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Congestion in cities: evidence on the form and causality of the macroscopic fundamental relationship of traffic flow 城市拥堵:交通流宏观基本关系的形式和因果关系的证据
TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic) Pub Date : 2021-10-25 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3949458
A. -, D. Graham, P. Bansal
{"title":"Congestion in cities: evidence on the form and causality of the macroscopic fundamental relationship of traffic flow","authors":"A. -, D. Graham, P. Bansal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3949458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3949458","url":null,"abstract":"This paper quantifies the technology driving congestion in urban road networks. To do so, we estimate macroscopic fundamental relationships for homogeneously congested sub-networks (reservoirs) in thirty-four cities worldwide. We adopt a causal approach based on non-parametric instrumental variables to estimate the form of the reservoir-level flow-density relationship using large-scale traffic sensor data. Specifically, we apply a Bayesian non-parametric spline-based regression model with instrumental variables to adjust for potential confounding/endogeneity biases due to simultaneity and omitted variables such as vehicle interactions and traffic controls. Our estimates suggest that the provision of vehicular travel in cities is subject to decreasing returns to density and network size. Importantly, we find that increasing road network capacity is not an efficient solution to manage congestion because average travel speed does not change substantially with increase in capacity. As a by-product of the estimation, we also deliver estimates of important traffic control inputs such as capacity and critical occupancy for these reservoirs. Our results have implications for traffic flow modelling used by both economists and traffic engineers.","PeriodicalId":185482,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115195258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Welfare Costs of Urban Traffic through Retail Prices 基于零售价格的城市交通福利成本研究
TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic) Pub Date : 2021-03-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3544457
H. Yilmazkuday
{"title":"Welfare Costs of Urban Traffic through Retail Prices","authors":"H. Yilmazkuday","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3544457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3544457","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the welfare costs of urban traffic by considering its implications on good-level prices. Using price data for 40 products from 70 cities (covering 47 countries) for multiple years, the estimation results suggest that the elasticity of good-level prices with respect to the time spent in urban traffic is about 0.5. This elasticity is further connected to the welfare of individuals by using the implications of a simple model. The corresponding investigation shows that reducing the time spent in urban traffic by one minute results in a welfare gain of about 1.3% for the average city, with a range between 0.8% and 2.3% across cities.","PeriodicalId":185482,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127672425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Link Between East and West: How the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link Affects Property Prices in Hong Kong 连接东西方:广深港高铁如何影响香港房价
TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic) Pub Date : 2020-08-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3668448
Helen X. H. Bao, Doris Ka Chuen Mok
{"title":"A Link Between East and West: How the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link Affects Property Prices in Hong Kong","authors":"Helen X. H. Bao, Doris Ka Chuen Mok","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3668448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3668448","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the impacts of the GuangzhouiVShenzheniVHong Kong Express Rail Link on the residential property prices in West Kowloon, in which the terminus and only station of the Hong Kong section of the high-speed rail link is located. The express rail is characterised as being a link between Hong Kong and her motherland, China, which is a major source of buyers of property in Hong Kong. We investigate if there is an east-west connection premium introduced by the project by examining the spatial and temporal changes of property prices in the affected areas. Based on a sample of 282,131 transactions, this study uses the hedonic pricing and repeat sales models to examine whether property prices in West Kowloon have increased because of the development of the high-speed rail which signifies a link between Hong Kong and China and whether they have dropped because of the 2019 political movements which emphasize a decoupling. We find significant and consistent evidence to support these hypotheses from both the hedonic price and repeat sales models. The accessibility premium has been capitalised into property prices since the announcement of the project, and the size of the premium is the largest during the announcement period. However, the east-west connection premium is significantly offset by the recent events of political unrest, with properties that are located nearest the West Kowloon Station being the most affected. We derive policy implications regarding practical implications for the design and implementation of land value capture schemes and urban planning.","PeriodicalId":185482,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129336332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Car Seats as Contraception 汽车座椅可以避孕
TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic) Pub Date : 2020-07-31 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3665046
Jordan Nickerson, David H. Solomon
{"title":"Car Seats as Contraception","authors":"Jordan Nickerson, David H. Solomon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3665046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3665046","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1977, U.S. states have passed laws steadily raising the age for which a child must ride in a car safety seat. These laws significantly raise the cost of having a third child, as many regular-sized cars cannot fit three child seats in the back. Using census data and state-year variation in laws, we estimate that when women have two children of ages requiring mandated car seats, they have a lower annual probability of giving birth by 0.73 percentage points. Consistent with a causal channel, this effect is limited to third child births, is concentrated in households with access to a car, and is larger when a male is present (when both front seats are likely to be occupied). We estimate that these laws prevented only 57 car crash fatalities of children nationwide in 2017. Simultaneously, they led to a permanent reduction of approximately 8,000 births in the same year, and 145,000 fewer births since 1980, with 90% of this decline being since 2000.","PeriodicalId":185482,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic)","volume":"192 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114862237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
CSR in Indian Companies: A Comparative Study 印度企业社会责任:比较研究
TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic) Pub Date : 2019-01-06 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3328142
Sagar Gupta, Ritu Bhadoria, Tarika Singh
{"title":"CSR in Indian Companies: A Comparative Study","authors":"Sagar Gupta, Ritu Bhadoria, Tarika Singh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3328142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3328142","url":null,"abstract":"The motive behind this research paper is to know the impact of a company’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy on the buying behavior of customers. CSR is what a firm returns to the society for the services that it is receiving like land, resources, labor, etc., so it is a practice to contribute back to the society in the form of Social or Environmental concerns. CSR policies of different companies are usually distinguished between Good & Bad, and ranks are also given to the companies based on their CSR. The research is conducted in comparison of two brands of automobiles namely Maruti & TATA, considering their respective CSR ranks. For the research, a self-designed questionnaire was prepared which was further standardized. The study sample was of Management students. This research aims to study CSR along with its aspects and perspective of students towards it. The study resulted in different factors for Maruti and TATA for buying Behavior. Also, t-test resulted in the difference in buying behavior for these brands.","PeriodicalId":185482,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic)","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129885294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evidence of Directional Price Discrimination in the U.S. Airline Industry 美国航空业定向价格歧视的证据
TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic) Pub Date : 2018-03-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3083292
Alexander Luttmann
{"title":"Evidence of Directional Price Discrimination in the U.S. Airline Industry","authors":"Alexander Luttmann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3083292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3083292","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper explores possible determinants that may affect an airline’s decision to charge passengers different roundtrip fares depending on trip origin, a case of directional price discrimination. Such fare differences cannot be the result of differences in cost, as the cost of flying a roundtrip passenger does not significantly differ depending on direction. It is argued that directional fare differences result from airlines recognizing that passenger price elasticities differ between route endpoints. A price discriminating airline will then charge a higher roundtrip fare at the endpoint where the passenger price elasticity of demand is comparatively lower. Evidence is found suggesting that airlines do use differences in income to price discriminate when setting roundtrip fares. Fares are found to be $0.18-$0.43 higher on average for each $1000 difference in average per capita income between origin and destination metro areas. This finding is sensible assuming that higher incomes reduce the price elasticity of demand for air travel, with richer passengers being less sensitive to the cost of travel.","PeriodicalId":185482,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic)","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126271874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 27
Cross-Border Commuting and Migration Intentions: The Roles of Risk Aversion and Time Preference 跨境通勤与移民意愿:风险规避和时间偏好的作用
TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic) Pub Date : 2014-06-30 DOI: 10.5709/CE.1897-9254.137
K. Nowotny
{"title":"Cross-Border Commuting and Migration Intentions: The Roles of Risk Aversion and Time Preference","authors":"K. Nowotny","doi":"10.5709/CE.1897-9254.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/CE.1897-9254.137","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the effects of individual risk aversion and time preference on cross-border mobility intentions using a theoretical and empirical model. The paper extends the previous literature by considering both cross-border commuting and migration as modes of mobility. The theoretical model shows that risk aversion has a negative effect on the willingness to migrate and to commute while the effect of time preference depends on expectations about the devel opment of future wages in the home country and abroad. The empirical model, which is based on a multinomial probit regression, confirms the hypotheses regarding risk aversion and shows that the rate of time preference has a nonlinear effect on migration and commuting intentions consistent with expectations of higher real wage growth in the home country than abroad. The analysis sheds light on how time preference and risk aversion influence mobility decisions. This is especially important for integrating border regions in the European Union, in which both migration and commuting are possible.","PeriodicalId":185482,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123940664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
Guatemala: A Transportation Strategy to Alleviate Poverty - Approach and Concept Paper 危地马拉:减轻贫困的交通战略-方法和概念文件
TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic) Pub Date : 2013-01-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2207375
J. Puri
{"title":"Guatemala: A Transportation Strategy to Alleviate Poverty - Approach and Concept Paper","authors":"J. Puri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2207375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2207375","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is the first of a trilogy of papers that examine the impact of road related work on poverty in Guatemala. In this paper, I describe the methodology and data used for undertaking this study. To analyze how roads may affect availability and cost of access to services, the study describes data from the Living Standards Measurement Survey (ENCOVI 2000, conducted by the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Guatemala) for Guatemala. This is a survey of 7,276 households and 481 communities. It goes on to describe possible methods that may be used for undertaking this analysis. This paper, along with the other two were used as inputs to the World Bank Guatemala Poverty Assessment.","PeriodicalId":185482,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133002784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Spatial Equilibrium in the Labor Market 劳动力市场的空间均衡
TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic) Pub Date : 2012-01-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1989195
P. Graves
{"title":"Spatial Equilibrium in the Labor Market","authors":"P. Graves","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1989195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1989195","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses two approaches to spatial equilibrium in the labor market. The more traditional approach of labor economics assumes wage differentials represent arbitrageable differences in utility, with implications 1) that migration should be toward higher wage areas and 2) that migration flows will lead to convergence in wages over space. The more recent approach of urban/regional economics follows Roback in examining the implications of assumed equilibrium in utility over space. In this view wage differentials are compensatory (along with rent differentials) for amenity variation over space. The implications for wage convergence over space are complicated, but in general there would be little inherent reason to expect convergence. This paper takes the view that falling moving costs, combined with greatly improved information about locations, renders the urban/regional approach the more relevant in recent decades. Numerous additional insights about this approach are discussed.","PeriodicalId":185482,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115358931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Commuting Time and Labour Supply: A Causal Effect? 通勤时间与劳动力供给:因果关系?
TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic) Pub Date : 2011-03-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1771251
José Ignacio Giménez, J. Molina
{"title":"Commuting Time and Labour Supply: A Causal Effect?","authors":"José Ignacio Giménez, J. Molina","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1771251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1771251","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the causal effect of the length of the worker’s commute on worker's productivity, by examining whether commuting time has any effect on worker's labour market supply. Using the Spanish Time Use Survey 2002-03, our GMM/IV estimation yields a positive causal impact of commuting time on the time devoted to the labour market, with one hour of commuting increasing the time devoted to the labour market by 35 minutes in a working day. Our results shed light on the relationship between commuting and workers behaviour, since daily labour supply should be considered in theoretical models to provide a comprehensive view of commuter behaviour.","PeriodicalId":185482,"journal":{"name":"TransportRN: Transportation & Society (Topic)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121627469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
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