Marine pollution bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Tracing localised nutrient loading to Posidonia oceanica epiphyte community assemblages in the eastern Aegean Sea","authors":"Gian Luca Naccarato ,&nbsp;Arne Cierjacks ,&nbsp;Alice Malcolm-McKay ,&nbsp;María Moran García ,&nbsp;Laura Macrina ,&nbsp;Anastasia Miliou","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118738","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118738","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The occurrence of localised nutrient loading in small coastal communities of the Mediterranean threatens the functionality of seagrass ecosystems, underscoring the need to reliably identify their onset and magnitude. However, short-term measurements of nutrient levels can be an inaccurate measure of sustained nutrient loading due to the spatiotemporal variability of coastal hydrodynamics. Alternatively, we examined the suitability of epiphyte assemblages on <em>Posidonia oceanica</em> leaves as indicators of anthropogenic nutrient enrichment of coastal waters for the first time in the eastern Aegean Sea. We studied seagrass biometric and meadow parameters at control and impacted sites, in addition to epiphyte community composition and structure at a depth of 5 m during winter 2022. Sites were classified a priori using a modified version of the Land Use Simplified Index (LUSI). Impacted meadows exhibited lower leaf length and shoot density, as well as higher epiphyte cover and biomass. The composition of epiphyte communities shifted significantly, with clear differences observed in red coralline algae, filamentous brown algae, and annelids. Our results indicated that potentially increased nutrient availability from point and diffuse sources, such as wastewater discharge and agricultural activity, may have affected seagrass bed condition. We observed substantial epiphyte cover, causing both direct (shading) and indirect (intensified grazing pressure; physical instability of leaves) effects. Our study demonstrates that epiphyte communities, in combination with the LUSI, serve as accurate and cost-effective indicators of nutrient loading in coastal waters. Regular monitoring could enable early detection of elevated nutrient levels and help prevent the long-term decline of seagrass meadows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 118738"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145213256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions of multiple abiotic stresses exacerbate mollusk diversity loss in a high-discharge coastal mangrove wetland","authors":"Guogui Chen ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Mo ,&nbsp;Xuan Gu ,&nbsp;Wenqing Wang ,&nbsp;Liang Yue ,&nbsp;Baoshan Cui ,&nbsp;Zhenchang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal regions, as a hotspot region of biodiversity and the most densely populated areas in the world, are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic disturbances, including warming, acidification, eutrophication, salinity fluctuation, and oxygen loss. Although massive single-factor studies have revealed the ecological catastrophe caused by these impacts, how these impact stressors interact to endanger coastal biodiversity that is critical for ecosystem stability and human well-being is still poorly understood. To investigate whether and how water warming, acidification, eutrophication, salinity fluctuation and oxygen loss interact with each other to impact the mangrove mollusk diversity, a long-term study was conducted in the mangroves of Chinese Daya Bay from 1987–1993 to 2017–2021. We found that water temperature, chlorophyll-a, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) increased significantly, while the water pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and mollusk species richness decreased obviously, reflecting water warming, eutrophication, acidification, salinity fluctuation, oxygen loss and biodiversity loss occurred in the Daya Bay. The mangrove mollusk diversity had a significant response to the water warming, eutrophication, acidification, salinity fluctuation, oxygen loss (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). The average incidences of mollusk diversity loss due to the changes in water pH, temperature, TP, TN, chlorophyll-a, salinity and DO were 47.11 %, 35.56 %, 35.53 %, 34.48 %, 34.22 %, 34.15 % and 33.05 %, respectively. Moreover, the average effect of interactions between any two water factors on the mollusk diversity was 0.998, which was 22.5 % larger than their single effect on biodiversity of 0.814. The findings suggest that interactions between global change stressors can exacerbate biodiversity loss in coastal wetlands. Quantifying those effects in terms of multi-factor interactions will contribute to the coastal management and restoration based upon combined evidence rather than a one-sided single perspective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 118775"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of heavy metal contamination in Cystoseira sp. and ecologically distinct fish species from Northern Cyprus","authors":"Hasan Deniz Akbora ,&nbsp;Burak Ali Çiçek ,&nbsp;Deniz Ayas","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, <em>Cystoseira</em> sp. samples were collected by snorkeling during summer and winter from five coastal sites within the territorial waters of Northern Cyprus. In addition, herbivorous and carnivorous fish species inhabiting demersal, rocky-sandy, and epipelagic zones were obtained from local fishers across four representative regions. Concentrations of Ag, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Se, Sr, V, and Zn were measured in <em>Cystoseira</em> sp., and in fish liver and muscle tissues using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results were compared with previous studies conducted in Cyprus and neighboring Eastern Mediterranean countries. A significant negative correlation was observed between fish trophic levels and concentrations of Cu, Fe, Pb, Sr, and Zn. Metal concentrations were further evaluated against national and international food safety and environmental standards. Notably, some fish muscle samples contained As, Cd, and Pb above permissible limits, suggesting potential risks to human health. To further assess this issue, a human health risk evaluation (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) was performed under a realistic exposure scenario of two meals per week. All Hazard Index (HI) values were below 1, demonstrating no non-carcinogenic risk for either adults or children. Carcinogenic risk (CR) values were generally insignificant (&lt;10⁻⁶), although As and Cd in some species reached the tolerable range (10⁻⁶–10⁻⁴) for children, while only As posed tolerable risk levels in adults. Furthermore, elevated As levels in marine organisms may be associated with agricultural runoff, emphasizing the need for tighter monitoring of agricultural practices in coastal areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 118743"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal(loid)s in mesopelagic fishes from the Mediterranean food web","authors":"Mauro Cavallaro ,&nbsp;Teresa Romeo ,&nbsp;Vittorio Lo Presti ,&nbsp;Alessandro Giuffrida ,&nbsp;Filippo Giarratana ,&nbsp;Graziella Ziino ,&nbsp;Luca Nalbone ,&nbsp;Antonino Nazareno Virga ,&nbsp;Nicola Cicero ,&nbsp;Giuseppa Di Bella ,&nbsp;Giovanni Ammendolia ,&nbsp;Monia Renzi ,&nbsp;Pietro Battaglia","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, concentrations of different metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb) were measured in Mediterranean mesopelagic fish species belonging to the families <em>Gonostomatidae</em>, <em>Microstomatidae</em>, <em>Myctophidae</em>, <em>Paralepididae</em>, <em>Phosichthyidae</em>, <em>Sternoptychidae</em>, and <em>Stomiidae</em>. These fish species represent key prey for top pelagic predators of high commercial value, such as tuna and swordfish, representing not only a relevant but neglected source of metal(loid)s from lower to higher trophic concentrations, but also potential vectors for the trophic transfer of some contaminants, though not necessarily via biomagnification. Different concentrations of As (mean range of 0.350–5.707 μg/g), Cd (mean range of 0.181–0.813 μg/g), Cr (mean range of 0.148–2.680 μg/g), Hg (mean range of 0.026–0.456 μg/g), Ni (mean range of 0.112–2.643 μg/g) and Pb (mean range of 0.076–2.492 μg/g) were determined among the species, likely reflecting variations in their feeding behaviour and ecology. Concentrations of Cd and Pb in some species exceeded the European regulatory limits for fishery products, whereas Hg concentrations remained below legal thresholds, and As, Cr, and Ni are currently not regulated. Although these species are not of high commercial value, their role as prey for large pelagic predators of economic interest highlights the need for such studies in a broader perspective of environmental monitoring and risk assessment, aimed at supporting sustainable management strategies of marine resources and ensuring high standards of food safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 118772"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term water nutrient variations along the easternmost south American estuarine and coastal areas","authors":"Ester Milena dos Santos ,&nbsp;Mário Barletta ,&nbsp;Francisco José A. Cysneiros ,&nbsp;Doris Veleda ,&nbsp;Pedro Tyaquiçã Santos ,&nbsp;Stephan Carty ,&nbsp;Anderson Luiz Ribeiro de Paiva","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The estuarine ecosystem is the connection between the river basin and the ocean. The ecological role of this ecosystem is essential for socioeconomic and subsistence activities. However, this ecosystem faces significant threats from domestic, industrial and agricultural effluents. To assess the influence of factors that could be influencing these impacts, this study investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of ammonia (NH₃) and phosphorous (P) concentration in the lower portion of the river basins located in the most eastern South American region located in Pernambuco State of Brazil. The monitoring data collected between 2005 and 2019 reveal significant NH₃ and P concentration variations, influencing annual, seasonal, and spatial factors. The Generalized Addictive Model for Location, Scales, and Shape (GAMLSS) was utilized to assess the data NH₃, and P water concentrations often exceed the ideal limits (NH₃ ≤ 0.7 mg.L-¹ and <em>P</em> ≤ 0.186 mg.L-¹). The environmental variables of dissolved oxygen, distance from the coastline, rainfall, and ENSO were the most important factors influencing the concentration of NH₃ and P in this portion of South America. The highest concentrations of these nutrients were found principally in the metropolitan sector during the dry season (NH₃ = 4.1 mg.L-¹ e <em>P</em> = 0.604 mg.L-¹). The La Niña phenomenon, particularly during moments of extreme drought (e.g. 2006 and 2017), has led to a significant increase in the concentration of these pollutants, indicating potential risks for the occurrence of eutrophication events in these estuarine ecosystems. Based on our findings, intensifying efforts to sustain and expand the monitoring program is necessary. These measures will enhance the effectiveness of habitat restoration and help achieve optimal environmental conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 118756"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of mean composition values, trends and correlations of a 4000 km2 north Atlantic area considering data uncertainty: Nutrients, salinity and temperature","authors":"Carlos Borges ,&nbsp;Dora Carinhas ,&nbsp;Carla Palma ,&nbsp;Ricardo Bettencourt da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The assessment of vast and heterogenous areas is demanding due, mainly, to the large uncertainty associated with limited collected information on the system. Larger systems should be more thoroughly characterized, and their models should express a conservative uncertainty of the reported information. This work presents a tool based on Monte Carlo simulation of monitoring data, applicable to up to 100 sampling points, that considers the uncertainty of collected samples and sampling positioning. This tool was successfully applied to assess the spatial distribution, seasonal variation and correlation of characteristic features of an oceanic area with approximately 4000 km² between two seasons. A metrologically significant reduction of temperature, salinity and some nutrient concentrations was observed, consistent with the typical upwelling regime on the western coast of continental Portugal, demonstrating that the developed methodology is robust to the extension and complexity of the spatial distribution of the system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 118767"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen enrichment determines coral mortality during a marine heatwave","authors":"Kelly E. Speare ,&nbsp;Deron E. Burkepile ,&nbsp;Thomas C. Adam ,&nbsp;Hunter S. Lenihan ,&nbsp;Erin M. Winslow ,&nbsp;Russell J. Schmitt ,&nbsp;Sally J. Holbrook ,&nbsp;Mary K. Donovan","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is killing foundation species worldwide and understanding how local environmental conditions interact with changing climatic conditions is a major goal in ecology. On coral reefs, marine heatwaves cause coral to die from bleaching, with the effects of marine heatwaves potentially modified by inorganic nutrients. Here we show that following an intense marine heatwave in Moorea, French Polynesia, patterns of mortality in two genera of branching coral are complex functions of heat stress and nitrogen enrichment. Two metrics of coral mortality (Prevalence: the proportion of colonies with at least some partial mortality; Severity: the proportion of a colony that died for those that exhibited mortality) were greater among <em>Acropora</em> than <em>Pocillopora</em> corals<em>.</em> For <em>Acropora</em>, nitrogen enrichment interacted with the intensity of heat stress to influence the prevalence, but not severity, of mortality<em>.</em> Greater nitrogen enrichment reduced prevalence at low heat stress, but increased it at high heat stress. Conversely, for <em>Pocillopora</em>, nitrogen interacted with heat stress to alter the severity, but not prevalence, of mortality. At low heat stress, nitrogen enrichment increased severity, but this effect declined as heat stress increased. Our work shows that nitrogen enrichment can either mitigate or exacerbate coral death from marine heatwaves depending on heat stress intensity and the taxa involved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 118758"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine litter pollution on Amazonian beaches: A risk assessment study with focus on non-urban beaches","authors":"Ingrid Padilha de Souza ,&nbsp;Luci Cajueiro Carneiro Pereira ,&nbsp;Brenda Ribeiro Padilha da Silva ,&nbsp;Rauquírio Marinho da Costa","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To better understand the impacts of marine litter, this study focused on the development and application of the Macro-Litter Risk Index-MLRI using two Amazonian beaches, rural and village beaches. This index facilitates comparisons between different beaches, offering a detailed classification of risks and contributing to impact assessment and mitigation through the formulation of appropriate public policies. The MLRI is based on five sub-indices, of which two were adapted for non urban beach settings to ensure its applicability. No weighting was assigned to the sub indices, reinforcing their equal importance in the final result. Each sub-index was rated on a scale from 1 (Very High risk) to 5 (Very Low risk), with the MLRI value calculated as the arithmetic mean of these ratings. On each beach, macro-litter was manually collected in four pre-defined areas, each measuring 400 m². These areas were located within the intertidal zone, with their upper boundary set at the high tide line. The items were quantified and characterized according to marine litter survey and monitoring protocols. According to the MLRI, the rural beach was classified as Low risk (score 4) due to its low level of impact, while the village beach was classified as Moderate risk (score 3), indicating moderate environmental, public health, and economic impacts. The results highlight the vulnerability of each beach according to the sub-indices and emphasize the need for public policy implementation. Overall, this index can be applied to any non-urban beach worldwide, providing valuable insights to support the development of public policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 118747"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics selectively enrich potential plastic-degrading bacteria in estuaries","authors":"Xuri Dong ,&nbsp;Yanru He ,&nbsp;Changjun Li ,&nbsp;Qingqing Li ,&nbsp;Lixin Zhu ,&nbsp;Daoji Li","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Being the transition zones between rivers and the ocean, estuaries are critical pathways for the transport of millions of tons of land-based microplastics (MPs) into the ocean. These dynamic systems facilitate significant transformation processes for MPs, particularly through their interactions with microbial communities. However, the dynamics of the Plastisphere, particularly how it varies across different types of estuaries and in response to seasonal environmental changes, remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, comprehensive samples were collected from four major estuaries (Qiantangjiang, Jiaojiang, Oujiang, and Minjiang River Estuaries) in Southeast China during both spring and autumn. The diversity of microorganisms associated with water, sediment, MPs, and particulate organic matter (wood) surfaces was analyzed. Our results indicated that bacterial species on MPs varied across estuaries in spring but exhibited no significant variation in autumn. The bacterial diversity on MPs was significantly different from that in water or sediment samples, but exhibited a similar pattern to that on particulate organic matter, with dominant species being more abundant on MPs. Eukaryotic diversity on MPs closely mirrored that in water, although more specific fungal species were found in the water. Despite these similarities, bacteria on MP surfaces exhibited higher levels of xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism compared to the other three matrices. Species classification and functional annotation revealed a higher proportion of potential plastic-degrading bacteria on MP surfaces, indicating that the enrichment of potential plastic-degrading bacteria on MPs was driven by their direct association with plastic degradation, rather than their planktonic state or surface attachment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 118731"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of different anchoring techniques for seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) restoration","authors":"Gema Hernán ,&nbsp;Laura Royo ,&nbsp;Tatí Benjumea ,&nbsp;José Escaño ,&nbsp;Fiona Tomas","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seagrass ecosystems face threats from multiple human-derived stressors that are causing the loss of these important habitats worldwide. Active restoration using innovative, cost-effective techniques, particularly with uprooted fragments that avoid damage to donor meadows, offers potential for recovery. However, non-ecological factors such as cost, logistics or supply are rarely considered but are essential for decision-making and implementation. This two-year study evaluates the feasibility and effectiveness of four anchoring techniques for securing uprooted <em>Posidonia oceanica</em> fragments to the substrate, integrating ecological success with feasibility to identify optimal methodologies. Experiments were conducted in two bays in Mallorca characterized by historical <em>P. oceanica</em> presence. Big staples, small staples, bamboo sticks and calcite pegs, were tested to fix fragments with plagiotropic rhizomes. Across sites, small staples and bamboo sticks supported high establishment success (94 %) while having a low carbon footprint, and ease of use. These methods effectively utilized smaller fragments, which are more commonly available, making them practical for large-scale projects. Although larger fragments may develop more new shoots, their limited availability restricts widespread application. As expected, shoot survival declined, a common patter observed early in <em>P. oceanica</em> restoration process, indicating that a two-year period is insufficient to fully assess long-term restoration success. Consistent performance across sites indicates broad applicability of these techniques in Mediterranean shallow, sheltered areas. Non-ecological indicators also highlight the socio-environmental benefits of bamboo sticks and small staples, making them well-suited for sustainable restoration. These findings underscore the need for a balanced, integrated approach that aligns ecological outcomes with efficiency metrics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18215,"journal":{"name":"Marine pollution bulletin","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 118746"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}