Metal ions in life sciences最新文献

{"title":"The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Lead in the Context of Its Toxicity.","authors":"Wolfgang Maret","doi":"10.1515/9783110434330-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110434330-001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Owing to its abundance on earth and its multiple uses by humans, lead (Pb) is a major toxicant that has threatened human health for millennia and continues to do so. There is no safe level of exposure, necessitating a nuanced approach to its control in the food we consume, the water we drink, and the air we breathe. Turnover in soft tissues is within days. In contrast, lead accumulates in bone and turns over with a half-life of about 30 years, though it can be mobilized from bone under physiological and pathophysiological conditions of bone resorption. Children are particularly vulnerable to lead exposure and suffer irreversible neurological deficits affecting learning ability and behavior. In adults, chronic effects of exposure to lead include elevated blood pressure, development of cancers, and, as suggested more recently, neurodegeneration. Some pathways of systemic and cellular metabolism of Pb(II) are known. However, except for its action in δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase, its molecular toxicology remains largely speculative in terms of specific targets. One major molecular mechanism seems to be the replacement of zinc with lead in zinc proteins with functional consequences. Calcium binding proteins are also being discussed as possible targets. However, the affinities of lead for calcium sites in proteins are orders of magnitude lower than those for zinc sites. Therefore, it remains to be shown whether lead at the concentrations occurring in tissues can replace calcium in proteins in vivo. Despite humans having recognized the hazards of lead exposure for a very long time, uncertainties remain as to the threshold for adverse effects on our health and the low levels of exposure during our lives as a risk factor for chronic disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":18698,"journal":{"name":"Metal ions in life sciences","volume":"17 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/9783110434330-001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35188424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical Methods for the Determination of Lead in the Environment.","authors":"Peter C Hauser","doi":"10.1515/9783110434330-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110434330-003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A survey of the methods for the determination of lead in environmental samples is given. These are mainly based on sensitive atomic spectrometry, but alternatives, such as electrochemical and separation methods are also possible. Discussed are also sample preparation and speciation for differentiation between different organometallic forms as well as applications of isotope-selective determinations.</p>","PeriodicalId":18698,"journal":{"name":"Metal ions in life sciences","volume":"17 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/9783110434330-003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35188426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex Formation of Lead(II) with Nucleotides and Their Constituents.","authors":"Astrid Sigel,&nbsp;Bert P Operschall,&nbsp;Helmut Sigel","doi":"10.1515/9783110434330-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110434330-011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lead is widely distributed in the environment; it is known to mankind for thousands of years and its toxicity is nowadays (again) well recognized, though on the molecular level only partly understood. One of the reasons for this shortcoming is that the coordination chemistry of the biologically important lead(II) is complicated due to the various coordination numbers it can adopt (CN = 4 to 10) as well as by the 6s2 electron lone pair which, with CN = 4, can shield one side of the Pb2+ coordination sphere. The chapter focuses on the properties of Pb2+ complexes formed with nucleotides and their constituents and derivatives. Covered are (among others) the complexes formed with hydroxy groups and sugar residues, the interactions with the various nucleobases occurring in nucleic acids, as well as complexes of phosphates. It is expeced that such interactions, next to those like with lipids and proteins, are responsible for the toxic properties of lead. To emphasize the special properties of Pb2+ complexes, these are compared as far as possible with the corresponding properties of the Ca2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ species. It needs to be mentioned that the hard-soft rule fails with Pb2+. This metal ion forms complexes with ligands offering O donors of a stability comparable to that of Cu2+. In contrast, with aromatic N ligands, like imidazole or N7 sites of purines, complex stability is comparable to that of the corresponding Fe2+ complexes. The properties of Pb2+ towards S donor sites are difficult to generalize: On the one hand Pb2+ forms very stable complexes with nucleoside 5'-O-thiomonophosphates by coordinating to nearly 100% at S in the thiophosphate group; however, on the other hand, once a sulfur atom replaces one of the terminal oxygen atoms in the phosphodiester linkage, macrochelate formation of the phosphate-bound Pb2+ occurs with the O and not the S site. Quite generally, the phosphodiester linkage is a relatively weak binding site, but the affinity increases further to the mono- and then to the di- and triphosphate. The same holds for the corresponding nucleotides, though the Pb2+ affinity had to be estimated via that of the Cu2+ complexes for some of these ligands. Complex stability of the pyrimidine-nucleotides (due to their anti conformation) is solely determined by the coordinating tendency of the phosphate group(s); this also holds for the Pb2+ complex of adenosine 5'-monophosphate. For the other purinenucleotides macrochelate formation takes place by the interaction of the phosphate-coordinated Pb2+ with the N7/(C6)O site of, e.g., the guanine residue. The extents of the formation degrees of these chelates are summarized. Unfortunately, information about mixed ligand (ternary) or other higher order comlexes is missing, but still it is hoped that the present overview will help to understand the interaction of Pb2+ with nucleotides and nucleic acids, and especially that it will facilitate further research in this fascinatin","PeriodicalId":18698,"journal":{"name":"Metal ions in life sciences","volume":"17 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/9783110434330-011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35188330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Impact of Alkyl Lead(IV) Derivatives: Perspective after Their Phase-out.","authors":"Montserrat Filella,&nbsp;Josep Bonet","doi":"10.1515/9783110434330-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110434330-014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of alkyl lead derivatives as antiknock agents in gasoline can be considered as one of the main pollution disasters of the 20th century because of both the global character of the pollution emitted and the seriousness of the impact on human health. Alkyl lead derivatives in themselves cannot be considered to be persistent pollutants because they readily degrade either before being released from the tailpipes or soon afterwards in the atmosphere. However, the inorganic lead they produced has been deposited in soils all over the planet, largely, but not exclusively in urban areas and along motorways, since the direct emission of lead into the atmosphere favored its dispersal over great distances: The signal of the massive use of alkyl lead derivatives has been found all over the world, including in remote sites such as polar areas. The short residence time of lead in the atmosphere implies that this compartment is highly responsive to changes in emissions. This was demonstrated when leaded gasoline was phased-out and is in striking contrast to the very long permanence of inorganic lead in soils, where resuspension is a permanent source of toxic lead.</p>","PeriodicalId":18698,"journal":{"name":"Metal ions in life sciences","volume":"17 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/9783110434330-014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35188334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lead Toxicity in Plants.","authors":"Hendrik Küpper","doi":"10.1515/9783110434330-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110434330-015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review looks critically at the relevance of lead (Pb2+) toxicity and proposed mechanisms of Pb2+ -induced stress in algae and higher plants. As a basis, the current main sources of Pb2+ contamination in the environment are presented, which include agriculture, industry, and road traffic. Further, bioavailability of lead is discussed as a basis for evaluating the environmental relevance of the many studies on lead toxicity that have been published in the past decades. These studies suggest three main mechanisms of toxicity of Pb2+: inhibition of photosynthesis, oxidative stress, and \"genotoxicity\" including DNA damage and defects in mitosis. Looking at the applied concentration ranges in these studies reveals that likely the defects in mitosis are the environmentally most relevant effects. In contrast, inhibition of photosynthetic light reactions is far less efficient with Pb2+ compared to other metal ions, so that for Pb2+ toxicity it seems environmentally not relevant. As a conclusion and outlook, a direction of future studies towards establishment of reliable concentration thresholds of the various toxic effects and their causal interconnection is suggested.</p>","PeriodicalId":18698,"journal":{"name":"Metal ions in life sciences","volume":"17 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/9783110434330-015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35188335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicology of Lead and Its Damage to Mammalian Organs.","authors":"Samuel Caito,&nbsp;Ana Carolina B Almeida Lopes,&nbsp;Monica M B Paoliello,&nbsp;Michael Aschner","doi":"10.1515/9783110434330-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110434330-016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The toxicity of lead has been appreciated for centuries. Lead is a commonly used metal in industrialized nations, which results in the release of lead into the environment. Governmental agencies regulate the amount of lead permissible for workers to be exposed to; however, unregulated environmental lead exposure is a high concern. While essential metals have physiologic roles, there are no health benefits from lead intake. In this chapter, we discuss sources of lead exposure, the absorption, distribution, and elimination of lead from the human body, and molecular mechanisms of lead-induced toxicity. We also discuss the evidence on the association between lead exposure and blood pressure, and the influence of sociodemographic, lifestyle and environmental determinants of lead exposure in the general population. We highlight the effects on the nervous system, kidney, immune system, blood, reproductive system, and bones.</p>","PeriodicalId":18698,"journal":{"name":"Metal ions in life sciences","volume":"17 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/9783110434330-016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35188336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Biomonitoring of Lead Exposure.","authors":"Katrin Klotz,&nbsp;Thomas Göen","doi":"10.1515/9783110434330-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110434330-006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>After a chronic exposure, lead accumulates in the human body, especially in bones and teeth. Critical effects of lead affect the nervous system, reproduction, fertility as well as genotoxicity and carcinogenicity [1]. Analyses of lead concentrations in human biological material are performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry, but also electrochemical methods and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The predominant sample matrices include blood and bone, as well as urine, hair, nail, and saliva. To characterize first biological effects, diverse parameters are discussed as \"biomarkers of effect\". These include δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) and erythrocyte porphyrins (EPs) in blood as well as δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in urine and plasma and coproporphyrin in urine. However, biomarkers of effect alone are not sufficiently sensitive for an early detection of a health impairment caused by lead. In summary, lead in blood is the most prominent and best validated biomarker for a lead exposure. A recommended diagnostic strategy for revealing lead-induced effects is the determination of lead in whole blood combined with the analysis of different effect parameters like ALA and coproporphyrin in urine and ALAD and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) in blood.</p>","PeriodicalId":18698,"journal":{"name":"Metal ions in life sciences","volume":"17 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/9783110434330-006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35188429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lead Speciation in Microorganisms.","authors":"Theodora J Stewart","doi":"10.1515/9783110434330-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110434330-005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The biogeochemical cycles of lead (Pb) have been largely affected by anthropogenic activities as a result of its high natural abundance and use over the centuries [1]. At sites more strongly impacted by urbanization [2] and mining [3], Pb is found at high nano to low micromolar concentrations in surface waters, and can be significantly higher in soil and sediment [4]. Microorganisms are found everywhere and their responses to Pb exposure can range from resistant to highly sensitive [5, 6]. These varying levels of toxicity can be attributed to the cellular handling of Pb, making it important to understand the role of intracellular Pb speciation for more accurate toxicity predictions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18698,"journal":{"name":"Metal ions in life sciences","volume":"17 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/9783110434330-005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35188428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lead(II) Complexes of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Other Related Ligands of Biological Interest.","authors":"Etelka Farkas,&nbsp;Péter Buglyó","doi":"10.1515/9783110434330-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110434330-008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lead(II) forms (NH2,COO-)-chelated mono- and bis-complexes with simple amino acids, while mono-complexes with pH-dependent coordination modes exist with simple dipeptides. These mostly hemidirected complexes have moderate stability. While a weak interaction of side chain imidazole and carboxylate in lead(II)-aminoacidato complexes is found, the thiolate group has an exceptionally high affinity to this metal ion. For example, tridentate (NH2,COO-,S-)-coordination of penicillamine (Pen) and cysteine (Cys) results in an extremely strong interaction with lead(II), but, owing to the sterical effect of the 6s2 pair, a second ligand is not able to coordinate in the above mentioned tridentate way. Although there is no example for a lead(II)-induced deprotonation and coordination of a peptide-amide and the side-chain thiolate in oligopeptides has a somewhat lower basicity compared to that of Pen or Cys, still the Cys-containing peptides interact rather strongly with lead(II). Interestingly, the position of Cys in the peptide influences significantly both the lead-binding ability via different bonding modes and the selectivity for lead(II) against other metal ions, like zinc(II) or cadmium(II). At high ligand excess, however, coordination of three sulfur donors to lead(II) is found with thiolate-containing amino acids and oligopeptides. High basicity oxygens of hydroxamates, hydroxypyronates, and hydroxypyridinonates are also effective lead-binding donors. Some factors affecting the complexation of these ligands with lead(II) are: (i) A larger extent of delocalization along the ring in hydroxypyridinonate results in a more favored metal-binding ability over hydroxypyronate. (ii) Even monohydroxamates are good ligands and form mono- and bis-complexes with lead(II). (iii) In general, dihydroxamates and trihydroxamate-based siderophores, like desferrioxamine B (DFB) and desferricoprogen (DFC), are better binding agents for Pb(II) than the monohydroxamates, but the length and structure of linkers connecting the hydroxamate moieties have a significant impact on the complexation and selectivity for lead(II). (iv) The corresponding thio derivatives are significantly better ligands for lead than their parent oxo molecules, but polymeric complexes with poor water solubility are formed in most cases. (v) Out of the hydroxamate derivatives of amino acids the α-ones are the most effective ligands, provided polynuclear species involving the hydroxamate-oxygens, amino-N and hydroxamate-N can be formed.</p>","PeriodicalId":18698,"journal":{"name":"Metal ions in life sciences","volume":"17 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/9783110434330-008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35188431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Alkali Metal Ions: their Role for Life. Preface to Volume 16.","authors":"Astrid Sigel,&nbsp;Helmut Sigel,&nbsp;Roland K O Sigel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18698,"journal":{"name":"Metal ions in life sciences","volume":"16 ","pages":"vii-xi"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34475030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}