechanical rules of thumb, such as treating a uniform 30% of SG&A as investments and assuming the same life of SG&A investments across all industries. We propose a new method to estimate the industry-specific capitalization and amortization rates for research and development and SG&A outlays. Our modified book value exhibits greater association with future risk-adjusted returns, future investments, and bankruptcy probability as per the Altman Z-score model, relative to both as-reported book values and the mechanically adjusted book values. We contribute to the literature by proposing a new method for estimating intangible investments and by providing a better estimate of book value that can be used by consumers of financial statements.","PeriodicalId":18891,"journal":{"name":"Mutual Funds","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80880862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mutual FundsPub Date : 2021-09-04DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3917549
George E. Batta, F. Yu
{"title":"Corporate Credit Derivatives","authors":"George E. Batta, F. Yu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3917549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3917549","url":null,"abstract":"Corporate credit derivatives, mainly referring to single-name or index credit default swaps or CDSs, are over-the-counter contracts between two counterparties (the “buyer” and “seller”) that offer protection against the default of a corporate “reference entity” or the defaults in a large credit portfolio for a combination of upfront and periodic payments, loosely referred to as the “CDS premium.” Credit derivatives became popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s as a way for financial institutions to reduce their regulatory capital requirement, and early research treated them as redundant securities whose pricing is tied to the underlying corporate bonds and equities, with liquidity and counterparty risk factors playing supplementary roles. Research in the 2010s and beyond, however, increasingly focused on the effects of market frictions on the pricing of CDSs, how CDS trading has impacted corporate behaviors and outcomes as well as the price efficiency and liquidity of other related markets, and the microstructure of the CDS market itself. This was made possible by the availability of market statistics and more granular trade and quote data as a result of the broad movement of the OTC derivatives market towards central clearing.","PeriodicalId":18891,"journal":{"name":"Mutual Funds","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86945793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mutual FundsPub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3916506
Paul E. Fischer, David Haushalter, B. Miller, Kevin Pisciotta
{"title":"Fair Valuations of Non-Traded Financial Assets: Evidence from the Mutual Fund Industry","authors":"Paul E. Fischer, David Haushalter, B. Miller, Kevin Pisciotta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3916506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3916506","url":null,"abstract":"We exploit a growing trend of mutual funds investing in private companies to examine the practice of fair value accounting. This particular setting provides a unique opportunity to examine fair value accounting because multiple mutual funds are required to simultaneously report valuations of identical assets that are not publicly traded. We find that funds’ valuations of private companies are much sticker than that of publicly traded companies. In more than a third of the quarterly observations of private companies, valuations are unchanged from the prior quarter – compared to only 0.1% for publicly traded companies. In fact, for 16% of the observations of private companies, valuations are unchanged for at least a year after a fund’s initial investment. We empirically examine potential explanations for this stickiness. First, we provide some evidence that changes in the valuation of private companies are timed to improve funds’ performance rankings, but no evidence that the valuations associated with changes are biased to improve rankings. Second, consistent with funds managing reporting costs and risks associated with fair value accounting by recording changes only when there is a compelling case for doing so, we provide evidence that changes often follow large macroeconomic and firm specific events, and that change behavior is highly correlated across funds and fund families. Finally, we find that changes are more likely around large negative market fluctuations than large positive market fluctuations suggesting that funds perceive that reporting risks associated with fair value accounting are asymmetric in nature.","PeriodicalId":18891,"journal":{"name":"Mutual Funds","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75289371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mutual FundsPub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3515707
Michael Reher, Stanislav Sokolinski
{"title":"Automation and Inequality in Wealth Management","authors":"Michael Reher, Stanislav Sokolinski","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3515707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3515707","url":null,"abstract":"We examine how access to automated wealth managers affects households’ investment in financial markets and welfare across the wealth distribution. Our setting features novel microdata from a major U.S. robo advisor and a quasi-experiment in which the advisor reduces its account minimum by 90%. Based on a difference-in-difference estimator, the reduction increases middle-class households’ participation by 110% but does not affect wealthier or poorer households. We rationalize this behavior with a life cycle model calibrated using portfolio-level data. Our calibration suggests that the reduction significantly raises middle-class households’ welfare, and 65% of this gain reflects improved diversification.","PeriodicalId":18891,"journal":{"name":"Mutual Funds","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85450763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mutual FundsPub Date : 2021-08-30DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3914328
Joseph D. Farizo, W. Gerken, Ge Wu
{"title":"Where is the Intersection of Madison Avenue and Wall Street? Advertisement, Local Access to Investment Advice, and Stock Market Participation","authors":"Joseph D. Farizo, W. Gerken, Ge Wu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3914328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3914328","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the effects of advertisement by investment advisory firms on household stock market participation. Exploiting variation in exposure to financial advertising for households along designated market area (DMA) borders, we find evidence that increased advertising by investment advisory firms leads to higher stock market participation. Importantly, the effects are concentrated in counties where the advertising firm has a physical presence. Consistent with fixed cost frictions to participation, these effects are predominantly among higher income households. We also find larger effects in counties with higher income and racial diversity - areas that are likely to have lower trust. Our results highlight the complementary nature of persuasive advertising and local access to finance for building trust in the market for investment advice.","PeriodicalId":18891,"journal":{"name":"Mutual Funds","volume":"36 8 Pt 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82811201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}