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Defectoscopic Tests of Railway Rails 铁路轨道的缺陷检验
Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.17729/ebis.2022.1/3
Łukasz Rawicki
{"title":"Defectoscopic Tests of Railway Rails","authors":"Łukasz Rawicki","doi":"10.17729/ebis.2022.1/3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2022.1/3","url":null,"abstract":"Non-destructive tests are of key importance as regards ensuring the safe operation of the railway track. Such tests enable the detection of discontinuities formed both during production and operation. However, due to their nature, non-destructive tests are characterised by certain limitations. Non-destructive tests are mostly indirect and the presence of discontinuities is inferred on the basis of specific physical phenomena. Through the detection and assessment of the nature of discontinuities, non-destructive testing methods provide information about the properties of objects subjected to examination. The article presents some of the methods (visual and ultrasonic tests) used in the examination of railway rails. The article also discusses unconventional testing methods, i.e. the method of magnetic flux leakage (MFL) and the measurement of the alternating current field.","PeriodicalId":184101,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123908296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Use of the Integral Method in the Determination of the Mayr-Voronin and Cassie-Voronin Simplified Mathematical Models of Electric Arc with the Changeable Length of the Plasma Column 利用积分法测定mayer - voronin和Cassie-Voronin，简化了等离子体柱长度变化时电弧的数学模型
Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.17729/ebis.2022.1/5
A. Sawicki
{"title":"The Use of the Integral Method in the Determination of the Mayr-Voronin and Cassie-Voronin Simplified Mathematical Models of Electric Arc with the Changeable Length of the Plasma Column","authors":"A. Sawicki","doi":"10.17729/ebis.2022.1/5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2022.1/5","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the possibility of extending the usability of wellknown integral method formulas used to determine the parameters of the Mayr and Cassie mathematical models of fixed-length arc. Simulation tests discussed in the article involved the simplified variants of the Mayr-Voronin and Cassie-Voronin models of electric arc with dissipated power proportional to the volume of the elongated column. Results obtained in the tests proved the usability of the above-named formulas when calculating the parameters of modified arc models within a wide range of elongation rate changes.","PeriodicalId":184101,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126654902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Electron Beam Surface Hardening 电子束表面硬化
Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005817
P. Śliwiński, M. Węglowski, K. Kwieciński, A. Wieczorek
{"title":"Electron Beam Surface Hardening","authors":"P. Śliwiński, M. Węglowski, K. Kwieciński, A. Wieczorek","doi":"10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005817","url":null,"abstract":"The surface hardening of steel components makes it possible to achieve high abrasive wear resistance without the necessity of hardening the entire cross-section of a given element. As a result, lower stress are introduced and the cost of the process can be reduced. Because of very high heating rates (of up to 10⁹ K/s) as well as the ease of dynamic deflection and focusing, the use of the electron beam to harden component surfaces enables the obtainment of surface layers characterised by required properties. This article constitutes an overview of publications concerning electron beam-based surface hardening.","PeriodicalId":184101,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125168317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
The Effect of the TIG Method-based Melting of Welds on the Properties and the Structure of Welded Joints Made of Austenitic Steel TIG法熔接对奥氏体钢焊接接头性能和组织的影响
Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.17729/ebis.2022.1/4
Cyprian Tyszko, J. Górka
{"title":"The Effect of the TIG Method-based Melting of Welds on the Properties and the Structure of Welded Joints Made of Austenitic Steel","authors":"Cyprian Tyszko, J. Górka","doi":"10.17729/ebis.2022.1/4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2022.1/4","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the effect of TIG method-based melting on the properties and the structure of welded joints made of austenitic steel AISI 304. The tests involved the making of 2 mm thick joints followed by their subsequent melting performed in two different ways, i.e. with maintaining interpass temperature and immediately after welding. The study also included the performance of mechanical tests, macro and microscopic metallographic tests as well as hardness measurements and corrosion resistance tests. Results obtained in the tests justified the conclusion that the melting process and its conditions significantly affect the properties and the structure of welded joints.","PeriodicalId":184101,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132506285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Detectability of Welding Imperfections in Non-Destructive PA and TOFD Ultrasonic Tests 无损PA和TOFD超声检测中焊接缺陷的可探测性
Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.17729/ebis.2022.1/2
Borys Bednarek, Rafal Jurkiewicz, A. Rzeźnikiewicz
{"title":"Detectability of Welding Imperfections in Non-Destructive PA and TOFD Ultrasonic Tests","authors":"Borys Bednarek, Rafal Jurkiewicz, A. Rzeźnikiewicz","doi":"10.17729/ebis.2022.1/2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2022.1/2","url":null,"abstract":"The primary objective of the article was to compare the PA and TOFD ultrasonic technique-based detectability of internal imperfections in welded joints. The scope of tests involved the making of joints as well as the performance of ultrasonic, radiographic and macroscopic metallographic tests. The tests enabled the comparison of indications obtained in the tests with the actual location and the size of imperfections. The test results were then compared to identify the accuracy of each technique in relation to previously assumed measurement requirements (e.g. the depth at which a given imperfection was located, characteristic dimensions, offset from the weld axis, etc.)","PeriodicalId":184101,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122515839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Microstructural Tests and Hardness Tests of Surface Layers of Nodular Cast Iron GJS-350 Made Using the Laser Surface Alloying Process 激光表面合金化球墨铸铁GJS-350表层显微组织及硬度试验
Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.17729/ebis.2021.6/4
Denis Sacha
{"title":"Microstructural Tests and Hardness Tests of Surface Layers of Nodular Cast Iron GJS-350 Made Using the Laser Surface Alloying Process","authors":"Denis Sacha","doi":"10.17729/ebis.2021.6/4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2021.6/4","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents test results concerning the microstructure and the hardness of a composite layer made on a substrate of nodular cast iron GJS-350 using the laser surface alloying method. The alloying agent used in the test was powdered titanium. The study consists of an overview of reference publications aimed to introduce the most important aspects concerning the issue subjected to analysis. The research part presents the methodology of tests as well as their results and analysis. Microscopic analysis revealed that the layer structure was fine-grained and highly homogenous, whereas hardness measurements revealed that the titanium-enriched layer was characterised by significantly higher micro-hardness than that of the base material.","PeriodicalId":184101,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131083331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Diagnostics of Electric Arc versus the Development of Universal Mathematical Models 电弧诊断与通用数学模型的发展
Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.17729/ebis.2021.6/5
A. Sawicki
{"title":"Diagnostics of Electric Arc versus the Development of Universal Mathematical Models","authors":"A. Sawicki","doi":"10.17729/ebis.2021.6/5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2021.6/5","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents universal mathematical static current-voltage characteristics- based models of electric arc and indicates primary issues concerned with arc diagnostics related to the determination of the above-named models. Particular attention was paid to the experimental determination of AC-powered arc voltage. Diagnostics-related purposes involved the use of bridge systems with one or two sources of current. Computer-aided simulations involving sinusoidal and trapezoidal current-based excitations made it possible to demonstrate the possibility of obtaining minimum values of bridge unbalance voltage. Such a condition indicated the proper determination of AC-powered arc ignition voltage.","PeriodicalId":184101,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa","volume":"734 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121804722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Microstructure, Toughness and Hardness of the Simulated HAZ Area of Steel S1300QL S1300QL钢模拟热影响区显微组织、韧性和硬度
Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.17729/ebis.2021.6/2
M. Łomozik
{"title":"Microstructure, Toughness and Hardness of the Simulated HAZ Area of Steel S1300QL","authors":"M. Łomozik","doi":"10.17729/ebis.2021.6/2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2021.6/2","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction contains information (found in available reference publications) concerning the weldability of steel S1300QL. The introduction also presents general information concerning the effect of the microstructure and the chemical composition of filler metals used in the welding of high-strength steels on the mechanical properties of weld deposit. The subject of simulation tests (discussed in the article) was structural steel S1300QL having a yield point of more than 900 MPa S1300QL. Simulations involved both single (Tmax = 1250°C) and double welding thermal cycles (Tmax = 1250°C + 600°C, Tmax = 1250°C + 760°C and Tmax = 1250°C + 900°C) as well as cooling times t8/5 = 3 s, 5 s and 10 s. Specimens with simulated HAZ areas were subjected to impact strength tests performed at a temperature of -40°C and +20°C, Vickers hardness tests (HV10) and microscopic metallographic tests involving the use of light microscopy. The test results are presented in related diagrams and photographs. The final part of the article contains a discussion concerning test results and concluding remarks. The tests revealed that, in terms of the test steel, the number of repetitions of thermal cycles having pre-set parameters did not explicitly translated into changes of impact energy values concerning the simulated HAZ areas. The tests also revealed that recommended thermal cycles making it possible to obtain the required combination of the high toughness and hardness of the simulated HAZ area of steel S1300QL (similar to that of the base material) were double thermal cycles of maximum temperature Tmax1 = 1250°C + Tmax2 = 600°C and Tmax1 = 1250°C + Tmax2 = 900°C combined with cooling times t8/5 = 5 s and 10 s and all numbers of repeated thermal cycles.","PeriodicalId":184101,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125236149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Use of the Weighted Ishikawa Diagram in the Assessment of the Quality of the TIG Manual Welding Process 加权石川图在TIG手工焊接工艺质量评价中的应用
Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.17729/ebis.2021.6/3
W. Rakowska, A. Gwiazda
{"title":"The Use of the Weighted Ishikawa Diagram in the Assessment of the Quality of the TIG Manual Welding Process","authors":"W. Rakowska, A. Gwiazda","doi":"10.17729/ebis.2021.6/3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2021.6/3","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to present the practical use of an Ishikawa diagram in the quality management concerning a selected welding process. The first part of the study describes the TIG welding process and discusses the characteristic of a selected tool. The following part presents the Ishikawa diagram and the division into individual groups of elementary reasons in relation to the welding process subjected to analysis.","PeriodicalId":184101,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127119890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Plasma Welding of Thermo-Mechanically Processed Steel 热机械加工钢的等离子焊接
Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.17729/ebis.2021.6/1
T. Pfeifer
{"title":"Plasma Welding of Thermo-Mechanically Processed Steel","authors":"T. Pfeifer","doi":"10.17729/ebis.2021.6/1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2021.6/1","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the course and results of tests involving the technological plasma welding of 3 mm thick butt joints made of steel S700MC using the melt-in welding technique and the key-hole welding technique. The technological tests made it possible to determine parameters enabling the obtainment of joints representing quality level B in accordance with the PN-EN ISO 5817:2014 standard. The tests discussed in the article included tensile tests, bend tests, hardness tests as well as macro and microscopic metallographic tests involving the use of light microscopy. The test results were subjected to detailed analysis performed to identify the effect of high arc energy used in plasma welding on the structure and properties of the test joints. The test results revealed that the melt-in welding technique (characteristic of the TIG method) did not ensure the obtainment of minimum tensile strength.","PeriodicalId":184101,"journal":{"name":"Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129509672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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