Project Report Series最新文献

{"title":"A Dynamic Analysis of Management Strategies for Alberta Hog Producers","authors":"F. Novak, G. Schnitkey","doi":"10.7939/R3DR2PC23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3DR2PC23","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we examine risk reductions possible by including off-farm assets with farm assets in a firm growth context. We specify a dynamic investment model in which an individual can invest in hog fmishing barns, stocks, and fmancial holdings. We solve this model for an Alberta hog fmisher using alternative objective functions representing different types of risk preferences. Our results indicate that holding stocks is an effective means of reducing risks and increasing wealth. -","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122865231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positioning for Trade Liberalization: Structure of Earnings, Comparative and Competitive Advantage of Agricultural Households in the United States and Canada","authors":"L. P. Apedaile, C. Barnard, R. Bollman, Blaine Calkins","doi":"10.7939/R3GR2J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3GR2J","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"215 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121622275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative Alberta Barley Trade Scenarios with the Northwest United States","authors":"G. Magnusson, M. Lerohl","doi":"10.7939/R3P84428R","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3P84428R","url":null,"abstract":"A retrospective revised net revenue, partial equilibrium, linear programming model is developed for feedgrain trade between Alberta and eleven north west states of the United States. The model is run under six different policy scenarios over a five years period, 1984 to 1988. Alberta is divided into three regions (north, central and south), while the eleven states are divided into two regions (U.S. north and south). Feedgrain requirements and production are calculated for each region using grain consiming animal units and barley equivalents. Each region is able to both import and export feedgrain. As well as the five regions, two export points (Vancouver, British Columbia and Portland, Oregon) are defined. These poitns can import unlimited vlumes of grain but are not permitted to export to any of the regions. A baseline version of the model is developed, which incorporates Alberta producer payments for rail transportation as set out in the Western Grain Transportation Act, border costs as they existed during the time of the study, and estimates of Trucking rates. The baseline scenario is compared to five other scenarios which reflect the following policy changes: i) a closed Canada- U.S. border; ii) Alberta producers paying the full published cost of rail transportation; iii) the removal of all priced border costs; iv) Alberta producers paying the full rail rate, the removal of priced border costs; and v) producers paying the full rail rate, the removal of priced border costs, as well as trucking rates set equal on a per tonne per mile basis to full cost rail rates","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131812600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consumer Attitudes, Willingness to Pay and Revealed Preferences for Different Egg Production Attributes: Analysis of Canadian Egg Consumers","authors":"E. Goddard, P. Boxall, John Paul Emunu, Curtis D. Boyd, Andre M. Asselin, Amanda Neall","doi":"10.7939/R3BR8MP4X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3BR8MP4X","url":null,"abstract":"The Canadian egg industry has introduced a number of specialty eggs, including Omega-3, organic, free run/range, vitamin enhanced and vegetarian over the past few decades. These eggs are generally sold at prices higher than the ‘normal’ egg and there has been little analysis of the consumer awareness of and interest in purchasing these eggs. All previous econometric analysis of the Canadian egg market has assumed eggs and consumers are homogeneous. This study makes use of Stated preference and Revealed preference data to model the consumer interest in the different egg types. Stated preference surveys were conducted in two separate years: 2005 during which consumers were surveyed on their interest in Omega-3 and Vitamin Enhanced eggs relative to ‘normal’ eggs, white large, Grade A eggs, and 2006 during which consumers were surveyed on their interest in organic, freerun and vegetarian eggs relative to brown Grade-A eggs. Consumers were also assessed on their health behaviour, health consciousness, and in 2006 on their attitudes towards animal welfare, novelty foods, and environmental concerns. Results from this phase of the research suggested that among the sample of Alberta consumers, there is only modest interest in the specialty eggs, eggs, in general, are associated with other healthy behaviours, health conscious consumers are willing to pay more for specialty eggs, of all types, older consumers and consumers with families are significantly more price sensitive and hence, have constraints on their ability to purchase specialty eggs. As well, consumers with concerns about animal welfare will pay more for free run eggs, there is an increased interest in eggs with identified health attributes among older consumers. Revealed preference analysis of actual purchase behaviour was conducted on an A C Nielsen Homescan© panel data set over a three year period. Separate analyses were conducted for Alberta and Ontario frequent egg purchasers, with some significant differences across provinces. In Alberta no one is willing to pay more for specialty eggs than for normal eggs, with either modeling technique applied. In Ontario this assessment is less clear, the frequency model of how often across a three year period households purchased each type of egg, would suggest that consumers are willing to pay more for specialty eggs than for ‘normal’ eggs, with organic the egg that they are willing to pay the most for. At the same time the choice model for Ontario, a model of actual purchases across time with the type of egg as the dependent variable, suggests that consumers are willing to pay the most for ‘normal’ eggs with Free run and Organic close behind. Overall, as we look more closely at the relative ranking of specialty eggs, at the mean of all variables, organic eggs are the ones all households are willing to pay the most for. In the frequency model Alberta consumers’s willingness to pay for organic eggs is closest to the normal egg and Ontario consumers wo","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133219224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PREFERENCES ABOUT MARKETING ORGANIC GRAIN IN ALBERTA","authors":"Chantelle L'Hoir, E. Goddard, Desmond W. Ng, M. Lerohl","doi":"10.7939/R3BM86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3BM86","url":null,"abstract":"The organic industry in Canada is growing and Alberta organic grain producers have expressed a concern that the marketing system for organic grains in Alberta is poorly organized. This poorly organized system may hinder producers from optimizing market potential. This paper assesses different organizational structures that might assist Alberta organic grain producers in optimizing market potential. The choice of organizational structures that could potentially be used to market organic grain in Alberta is based on the types organizational structures that currently exist in the market, producer motivations, and the obstacles that exist in the market. In performing the assessment; existing organic organizational structures are identified, producer motivations are defined, underlying market forces are revealed, and organizational critical success factors are specified. In the conclusions an assessment is made as to which organizational structure is presently the most suitable option to assist organic grain producers in Alberta. The judgment of appropriate marketing structure may well change as the organic market matures, which it shows promise of rapidly doing.","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129718715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Export Markets for Canada's Foodgrains and Feedgrains","authors":"T. Veeman, M. Veeman, Maxine Sudol, Xiao-yuan Dong","doi":"10.7939/R3FT8DM26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3FT8DM26","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of this study is the economic characteristics of Canada's export markets for foodgrains and feedgrains. The focus is on economic analysis of barley export markets. Over time Canada has become the largest barley exporter, replacing France as the leading source of barley. On the import side, developing countries have become the fastest growing market segment for barley imports, replacing developed countries as the leading market outlet. Canada's export profile data reveal that developing and Eastern European countries became expansionary markets in the 1980s while developed countries have imported a decreasing share of Canada's barley exports. Constant market share analyses of the world barley and course grain markets reveal that those exporters with the highest export concentration in the rapidly expanding markets in richer developing countries registered positive export growth impacts due to this concentration. While corn is still the dominant feedgrain traded on world markets, barley became, by 1985, the fastest growing feedgrain export, resulting in positive export growth for exporters, like Canada, for which barley is a prominent feedgrain. Despite appreciable reliance on less rapidly growing import markets for barley, Canada has ben relatively competitive in world barley markets, at least up to the mid 1980s. In wheat, Canada's exports have tended to be mroe concentrated on less rapidly growing market segmetns and on less rapidly growing classes of wheat. Canada's competitve position in world wheat markets has varied over time and, toward the end of the 1980s, was worsened by the United States export enhancement program subsidies. The major determinants of cereal import demand in seventy-four developed countries (LDCs) were analyzed through the use of an econometric cross-sectional model. Key explanators of import demand in these increasingly important markets included the level of income and degree of urbanization, financial capacity proxies, and domestic grain supply variables. A contribution to the study of cereal markets involved the analysis of the impact of income distribution on less developed countries' cereal import demand in1986 and 1987 for a more restricted sample of twenty-three nations. These developing countries exhibit a greater than proportional increase in cereal imports due to an increase in the income share of the poorest 40 percent of their populations. The inclusion of regional slope and intercept dummies in the cereal import demand model was an innovation that provided improved results. High levels of government debt appear to have inhibited cereal importation in nations in South America, but not in Asia and Africa. In all three continental regions, particularly in Africa, there is a positive relationship between food aid and cereal imports. The model predicts cereal imports for nations in Asia and South America more satisfactorily than for those in Africa. The results support the view that improvements in i","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127094588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canadian Dairy Demand","authors":"M. Veeman, Yanning Peng","doi":"10.7939/R3833N05S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3833N05S","url":null,"abstract":"The Canadian dairy industry faces a changing market environment as processors react to apparent shifts in consumers' preferences, consumers react to an altered mix of products on retail dairy shelves, and industry adjusts to potential pressures of competition and the challenge of new market opportunities under the impetus of changes arising from international trade. The purpose of this study is to derive a set of updated and disaggregated estimates of demand for major dairy products in a manner consistent with the economic theory of consumer behaviour. These estimates are necessary for policy models, policy analysis and forecasting. Previously dairy demand estimates were only available for broad product groupings such as fluid milk, butter, all cheese and \"all other dairy products\". For this study, four weakly separable groupings of major dairy products and related foods are specified. These are milk and other beverages, fats and oils, dairy dessert and related products and cheeses and apparent substitutes. Skim milk powder is assessed not to be a member of any of these groups but is hypothesized to be a member of a fifth dairy subgroup of dairy protein products. Due to data limitations, it was necessary to follow a single-equation approach for this product. The appropriateness of each product grouping was assessed by a two-stage test. First, each subgroup was tested using non-parametric tests of the axioms of revealed preference, as a means of inferring whether or not choices within each subgrouping are consistent with constrained utility maximization. Second, parametric assessment of each subgroup gave further evidence regarding the appropriateness of the groupings in terms of whether the estimated demand parameters are relatively stable and plausible. Based on satisfactory performance in these tests, parametric analyses for each subgroup were conducted using the linearized version of the almost ideal demand system, incorporating appropriate seasonality and habit formation variables. Estimates of own-price, cross-price and expenditure elasticities of demand are derived and presented. In general these seem plausible. Signs on the own-price elasticity estimates are as expected; the magnitudes appear to be reasonable. As expected, the majority of the specified foods are price-inelastic. However, butter, cooking/salad oil and other cheese appear to be price-elastic. Yogurt, concentrated milk and ice cream are fairly expenditure elastic while the two cheese types and butter appear slightly expenditure elastic.","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131747609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canadian Agriculture and GATT: An Economic Analysis of Article XI","authors":"W. Cymbal, M. Veeman","doi":"10.7939/R3MP4VQ51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3MP4VQ51","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of this study are threefold. The first is to document the origins and evolution of Article XI. The second objective is to assess the apparent economic implication of Article XI exemptions and GATT panel decisions regarding the Article for Canadian agriculture, specifically for poultry products. The third purpose of this study is to analyse the economic effects of selected tariffication proposals for change in Article XI provisions to the Canadian egg and poultry industries. Our documentation of the origins and evolution of Article XI shows that this article emerged from the initiatives of US policymakers who attempted to ban quantitative restrictions without violating existing US legislation pertaining to agriculture. However, Article XI was soon found to be inconsistent with the US Agricultural Adjustment Act. To satisfy Section 22 of the Act, the United States requested and obtained a waiver to the provisions of Article XI from the Contracting Parties of the GATT. The exemption clauses of Article XI also became a consideration in some domestic agricultural policies. This was the case for Canada in the development of national supply management programs for eggs and poultry in the 1970s. These programs provided a politically palatable solution to the interprovincial conflicts that had arisen from provincial• supply management programs. In effect Article XI justified the existence of supply management and legitimized domestic policies to control supplies and restrict imports. These provided for considerable transfers to producers, as demonstrated by OECD producer- and consumer-subsidy equivalent calculations. However, international concern regarding global distortions in agricultural trade, and the limitations of Article XI, led to this Article, and other agricultural trade issues, being a focal point of the Uruguay Round trade negotiations. While disagreements over export subsidies were the major stumbling block in the agricultural negotiations of the Uruguay Round of GAIT negotiations, greater access to markets also held a high profile at the negotiating table. Canada was not able to raise sufficient support for her negotiating strategy of pushing to maintain and strengthen the exemption provisions of Article XI and the outcome of the negotiation included agreement to tariff quantitative import restrictions and other non-tariff restrictions to agricultural trade. This study examines a number of empirical issues related to tariffication and provides some recommendations that relate to methodology of tariff equivalent calculations. These concern the appropriate methodology to calculate tariff equivalence, specifically the definition and level of reference prices, the variability of the measure, and the application of tariff equivalent estimates under imperfect competition in a manner that preserves the level of imports. We conclude that if the objective of tariff equivalence is to identify the magnitude of a non-tariff barrier, the ","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"185 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131404148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CONSUMER'S PERCEPTIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND THE DEMAND FOR FOOD SAFETY","authors":"M. Veeman, W. Adamowicz","doi":"10.7939/R3ZS2KG11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3ZS2KG11","url":null,"abstract":"Public concern regarding food safety has emerged as a major policy issue. Chemicals and biotechnological processes are perceived as risks of food safety despite their contribution to an efficient, low cost agriculture and food industry. Increases in uses of biotechnological processes for foods are expected to be a major potential source of productivity improvements for Alberta and Canadian agriculture in future years. However, the demand for food safety involves increasing awareness and concern by consumers of chemical inputs and biotechnological processes in the agriculture and food industries. Nonetheless, there is a lack of basic economic and agricultural economic theory and methodology to analyze these issues and a need for policy, socioeconomics and marketing research on biotechnology and other environmental risk situations in the agricultural and food industry. This project was directed at developing and applying economic theory and methodology to help fill this gap. A major contribution of the project is the identification and verification of methodologies of stated choice to analyse tradeoffs arising from food safety perceptions of concerns by consumers. One component of the research project involved assessment of Alberta consumers' stated preferences and purchase behaviour for foods exhibiting a range of environmental risks, including perceptions of pesticide residues and hormonal treatments derived from biotechnological processes. The results of this survey indicated that Albertans were more concerned about pesticide use in food production than about the use of hormones. In contingent valuation questions developed for the study, more Albertans wish to restrict pesticide use (relative to a base case of not restricting either hormones or pesticides). They tended to persist in these choices in the face of potential increases in food costs, reflecting a higher level of concern with pesticides than hormones. Increasing education increased this concern. Increasing food cost decreased the probability of choosing to restrict pesticide or hormone use. Women appeared to perceive pesticide use in food production as a greater food safety risk than was perceived by men. The inferred average willingness to pay to restrict pesticide and growth hormone use in food production amounted to about 25% and 13% respectively of the average Albertan's food expenditures respectively. In the second survey of consumers' food/environmental risk perceptions undertaken relative to this project, the responses of a random sample of consumers to the use of recombinant bovine somatotrophin (rBST) in milk production were elicited using a stated preference methodology. A conditional logit model of consumer choice was developed and tested to analyse consumers' choices of milk with varying characteristics of fat content, price, freshness and rBST treatment. Awareness of rBST presence or otherwise is implied by labelling. The approach attempts to simulate market conditions wi","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114553719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Socioeconomic Impacts of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in Alberta","authors":"W. Adamowicz, C. Arnot, P. Boxall, C. Dridi, E. Goddard, M. Jordan, K. Forbes, K. Laate, K. Myshaniuk, Brenda L. Parlee, M. Petigara, J. Unterschultz, N. Zimmer","doi":"10.7939/R31R6N218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R31R6N218","url":null,"abstract":"This report summarizes a series of projects undertaken by staff and students in the Department of Rural Economy which examine various socio-economic aspects of chronic wasting disease and its effect on a range of stakeholders in Alberta. The four projects included exploring impacts on the cervid farming industry, hunters, the general Albertan public, and certain Aboriginal groups. General results from these studies are presented with references that provide a more thorough analysis and discussion.","PeriodicalId":183610,"journal":{"name":"Project Report Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130427443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}