WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 6th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics最新文献

{"title":"President’s medal of the Institute of Physics","authors":"CochranGeraldine, SinghChandralekha, WilkinNicola","doi":"10.1063/1.5110061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":183678,"journal":{"name":"WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 6th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133385977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women in physics in Ghana: Our story","authors":"A. Andam, P. Amponsah, I. Nsiah-Akoto, C. O. Hood, Savanna Nyarko","doi":"10.1063/1.5110092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110092","url":null,"abstract":"The status of women physicists in academia and industry has improved over the last decade in Ghana but not without challenges. It will take some time before women are well represented, especially at the professorial level. Organizations such as the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission (GAEC) and the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences (GAAS) are striving hard to minimize professional gaps between women and men. The Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences, through its efforts to encourage women in physics and science in general has elected its second woman in 58 years as president, and GAEC is also encouraging and appointing women to managerial positions. THE CHALLENGES Undergraduate students often view physics as an abstract field that has little or no direct application to real life situations [1]. These hurdles remain in graduate school, contributing to more women not pursuing further studies or leaving physics entirely. Other factors that discourage female students from entering physics include their relationships and family. This latter often results in some limiting of their careers or factors into their decision to leave physics. And women are more affected by this factor than men when the support of family is absent. The first female nuclear engineer in Ghana, who read physics at first degree and is a mother of two children, disclosed that family responsibility also has a way of pushing women away from choosing science. Using her two children as a point of reference, she believes that she could have advanced beyond her current position if not for the necessary breaks. She believes that women in science play a 105% role compared to men and must be given the needed attention to realize their dreams. “Women are assets on every field and must be encouraged to pursue science. I am confident that, women in science have a bright future since the number of enrolment in graduates schools have increased” [2]. THE CURRENT SITUATION As a way to illustrate the current situation, we chose to collect data for three institutions (Table 1): University of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, and School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences in collaboration with Ghana Atomic Energy Commission. We selected these institutions because of the availability of data. University of Ghana is Ghana’s premier university and the oldest and largest of the eight public universities in the country, with an enrollment of about 37,900 and a male-to-female ratio of about 1.4:1. It was founded as the University College of the Gold Coast by Ordinance on August 11, 1948. As the leading university in Ghana, the University aims to produce the next generation of thought leaders to drive national development. Through its research institutes and other centers of learning, faculty members are involved in studies that support policy making for national development, often in collaboration with other international institutions The Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KN","PeriodicalId":183678,"journal":{"name":"WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 6th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129530691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex refractive index of aerosol samples","authors":"S. Miço, A. Deda, E. Tsaousi, M. Alushllari, P. Pomonis","doi":"10.1063/1.5110120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110120","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to calculate effective complex refractive indices for ambient aerosol samples. Seven ambient aerosol samples were taken in the winter months of November and December 2014 in the city of Vlora, Albania. Collected samples were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The complex refractive indices of an aerosol mixture were estimated by applying the volume averaging mixing rule. The volume fraction for nine groups categorized from morphology and elemental composition of individual particles (fly ash and soil particles, soot and biogenic particles, calcium-rich compounds, silicon-rich and iron-rich particles, sea salt, and mixed particles) were used. The real components (n) of refractive indices varied from 1.55 to 1.60, and imaginary components (k) varied from 1.16 to 0.032. Average complex refractive indices of aerosol samples were m = 1.57–0.02 i. The imaginary part obtained was higher in the samples with higher percentages of soot particles and similar to values reported by other studies.The objective of this study was to calculate effective complex refractive indices for ambient aerosol samples. Seven ambient aerosol samples were taken in the winter months of November and December 2014 in the city of Vlora, Albania. Collected samples were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The complex refractive indices of an aerosol mixture were estimated by applying the volume averaging mixing rule. The volume fraction for nine groups categorized from morphology and elemental composition of individual particles (fly ash and soil particles, soot and biogenic particles, calcium-rich compounds, silicon-rich and iron-rich particles, sea salt, and mixed particles) were used. The real components (n) of refractive indices varied from 1.55 to 1.60, and imaginary components (k) varied from 1.16 to 0.032. Average complex refractive indices of aerosol samples were m = 1.57–0.02 i. The imaginary part obtained was higher in the samples with higher percentages of soot particles and similar to v...","PeriodicalId":183678,"journal":{"name":"WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 6th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114273416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biophysical regulation of thermodynamic effects on type 2 diabetes","authors":"Lanazha T. Belfield, A. Jeffers, A. T. Davis, K. Kavanagh, Tennille D. Presley","doi":"10.1063/1.5110127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110127","url":null,"abstract":"Regulating cardiovascular stability is important for normal blood flow and heart function as well as for managing protein expression and physiologic workload. In type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular instability is common due to an imbalance of proteins, hyperglycemia, and unpaired electrons. Downstream effects of this variability are inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and a greater demand of workload on the body. Because both exercise and temperature variations have shown benefits for T2DM, we hypothesized that a biophysical approach will effectively regulate thermodynamic effects on T2DM. The use of exercise was incorporated by placing T2DM Goto-Kakizaki (GK) and non-diabetic (Wistar) rodents on a treadmill in a heated chamber daily for a two-week period. Body mass was measured daily, and blood glucose and blood pressure were regularly monitored. Through observing energy expenditure, thermal energy was shown to be reduced in the diabetic experimental group. The workload was also lessened due to a decrease in body mass, and power output was affected. Free radical expression was determined through analysis of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. As an indication of inflammation, heat shock protein expression was measured. Our results indicate that our thermodynamic process improves vascular dysfunction by limiting the rate of vasoconstriction in GK rodents by nearly 35%, refining diabetic NO concentrations via nitrate by 34% in comparison to the control, and maintaining a physiologic blood pressure. Blood glucose levels also declined, and heat shock protein expression increased, demonstrating an improvement of hyperglycemia and inflammation in the diabetic state. Collectively, these measurements reveal that inducing a thermodynamic approach in T2DM improves cardiovascular stability.Regulating cardiovascular stability is important for normal blood flow and heart function as well as for managing protein expression and physiologic workload. In type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular instability is common due to an imbalance of proteins, hyperglycemia, and unpaired electrons. Downstream effects of this variability are inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and a greater demand of workload on the body. Because both exercise and temperature variations have shown benefits for T2DM, we hypothesized that a biophysical approach will effectively regulate thermodynamic effects on T2DM. The use of exercise was incorporated by placing T2DM Goto-Kakizaki (GK) and non-diabetic (Wistar) rodents on a treadmill in a heated chamber daily for a two-week period. Body mass was measured daily, and blood glucose and blood pressure were regularly monitored. Through observing energy expenditure, thermal energy was shown to be reduced in the diabetic experimental group. The workload was also lessened due to a decr...","PeriodicalId":183678,"journal":{"name":"WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 6th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics","volume":"31 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116928164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical characterization of electron beam exposure induced defects in epitaxially grown n-type silicon","authors":"H. Danga, F. D. Auret, S. M. Tunhuma, E. Omotoso, E. Igumbor, W. Meyer","doi":"10.1063/1.5110130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110130","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we report on defects introduced in epitaxially grown n-type silicon (Si) during electron beam exposure. The defects observed were electrically characterized using deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and highresolution Laplace DLTS. In this process, Si samples were first exposed to the conditions of electron beam deposition (EBD) without depositing a metal. In this paper, this process is called electron beam exposure (EBE). After 50 minutes of EBE, gold Schottky contacts were fabricated using a resistive deposition method. The defect levels E(0.11) and E(0.17) seem to be associated with the carbon interstitial-substitutional pair CiCs. The CiCs-defect is a bistable defect with an amphoteric character in two defect configurations: A and B. The transition from configuration A to B and vice versa is made possible by a simple bond-switching transformation. A defect level E(0.21) was observed, but the defect’s structure is not clear. E(0.41) and E(0.45) were also observed, associated with a divacancy and a phosphorous interstitial, respectively. E(0.47) and E(x) were observed, but their structures are still a subject of speculation. INTRODUCTION Electron beam deposition (EBD) of metals in a vacuum system is important in the semiconductor technology industry [1, 2]. This method is useful for depositing materials that have a high melting point and therefore cannot be evaporated by resistive heating because of limitations of the power input. The disadvantage of EBD is that this technique introduces defects in n-type silicon (Si) close to the metal-silicon interface [3]. These defects influence device performance and alter the barrier heights of the contacts. The defects responsible for these changes are formed when energetic particles reach the semiconductor surface and interact with it, causing lattice damage [2, 4]. Depending on the application of the device, these defects may either be useful or detrimental for optimum functioning [4]. This investigation is important because it is known that the low-energy ions used in the EBD process introduce defects at and close to the metal-semiconductor junction [5]. Understanding the physical properties and occurrence of defects will potentially lead to improved device designs [6]. The main aim of developing the electron beam exposure (EBE) technique was to see whether EBD-induced defects could be introduced in a controlled manner. Excessive exposure would reduce the functionality of diodes for further study, thus putting a limit on how much damage could be introduced. Energetic particles that cause EBD damage are present during EBE but interact directly with the semiconductor material, whereas during EBD this interaction mostly occurs via the metal used as a contact [2]. Auret and colleagues did a similar study in which they compared their results to defects created by EBD and high energy electron irradiation. In the current work, we concentrate on defect formation by EBE on n-type Si. EXPERI","PeriodicalId":183678,"journal":{"name":"WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 6th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122490708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women in physics in the United States: Reaching toward equity and inclusion","authors":"R. Bjorkquist, Abigail M. Bogdan, Nicole Campbell, Mary K. Chessey, Geraldine Cochran, B. Cunningham, J. Esquivel, L. Gladstone, N. Gosnell, S. Guruswamy, Kelsey M. Hallinen, Candace Harris, Angela C. Johnson, Jolene L Johnson, Christine Jones, R. Jorgenson, Laura McCullough, M. D. McNeese, Tennille D. Presley, Nicole Quist, A. Richardson, S. Seidel, C. Singh","doi":"10.1063/1.5110114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110114","url":null,"abstract":"The United States has a major deficit in the proportion of women earning degrees in physics, peaking around 20%. To promote excellence and maximize creativity, additional efforts to diversify the physics community must be implemented. Challenges to improving the proportion of female physicists include microaggressions, active discouragement, poor advising or mentoring, inadequate acknowledgement of achievements, sexual harassment, and many others. The latest research on gender bias suggests two main underlying psychological themes that explain much of the behavioral bias: implicit (unconscious) bias and stereotype threat. To ensure that excellence is not compromised, we need to guarantee that our entire population has access to adequate resources and the necessary support structures for success. To fully understand women in physics, we must also examine the many obstacles that women of various identities face in efforts to navigate their academic and professional careers. These identities may be related not only to gender but also to race, ethnicity, language, religion, social class, or sexuality. Increasing women’s participation in physics requires increased access to high school physics courses, funding opportunities to attend college, availability of research opportunities, and access to and support from professional societies. These approaches will enhance the culture in physics, leading to gender equity, social equity, and improved social justice for many people.The United States has a major deficit in the proportion of women earning degrees in physics, peaking around 20%. To promote excellence and maximize creativity, additional efforts to diversify the physics community must be implemented. Challenges to improving the proportion of female physicists include microaggressions, active discouragement, poor advising or mentoring, inadequate acknowledgement of achievements, sexual harassment, and many others. The latest research on gender bias suggests two main underlying psychological themes that explain much of the behavioral bias: implicit (unconscious) bias and stereotype threat. To ensure that excellence is not compromised, we need to guarantee that our entire population has access to adequate resources and the necessary support structures for success. To fully understand women in physics, we must also examine the many obstacles that women of various identities face in efforts to navigate their academic and professional careers. These identities may be related n...","PeriodicalId":183678,"journal":{"name":"WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 6th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121900922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Searching for—and finding!—gravitational waves","authors":"Gabriela Gonzáleza, M. Kasprzack","doi":"10.1063/1.5110067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110067","url":null,"abstract":"We describe the search for gravitational waves of astrophysical origin with ground-based interferometric LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) and Virgo detectors, and we provide details about the successful detection of signals from the merger of black holes. Three signals from similar systems were detected on Earth on September 14 and December 26, 2015, and January 4, 2017. We also describe the exciting future of the field of gravitational wave astronomy.We describe the search for gravitational waves of astrophysical origin with ground-based interferometric LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) and Virgo detectors, and we provide details about the successful detection of signals from the merger of black holes. Three signals from similar systems were detected on Earth on September 14 and December 26, 2015, and January 4, 2017. We also describe the exciting future of the field of gravitational wave astronomy.","PeriodicalId":183678,"journal":{"name":"WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 6th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134132995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model of culturally relevant pedagogy in physics","authors":"Angela Johnson","doi":"10.1063/1.5110152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110152","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a surge of interest in the United States recently in culturally relevant/responsive/sensitive teaching in physics and similar disciplines. Two brief examples: In his call for papers addressing race for The Physics Teacher, Gary White lists “culturally responsive teaching” as the first topic, and one of the two aims of a $4.9 million grant received by the American Association of Colleges and Universities is to “empower STEM faculty to adopt culturally sensitive pedagogies.” So the question is: What is culturally relevant physics teaching? How would we even know it if we saw it? I argue that a framework for culturally relevant pedagogy developed by Gloria Ladson-Billings is a useful model for university physics faculty.","PeriodicalId":183678,"journal":{"name":"WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 6th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131898925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent activities of the women’s committee of the Korean Physical Society","authors":"O. Chung, Ranju Jung, Ho-Soon Yang, Hyungjung Kim, Ye-Ji Jo, Hyungjung Lee","doi":"10.1063/1.5110109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110109","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the underrepresentation of women in physical science in South Korea, the Women’s Committee of the Korean Physical Society (KPS) was established 15 years ago and has made various efforts to reduce the gender gap in physics. The Women’s Committee of KPS has focused on providing female students various inspiring programs to expand women’s role in the field of physics, including holding an annual physics camp for female high school students, offering a “Visiting Mentoring Program” to female graduate students and postdocs, and rewarding female students for excellent research presentations during KPS meetings. We present the details of the interventions by KPS to address the gender gap in Korean physical science field while sharing our experiences and discussing findings of past work.In response to the underrepresentation of women in physical science in South Korea, the Women’s Committee of the Korean Physical Society (KPS) was established 15 years ago and has made various efforts to reduce the gender gap in physics. The Women’s Committee of KPS has focused on providing female students various inspiring programs to expand women’s role in the field of physics, including holding an annual physics camp for female high school students, offering a “Visiting Mentoring Program” to female graduate students and postdocs, and rewarding female students for excellent research presentations during KPS meetings. We present the details of the interventions by KPS to address the gender gap in Korean physical science field while sharing our experiences and discussing findings of past work.","PeriodicalId":183678,"journal":{"name":"WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 6th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123248968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shortage of women teaching physics in Cameroonian universities","authors":"M. Onana, B. T. Sendja, O. S. Ngano, Raissa Onanena","doi":"10.1063/1.5110083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110083","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout the world women are underrepresented in physics and related career fields. This can be explained by the fact that women are not given access to various resources and opportunities. Even in developed countries such as Italy, Spain, and China, women have fewer resources and opportunities than men. The situation is worse in less developed countries and especially in African countries where gender consideration remains a major matter. The overall attitude tends to underestimate women in strategic careers and positions. It is sad that very few women are represented in science and technology. Furthermore, the percentage of women in science, especially in physics, can be viewed as meaningless compared to men in our country. Previous studies have shown that in Cameroon, the percentage of women in physics drops sharply at the postgraduate level and, consequently for physics careers, for instance, in the teaching sector. It is worth noting that in Cameroon, women have made little progress in physics in the last few years. It is still challenging to overcome the barriers that hinder their success in physics. In this paper, the statistics of women enrolled in physics and women teaching physics in Cameroonian universities and their career paths are presented and discussed. Some recommendations are made in order to improve and encourage women in physics.","PeriodicalId":183678,"journal":{"name":"WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 6th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115263761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}