Millennium - Journal of International Studies最新文献

{"title":"The effect of Russian unfriendly-country list and import ban: Gravity framework test","authors":"M. Krivko, S. Kontsevaya, L. Smutka","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-2/4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-2/4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Since 2021, Russia has maintained a list of unfriendly countries. This list and the import ban list introduced in 2014 are some of the main economic sanctions Russia uses to influence trading partners. This paper attempts to quantify the effect of putting a trading partner on the list of unfriendly countries compared to the Russian import ban. The study uses the data on trade flows between Russia and its trading partners from the UN COMTRADE database for select agri-food products. Employing a gravity framework, we argue that countries added to the unfriendly list in 2022 often had already lost a significant part of exports due to the 2014 Russian import ban introduction. Thus, such countries did not experience significant change compared to the effects of the Russian import ban. Based on this conclusion, Russia has a limited capacity to apply such retaliatory measures to Western countries regarding agri-food trade. Our results also demonstrate that the presence of the import ban drives export flows of the studied products, while the GDP of the trading partner also plays an important role, albeit with a lower magnitude.\u0000Keywords: international trade, Russian import ban, unfriendliness, gravity model.\u0000JEL Classification: C01, C23, F14, Q1, J10, J11","PeriodicalId":18593,"journal":{"name":"Millennium - Journal of International Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72751427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of working capital management in small and medium enterprises: Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe","authors":"L. Czerwonka, J. Jaworski","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-2/11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-2/11","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of the paper is to identify the determinants of working capital management in the SME sector at the company, industry and country levels. The research is based on the statistical analysis of the financial data of 8,516 SMEs from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia in the years 2012-2020. The influence of firm-specific factors on variables describing working capital management has been identified: company size exerts a positive impact, while company growth, tangibility, leverage, and cash flow have a negative effect. In terms of the influence of industry-specific factors, the average values characterising working capital management in a given industry have a positive impact. Finally, regarding country-specific factors, the positive effects of the GDP growth and unemployment level have also been confirmed. The study contributes to the literature by providing strong evidence of (i) firms in an industry using similar working capital management policies and (ii) industry-specific factors being more influential than country-specific (mainly macroeconomic) determinants of working capital management. In this regard, the study highlights new industry- and country-specific factors and also confirms the influence of previously known determinants at the firm level.","PeriodicalId":18593,"journal":{"name":"Millennium - Journal of International Studies","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86700477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the impact of economic and political globalisation on the efficiency of microfinance institutions","authors":"Fakarudin Kamarudin, Mohamad Khair Afham Muhamad Senan, Hafezali Iqbal Hussain, J. Michałek, Nazratul Aina Mohamad Anwar","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-2/2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-2/2","url":null,"abstract":"Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) strive to alleviate poverty by offering financial access and services to the poor in society. MFIs play a significant role in a country's social and economic advancement. This study aims to examine the relationship of the economic and political globalisation with the social and financial efficiency of MFIs in the Philippines and Malaysia from 2012 to 2020. There are two types of analysis adopted in this study: the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the multiple panel regression model. In the first stage, the DEA approach is employed to determine the MFIs’ level of efficiency. Next, the determinants of financial efficiency and social efficiency are identified through panel regression. The results of the robustness test show that MFIs have better and more effective financial efficiency compared to social efficiency. Therefore, this result shows that the MFIs concentrate more on profitability and sustainability of the operations and they tend to neglect their primary goal in terms of the social function, i.e., reducing poverty, since the scores for financial efficiency are higher than those for social efficiency. Furthermore, the MFIs, government, policymakers, investors, and future researchers benefit from the outcomes of this study, as they can obtain a comprehensive insight on the efficiency of MFIs and the variables that could contribute to the efficiency in MFIs.","PeriodicalId":18593,"journal":{"name":"Millennium - Journal of International Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88337577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prerequisites and scenarios for the EU economy transformation inlight of Industry 4.0 development","authors":"I. Sytnik, Artem Stopochkin, Janusz Wielki, Said Edaich, B. Sytnik","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-2/5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-2/5","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to verify the condition of European Union economy and its ability to effectively implement the concept of sustainable development in the era of the fourth industrial revolution. To achieve the goal settled by this research, we used the technical indicator MACD (Moving Average Convergence / Divergence), based on the assessment of the convergence and divergence of moving averages of macroeconomic indicators. The studies carried out made it possible to identify three scenarios for the state of the EU economy after 2022. All these scenarios pose a high risk of a crisis phenomena in this economic system. According to the optimistic scenario, after 2022, a downward correctional wave is predicted in the EU-27 economy with the emergence of a situation similar to the situation in 2008. The search for a new economic model based on the active implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies can become a way for the EU economy to recover from the crisis and move to a qualitatively new level of socio-economic development.","PeriodicalId":18593,"journal":{"name":"Millennium - Journal of International Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78580490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adoption of corporate governance principles in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic: The case of Slovakia","authors":"Zdenka Musová, H. Musa, Frederik Rech, Chendan Yan","doi":"10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-2/15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-2/15","url":null,"abstract":"During periods of uncertainty, such as the Covid-19 pandemic, the significance of Corporate Governance (CG) practices is highlighted. The study aims to evaluate the adoption of CG practices in companies listed on the Slovak capital market, with a specific focus on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. The data were collected manually from the annual reports of these companies, and covered the period from 2016 to 2021. The Corporate Governance Index, which is developed through Saaty's method, is used to evaluate the overall level of CG implementation. Individual components of the CG Index are also examined. Between 2016 and 2021, the majority of the examined CG criteria and the overall CG Index showed improvement as compared to 2011 - 2015. However, currently, nearly 50% of companies do not disclose information on corporate governance, remuneration, and risk management, and many companies have not succeeded in establishing nomination and remuneration committees or making any progress in terms of board gender diversity. The Covid-19 pandemic has had a moderate impact on some criteria. On the one hand, the information on board member remuneration and risk management has moderately deteriorated. On the other hand, the audit committee has shown improvement. Nevertheless, the pandemic has not significantly affected the overall adoption of CG practices in Slovak companies.","PeriodicalId":18593,"journal":{"name":"Millennium - Journal of International Studies","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80412128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mongol-Soviet Relations (1925-1928)","authors":"Batbayar Tsedendamba","doi":"10.5564/jis.v46i115.2685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5564/jis.v46i115.2685","url":null,"abstract":"The article explores the aspects of the interaction between Mongolia and the USSR on the development of their bilateral relations starting from 1925 up until 1928. The author shows how the Soviet troop withdrawal issue created by Moscow influenced the settlement of disputed issues between Mongolia and China, and interfered into the normalization Mongolian-Chinese relations for many years. Soviet envoy to the MPR P.M.Nikiforov was tasked to carry out total sovietazion of all aspects of Mongolian life under the nominal cover of independent Mongolia, and to prevent any process of unification between Outer and Inner Mongolia, to urge Mongolian leaders to recognize Tannu Tuva People’s Republic without any preconditions. A.Amar, Minister for Economy, during his trip to Moscow early 1926 raised the issues of distorted Mongol-Soviet trade, industrial, transport and other bilateral economic relations and asked Moscow to make adjustments and make economic relations equal and mutually beneficial. The character of the atmosphere between Ulaanbaatar and Moscow did play a key role in solving difficult and sensitive bilateral issues and the desire of the Mongolian People’s Republic to build official relations with Moscow as equal and trustful partners was strong.\u0000 \u0000Монгол-Зөвлөлтийн харилцаа (1925-1928)\u0000Хураангуй: ОК(б)Н-ын Төв Хорооны Улс төрийн товчоо 1925 оны 7 дугаар сарын 30-ны өдрийн хуралдаанаар П.М.Никифоровыг ЗСБНХУ-аас Монголд суух Бүрэн эрхт төлөөлөгч бөгөөд худалдааны төлөөлөгчөөр томилох шийдийг гаргажээ. ЗХУ-ын Гадаад хэргийн ардын комиссар Г.В.Чичерин түүнийг хүлээн авч уулзаад Монгол дахь Зөвлөлтийн зорилгыг “Бид Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол улсыг Хятадын протекторатын дор биеэ даасан автономит байдалтай байхыг ёс болгон тунхаглаж байгаа хэдий боловч  бид Монголыг дотоод улс төр хийгээд эдийн засгийн байгуулалтаар зөвлөлтийн хэлбэрт ойртуулах практик ажлыг тэнд тууштай явуулах ёстой” гэжээ. Түүнчлэн Чичерин Никифоровт Дотоод Монголыг өөртөө нэгтгэх гэсэн Монголын Засгийн газрын хүсэлтийг хүлээж авахгүй, дэмжихгүй байх, Тагна Урианхайг Монголтой нэгэн адил статустай гэж үзэж байгаа тул Урианхайг Монголтой нэгтгэхийн эсрэг ажиллах заавар удирдамжийг өгч байжээ. ЗХУ, БНМАУ-ын эдийн засгийн харилцааг цаашид хөгжүүлэх үүднээс БНМАУ-д нэг сая алтан рублийн зээлийг 5 жилийн хугацаатай олгохоор 1925 оны 1 дүгээр сард шийдвэрлэсэн байна. Монгол улсын Засгийн газраас мөнгөний шинэчлэлт хийх ажлыг зохион байгуулах комиссыг 1925 онд 6 хүнтэй байгуулж, тус комисс нь мөнгөний шинэчлэлт, эргэлт хуримтлалын асуудлыг хариуцаж байв. Монгол улсын банкны анхны шинэ дүрэмд “Монголын хязгаарын дотор мөнгөний гүйлгээг журамтай болгох, үнийг тэгшитгэн бататгах, эд боловсруулах, мал үржүүлэх, худалдаа арилжааны зүйлийг бадруулах” гэжээ.\u0000 Түлхүүр үгс: БНМАУ, ЗХУ, санхүү мөнгөний шинэчлэл, монгол-зөвлөлтийн худалдаа, УБХ-ын төлөөлөгчдийн айлчлал","PeriodicalId":18593,"journal":{"name":"Millennium - Journal of International Studies","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83811550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research and Evaluation of Contemporary International Relations and \"Hybrid Warfare\"","authors":"Myagmardorj Purevdorj","doi":"10.5564/jis.v46i115.2686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5564/jis.v46i115.2686","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this paper is to conduct qualitative research based on the research work of some foreign and domestic researchers who studied the concept of \"hybrid war\" in modern international relations and the nature, form and tactics of \"hybrid war\". This study was conducted because it was deemed necessary to do some research on the risks of external factors that could negatively affect Mongolia's national security in the context of the unstable international relations stemming from the current international relations and confrontations of great powers.\u0000After the Crimean crisis that started in the spring of 2014, the term \"hybrid war\" began to be commonly used among Western researchers to study Russia's policy of expanding its sphere of influence, especially its geopolitical policy toward Ukraine. The combination of \"conventional\" and \"non-conventional\" war methods, which are carried out in order to divide Ukraine from within and support separatist activities, have been studied in the context of \"hybrid war\". However, this research work shows that this \"hybrid war\" has many different models and manifests itself in many forms due to many factors such as the military force, economical capability, political power and geographical location of the opposing countries.\u0000 \u0000Орчин цагийн олон улсын харилцаа ба “Гибрид дайн”-ы талаар хийсэн судалгаа, үнэлэлт дүгнэлт\u0000Хураангуй: Өнөөгийн дэлхийн улс төрийн бодлого дахь хүчний төвийн шилжилт, их гүрнүүдийн геополитикийн сөргөлдөөн зэргээс улбаалан олон улсын харилцааны нөхцөл байдал тун тогтворгүй байна. Ийм нөхцөлд Монгол Улсын аюулгүй байдалд сөргөөр нөлөөлж болох гадаад хүчин зүйлсийн эрсдэлийн судалгаа, тэр дундаа орчин цагийн олон улсын харилцаан дахь “гибрид дайн” хэмээх ойлголт, “гибрид дайн”-ы мөн чанар, хэлбэр ба арга тактикийн талаар үнэлгээ дүгнэлт хийх шаардлагатай гэж үзсэн учир энэхүү судалгааг хийсэн болно. 2014 оны хавар эхэлсэн Крымийн асуудлын дараачаар барууны судлаачдын дунд ОХУ-ын нөлөөний хүрээгээ тэлэх бодлого, ялангуяа Украины талаар явуулж буй бодлогыг судлахдаа “гибрид дайн” хэмээх нэр томьёог нийтлэг хэрэглэж эхэлсэн. Украиныг дотроос нь хагалган бутаргах, салан тусгаарлагчдын үйл ажиллагааг дэмжих зорилгоор явуулж буй “уламжлалт” болон “уламжлалт бус” дайны аргыг хослуулан хэрэгжүүлж буй үйл ажиллагааг “гибрид дайн”-ы хүрээнд судлах болсон. Гэхдээ энэхүү “гибрид дайн” нь тухайн сөргөлдөгч улсуудын цэрэг стратегийн хүч, эдийн засгийн чадавх, улс төрийн нөлөө, газарзүйн байршил зэрэг олон хүчин зүйлээс шалтгаалан олон янзын загвартай байхаас гадна маш олон хэлбэрээр илэрдэг болох нь судалгаанаас харагдаж байна.\u0000Түлхүүр үгс: Герасимовын номлол, гибрид дайн, гибрид дайны арга хэлбэрүүд","PeriodicalId":18593,"journal":{"name":"Millennium - Journal of International Studies","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84386333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ABDULLAH BADAWI’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS CHINA: THREE-LEVEL ANALYSIS OF A PRAGMATIC AND IDEALISTIC DIPLOMACY STRATEGY IN A TWO-WAY COOPERATION","authors":"Mohamad Ikhram Mohamad Ridzuan, Marfunizah Ma’dan","doi":"10.32890/jis2023.19.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32890/jis2023.19.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"During his administration from 2003 to 2009, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi chose to continue the foreign policy of Mahathir Mohamad. However, he also applied a more ‘middle-ground’ approach that was neither provocative nor aggressive. This had on occasion portrayed him as a weak leader, contributing to the loss of majority seats for Barisan Nasional (BN) in the 12th general election. Nonetheless, during his tenure, there was an increase in cooperation between Malaysia and China in the educational and sociocultural fields, as well as cooperation with government-linked companies (GLCs), which had not happened before. How far did the moderate personality of Abdullah provide a significant impact on the structuring of Malaysia’s foreign policy towards China? This research will look at a three-level analysis that was conducted in assessing the foreign policy of Malaysia towards China during the period. The three levels that were analysed were international, national, and personality factors. A neoclassical realist approach was applied to look at the changing international political landscape and its impact on Malaysian foreign policy towards China. This research applied a qualitative method of obtaining primary data through structured interviews with key informants and an analytical method based on chronology—unsupported by empirical evidence from secondary data. In conclusion, the research revealed that Malaysia’s foreign policy towards China during Abdullah Badawi’s administration was a combination of ongoing maturing of relations and an increase in bilateral cooperation which had not been explored before. The research also found that although Abdullah Badawi was seen as a relatively weak leader in domestic politics, he made a significant impact on the continuity of Malaysia’s national interest, particularly in the soft power competition between the USA and China in Southeast Asia.","PeriodicalId":18593,"journal":{"name":"Millennium - Journal of International Studies","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74555244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UNITED ARAB EMIRATES - ISRAEL RAPPROCHEMENT: A RATIONAL CHOICE OF EMIRATIS","authors":"Febry Triantama","doi":"10.32890/jis2023.19.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32890/jis2023.19.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"When the UAE and Israel decided to normalize diplomatic relations, later known as the Abraham Accords, the decision sparked globalcontroversy, especially from Islamic countries. One of the countries which vehemently condemned this deal was Iran. Iran viewed theagreement as a form of betrayal of the Palestinian struggle. However, based on an analysis using the Balance of Threat theory, this article concluded that Iran had in fact caused UAE’s decision to normalize relations. It was because Iran, through its superiority of aggregate power, geographical proximity, and offensive policy character, presented a serious threat to the security of the UAE. Thus, the normalization of relations with Israel was the best and rational choice for the UAE in dealing with the Iranian threat. Through this normalization, the UAE has gained a new partner to jointly counterbalance Iran’s power and help in efforts to strengthen its own defense forces. ","PeriodicalId":18593,"journal":{"name":"Millennium - Journal of International Studies","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74124394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CHINA’S SOUTH CHINA SEA CLAIMS, THE HISTORIC RIGHTS DEBATE AND THE MIDDLE APPROACH OF ISLAMIC INTERNATIONAL LAW","authors":"Haniff Ahamat, S. Basir, Saidatul Nadia, Abd Aziz, Mohd Hisham, Mohd Hisham Mohd Kamal","doi":"10.32890/jis2023.19.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32890/jis2023.19.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"The notion of historic rights forms the major basis to the claim by China to ‘islands’ in the South China Sea and the adjacent waters which are located within what is known as the nine-dash line. The South China Sea Arbitration case (Philippines v. China) has shown divergence between China’s interpretation of historic rights and the territorial acquisition regime under positive international law. This paper argues that Islamic international law has clearer principles on historic rights that do not upset the territorial sovereignty of coastal states. However, these principles must be appraised in the correct context of Islamic international law because it subscribes to a different approach to state sovereignty. Due to the importance of historic rights in this paper, the authors used both black letter and historical approaches to legal research. With historical legal research, the authors looked at the historical facts objectively in order to know how legal rules on sovereignty claims over maritime areas are formed throughout history particularly from the perspective of Islamic international law. This paper enables Islamic international law to offer a middle ground in which the proponents and opponents of China’s historical rights claims could meet.","PeriodicalId":18593,"journal":{"name":"Millennium - Journal of International Studies","volume":"22 11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80379370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}