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The ‘swastika epidemic’ of 1960 and the first major public debate about antisemitism in republican Italy 1960年的“纳粹十字记号流行”以及意大利共和国关于反犹太主义的第一次重大公开辩论
IF 0.5 3区 历史学
Modern Italy Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2024.78
Enrico Palumbo
{"title":"The ‘swastika epidemic’ of 1960 and the first major public debate about antisemitism in republican Italy","authors":"Enrico Palumbo","doi":"10.1017/mit.2024.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2024.78","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In December 1959, several episodes of antisemitism occurred in West Germany. These events spread rapidly to other countries and were dubbed by newspapers the ‘swastika epidemic’. In Italy, the episodes sparked intense debate among the main political forces of the time, framing the interpretation of antisemitic episodes within a context that considered the comparison between the two countries, while also being influenced by the political transition of centrist governments shifting to the left and the transition of religious opinion on Jewish-Christian relations. The general and unanimous condemnation of antisemitism was accompanied by various interpretations of the racism of Fascist Italy and the historical responsibilities of the Catholic world. The result was an extremely fragmented picture, but with significant political and cultural implications in a year that would see the explosion of political violence.</p>","PeriodicalId":18688,"journal":{"name":"Modern Italy","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143401206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
‘Lots of red, but also lots of tricolour’: the liberation of Milan and the Liberal Party in the Minoletti–Quarello papers (April 1945) “大量的红色，但也有大量的三色旗”：米兰的解放和自由党在米诺莱蒂-夸雷洛报纸上（1945年4月）
IF 0.5 3区 历史学
Modern Italy Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2024.75
Rossella Pace
{"title":"‘Lots of red, but also lots of tricolour’: the liberation of Milan and the Liberal Party in the Minoletti–Quarello papers (April 1945)","authors":"Rossella Pace","doi":"10.1017/mit.2024.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2024.75","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article uses the hitherto partially unpublished diary of Virginia Minoletti Quarello and her husband Bruno Minoletti to shed a light on the Resistance and on the transformation of Italian politics after the war from an original angle. Virgina and Bruno, members of the Italian Liberal Party, played a central role in the Resistance and in consolidating the network of the Liberal partisans led by Edgardo Sogno, first in Genova, where their house hosted the local National Liberation Committee, and then in Milan. Their diary offers new perspectives on events and processes that preceded and followed 25 April 1945: from the arrival of the Allies in Milan to the killing of Mussolini and the display of his body in Piazza Loreto; from the struggle and division within the antifascist front to the marginalisation of the Liberals; from internal conflicts in the Liberal Party on the institutional question to the value of the Resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18688,"journal":{"name":"Modern Italy","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143401202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
‘Fascism on trial’: Rodolfo Graziani and the manipulation of historical consciousness in postwar Italy “审判中的法西斯主义”：鲁道夫·格拉齐亚尼和战后意大利历史意识的操纵
IF 0.5 3区 历史学
Modern Italy Pub Date : 2025-02-03 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2024.76
Victoria Witkowski
{"title":"‘Fascism on trial’: Rodolfo Graziani and the manipulation of historical consciousness in postwar Italy","authors":"Victoria Witkowski","doi":"10.1017/mit.2024.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2024.76","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses the postwar trial of Fascist Italy’s most prominent general, Rodolfo Graziani, to examine issues of transitional justice and the formation of popular memory of Italian Fascism and colonialism after 1945. During the Fascist <jats:italic>ventennio</jats:italic>, the regime constructed Graziani as the nation’s colonial ‘hero’ despite his leading role in genocidal measures during Fascist Italy’s colonial wars in North and East Africa. His position as minister of defence in Mussolini’s Nazi-backed Salò Republic in 1943–5, however, threatened his heroic reputation as he worked with Nazi commanders and became responsible for atrocities against Italian civilians. After the Second World War, Graziani was tried for Nazi collaborationism at the Supreme Court in 1948, but his colonial conduct was left unquestioned. Unlike in the Nuremberg Trials in post-Nazi Germany, few Italians were tried for war crimes after 1945. This historical inquiry analyses the legal proceedings, transnational representation and outcome of Rodolfo Graziani’s 1948 trial as an emblematic case study to explore de-fascistisation and decolonialisation initiatives and their limitations in post-Fascist postcolonial Italy.","PeriodicalId":18688,"journal":{"name":"Modern Italy","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143077459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Italian vermouth on the international market (1890–1960): a success story 国际市场上的意大利苦艾酒（1890-1960）：一个成功的故事
IF 0.5 3区 历史学
Modern Italy Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2024.57
Omar Mazzotti, Luciano Maffi, Stefano Magagnoli
{"title":"Italian vermouth on the international market (1890–1960): a success story","authors":"Omar Mazzotti, Luciano Maffi, Stefano Magagnoli","doi":"10.1017/mit.2024.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2024.57","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines the causes and geographical trajectories of the globalisation of vermouth, one of the most famous Made in Italy products in the world. Of all the fortified wines, vermouth stands out for its unique history. Originally a product of Piedmont consumed mainly by the aristocracy and the emerging bourgeoisie, vermouth became the subject of a growing export trade between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, gaining credibility thanks to the prizes won at international exhibitions and the marketing strategies of the main companies in the sector (Martini &amp; Rossi, Carpano, Gancia, Cinzano). Despite the commercial difficulties it experienced in the twentieth century as a result of protectionist measures, the effects of war, the heterogeneous policies applied to the alcoholic beverage industry and widespread imitation and counterfeiting, vermouth has managed to maintain an appeal that has made it an international icon and one of the most resilient products in the medium to long term. This is partly the result of a media representation that was capable of deeply influencing the collective imagination of consumers.</p>","PeriodicalId":18688,"journal":{"name":"Modern Italy","volume":"83 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143020481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Forgotten Resistance of the Sinti and Roma 被遗忘的辛提人和罗姆人的抵抗运动
IF 0.5 3区 历史学
Modern Italy Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2024.65
Chiara Nencioni
{"title":"The Forgotten Resistance of the Sinti and Roma","authors":"Chiara Nencioni","doi":"10.1017/mit.2024.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2024.65","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The role that Roma communities played in the Resistance during the Second World War is a little-known part of history, especially in Italy. Through consideration of their involvement, we can highlight the complexity of the Resistance, and recognise Roma communities as an integral part of Italian society. Roma involvement in the Resistance had distinctive characteristics compared to that of the <span>gagi</span> (non-Roma), particularly in how they viewed it not only as a fight against fascism, but also it as a means of honouring the <span>mulé</span> (the dead). However, only a handful of Roma partisans are recorded in the Ricompart archive, which contains documentation relating to those who participated in Resistance activities. To trace history, personal testimony, in addition to secondary historiography, is key. Roma communities share a rich oral tradition, which forms the basis of a significant part of this article, and which offers an account of civil resistance and armed action both within partisan groups and as part of small formations based on ethnicity. This piece examines the reasons why the Roma partisans who fought and died in the Resistance did not receive full public recognition, a form of historical amnesia of the postwar period rooted in the absence of a cultural ‘defascistisation’ whereby fascist-style racism permeated the Republic.</p>","PeriodicalId":18688,"journal":{"name":"Modern Italy","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The political drivers of antipoverty policy in Italy: persistence, change and reversals 意大利反贫困政策的政治驱动力：持续、变化和逆转
IF 0.5 3区 历史学
Modern Italy Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2024.50
Rosa Mulè, Stefano Toso
{"title":"The political drivers of antipoverty policy in Italy: persistence, change and reversals","authors":"Rosa Mulè, Stefano Toso","doi":"10.1017/mit.2024.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2024.50","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article analyses the political determinants of antipoverty policy in Italy between 1948 and 2022, providing a long-term analysis of the Italian minimum income scheme. We look for an explanation of that evolution drawing on three theoretical perspectives: veto players, gradual institutional change, and party competition. Our methodology is process tracing which involves the examination of ‘diagnostic’ pieces of evidence for our broad political-historical analysis. We argue that the so called ‘neglect’ phase until 1992 can be explained by the veto players theory, the period after 1992 by gradual institutional change, whereas the final introduction of a minimum income scheme in 2018 is the result of competitive dynamics. The main lesson is that a case study analysis of the politics of anti-poverty policy offers fresh insights into a major challenge in capitalist systems, combating rising poverty trends.</p>","PeriodicalId":18688,"journal":{"name":"Modern Italy","volume":"206 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Shaped by censoring attitudes: pornography in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Italy 审查态度的影响：十九世纪末二十世纪初意大利的色情制品
IF 0.5 3区 历史学
Modern Italy Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2024.61
Claudio Monopoli
{"title":"Shaped by censoring attitudes: pornography in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Italy","authors":"Claudio Monopoli","doi":"10.1017/mit.2024.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2024.61","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Through an analysis of the Italian context, this article illustrates how censoring attitudes shaped the modern meaning of pornography between the last two decades of the nineteenth century and the years of the Great War. The difference between the ideas of pornography and obscenity is pointed out through a concise examination of censorship archive documents from the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, the State of the Church, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, followed by an overview about how sexuality was intended by Italian sexologists and moralist intellectuals during the period of nation-building following the unification of 1861. In their writings, pornography is described as a source of corruption, especially for young people, and a social threat to be stopped. From 1891 onwards, mobilisations and struggles against pornography were organised by associations and politicians: these activities and debates, which led to the demand for specific legislation to address this phenomenon, are here reconstructed through newspaper articles and archive documents until the Great War period, when the use of the word pornography became even wider, as well as the debates around it and its social meaning.</p>","PeriodicalId":18688,"journal":{"name":"Modern Italy","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Old woods, new rule: the annexation of Veneto to the Kingdom of Italy from a forest history perspective 旧森林，新规则：从森林历史的角度看意大利王国对威尼托的吞并
IF 0.5 3区 历史学
Modern Italy Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2024.71
Giacomo Bonan
{"title":"Old woods, new rule: the annexation of Veneto to the Kingdom of Italy from a forest history perspective","authors":"Giacomo Bonan","doi":"10.1017/mit.2024.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2024.71","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper analyses the period following the annexation of Veneto to the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 from the standpoint of forest history. Recent historiography has demonstrated that the development of scientific forestry was a crucial factor in the state-building process. Post-unification Veneto provides an opportunity to explore these dynamics from a decentralised perspective, focusing on two critical aspects, relevant in Italy as in many other countries at that time: (a) the administration's attempts to study and manage forest resources, and (b) the forest conflicts arising from economic and institutional transformations in rural areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":18688,"journal":{"name":"Modern Italy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
‘Brigantaggio’ revisited: historiographical experiences and prospects for research 重新审视“布里甘达乔”：史学经验与研究前景
IF 0.5 3区 历史学
Modern Italy Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2024.59
Carmine Pinto, Gian Luca Fruci
{"title":"‘Brigantaggio’ revisited: historiographical experiences and prospects for research","authors":"Carmine Pinto, Gian Luca Fruci","doi":"10.1017/mit.2024.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2024.59","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article describes the results of the <span>Progetto di ricerca di interesse nazionale</span> (Research Project of National Interest [PRIN]) ‘<span>Il brigantaggio rivisitato</span>’ (‘“<span>Brigantaggio</span>” Revisited’), which investigated the practices and imagery of brigandage (and the fight against it) in modern and contemporary Italy from a Euro-Atlantic perspective. A large community of scholars, both within Italy and further afield, tackled numerous historiographical issues: forms of rural criminality in the modern age; the profile of the brigands (both male and female); their level of politicisation and relationship with the Legitimists and the Catholic Church; the reaction of the security forces and the unification movement; the evolving definition of the word ‘brigand’; the politics and military strategy of the post-unification anti-brigandry campaign; and the interaction between the local dimension and global view of banditry and irregular warfare. In-depth work was also conducted on the image of the bandits spread through visual and material culture by the media and on their performative consequences in different eras, through to their present-day reuse.</p>","PeriodicalId":18688,"journal":{"name":"Modern Italy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142989847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Migrations, citizenship and administrative borders: the Italian case 移民、公民身份和行政边界：意大利的案例
IF 0.5 3区 历史学
Modern Italy Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2024.60
Lucie Bargel, Carlo Caprioglio, Enrico Gargiulo, Daniela Trucco
{"title":"Migrations, citizenship and administrative borders: the Italian case","authors":"Lucie Bargel, Carlo Caprioglio, Enrico Gargiulo, Daniela Trucco","doi":"10.1017/mit.2024.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2024.60","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This contribution summarises the scientific discussions that developed during a one-year cycle of international and interdisciplinary seminars focusing on the relationship between migration and citizenship in Italy. We considered human mobilities in their relation to the politico-administrative institutions of the state and observed the latter's attempt to define and govern them. The relative marginality of the Italian case in the literature about state building, nation building and citizenship is an opportunity to examine these processes with fresh eyes. The first section is a critical analysis of the policies regulating access to Italian citizenship. The second examines the entanglement between external and internal migrations and how they are governed, considering various administrative borders and statuses such as Italian municipal residency. The third section addresses the role of different field actors (from street-level bureaucrats to legal practitioners and activists) in shaping or negotiating the borders of citizenship while implementing the law.</p>","PeriodicalId":18688,"journal":{"name":"Modern Italy","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142989852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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