Malawi Medical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Effect of estrogen depletion induced by vinylcyclohexene diepoxide on the ecg in the female rats","authors":"Ghadeer hanthal Alsoud, Wefak Albazi, Khawla Ibrahim Adel","doi":"10.65639/kjvm.25.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.65639/kjvm.25.040","url":null,"abstract":"Vinylcyclohexene Diepoxide (VCD) kills small pre-antral follicles, especially primordial and primary follicles, The bioactivation of VCD in the ovary results in accelerated atresia of these early-stage follicles. This focused follicular destruction disrupts the ovarian reserve, which leads to ovarian failure. The aim of the study includes effect of VCD on the level of estrogen, And evaluating of alterations in ECG parameters associated with estrogen depletion . rats randomly divided into two groups,the first set as control group ,in the second group the rats where received vinylcyclohexene (VCD) 80 mg/kg BW/daily for 2 weeks as a VCD group. In the current study there was a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in the level of estrogen in the serum (17.40±0.17) in the VCD group compared to the control group (10.22±0.41) . the results of this study showed a significant decreased (p ≤ 0.05) in waves of aterial depolarization (P) (1.49 ± 0.09), ventricular depolarization (QRS)(6.22 ± 0.38),ventricular repolarization (T)( 1.474 ± 0.18 ) time in the VCD group as compare with control group (p)( 4.65 ± 0.35 ) ,QRS (16.56 ± 1.2),T (2.544b ± 0.1) increase in voltage of waves 0.052 ± 0.002 MV (P) 0.04 ± 0.004 (QRS) in the VCD group compare to control group 0.02 ± 0.001 (p), 0.024 ± 0.002 (QRS) while there was no significant difference in T wave between control (0.06 ±0.001) and VCD group (0.07 ± 0.004 ) . there is a decrease in the level of estrogen in the VCD group that was injected with the VCD, and this depletion causes an increase in the heart voltage.","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"1 Supplement I","pages":"86-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://kjvm.uokerbala.edu.iq/index.php/kjvm/article/download/40/64","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147913344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, Applications, and Side Effects","authors":"dina khaled saeed","doi":"10.21608/vmmj.2025.423402.1060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/vmmj.2025.423402.1060","url":null,"abstract":"Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have garnered considerable interest recently due to their diverse applications and exceptional physicochemical properties. As AgNPs have distinct optical, electrical, catalytic, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, they are widely used in commercial cosmetics, industrial electronics, medicinal applications such as drug delivery, wound and bone healing, biosensing, and cancer therapy, energy storage, and agricultural applications such as water filtration and treatment systems. Regardless of these benefits, AgNPs have toxic effects due to their accumulation in cellular tissues and organs, causing an increase in ROS, leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and damage to vital organs like the liver, kidneys, spleen, and reproductive tissues. To get AgNPs’ advantages, enhance biocompatibility, and mitigate their harmful effects, many strategies are applied as green synthesis methods, controlled dosage and exposure, size and shape modifications, composite nanoparticles, and surface coating. The appropriate application of AgNPs in industry and medicine depends on careful approaches that combine unique synthesis, safe delivery, and toxicity evaluation. In this review, we seek to gain a better knowledge of how to synthesize AgNPs in order to maximize their benefits while minimizing their toxicity.","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"1 2","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147914024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Macular and Choroidal Thickness in Diabetic Patients in Relation to Glycemic Control","authors":"Magdi Ezz-Eldin Hosny Tawakol, Nermeen Mohamed Abdelhalim, Osama Omar Omar Badr","doi":"10.21608/aimj.2025.446625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/aimj.2025.446625","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Retinopathy, or diabetic eye disease, is a condition in which damage to the retina develops as a result of diabetes. One potential consequence of DR is blindness. Aim and objectives: The purpose of assessing diabetes patients' glucose control in relation to choroidal and macular thickness is to. Subjects and methods: Patients with diabetes who visited the Retina clinic at Al-Azhar University Hospitals between January 2024 and October 2024 were the subjects of this non-cohort, cross-sectional study. Patients were subdivided according to HbA1c levels into 3 subgroups: group-A HbA1c 7 and below, group-B 7-8% and group-C HbA1c above 8%. Each group was examined for SF CT and CMT by OCT. Results: The groups varied significantly in terms of sub-foveal choroidal thickness (μm). Group A had the highest mean value (289.47±49.7), followed by group B (219.6±30.9), and group C had the lowest value (192.46±20.6). Based on central macular thickness (CMT), there is an extremely significant difference between the groups. Group-C had the highest mean value (283.98±50.96), followed by group-B (250.99±41.3), and group-A had the lowest (216.8±29.6). Conclusion: From the results of this study we concluded that, there were positive correlation between HbA1c levels with CMT and negative with SF CT.","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"2025 6","pages":"165-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://aimj.journals.ekb.eg/article_462271_2be692051ee2f239ef534a283bce6f29.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147906197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of toxinogenic and antimicrobial resistant Clostridium perfringens from broilers.","authors":"Tasneem Mohamed Amin, Momen M. Aladl, Mohamed I. Mosaad, Ahmed S. Ahmed, Ahmed R. Elbestawy, Ashraf Awad Abd-El-Tawab, Amani Mosleh","doi":"10.21608/vmmj.2025.361826.1032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/vmmj.2025.361826.1032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147916144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An audit of the HIV drug resistance testing program in Malawi.","authors":"Hope Kanise, Khumbo Nyirenda, Pachawo Bisani, Bilaal W Matola, Amos Makwaya, Katherine Simon, Carrie Cox, Mina C Hosseinipour, Cecilia Kanyama, Anteneh Worku, Sam Phiri, Risa M Hoffman, Rose Nyirenda, Tom Heller, Joep J van Oosterhout","doi":"10.4314/mmj.v37i1.3","DOIUrl":"10.4314/mmj.v37i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>For persons failing on dolutegravir- and protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens, Malawi's HIV program requires confirmation of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) before switching to next-line regimens. Approval of applications for HIVDR testing is determined by a national HIVDR committee that also provides management recommendations based on HIVDR test results. We audited HIVDR test applications for all ages in Malawi's national ART program to evaluate the HIVDR testing process and explore short-term outcomes, including viral suppression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective review of routinely collected data from applications for HIVDR testing registered between July 2020 and December 2021. We determined drop-offs at steps of the HIVDR testing cascade: approval for genotyping, sample collection, receiving results, completion of genotypic sequencing, provision of management recommendations and implementation of recommendations. We assessed ART outcomes, including the first viral load (VL) result ≥6 months after recommendations from the HIVDR committee.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>228 HIVDR applications were received, of which 75% (172/228) were approved. Of these, 72% (124/172) had samples sent to laboratory and 122 genotyping results were obtained. 75% (92/122) of samples were successfully sequenced and 68% (65/92) sequences had ≥1 major drug resistance-associated mutation, including 17% with moderate or high-level dolutegravir resistance of individuals on dolutegravir-based regimens. Treatment outcomes were available for 90 clients: 65 were alive on ART, 3 had defaulted, 12 died, 9 transferred out and 1 stopped ART. Of 68 available follow-up VL results, 34 (51%) were <1,000 copies/mL.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This audit demonstrates gaps in Malawi's HIVDR testing cascade and concerning clinical outcomes among those with follow up results: considerable attrition from care and low VL suppression. These results suggest that improvements in HIVDR testing in the Malawi HIV program need to be considered, including in-country sequencing and more efficient procedures for applications, approvals, clinical recommendations and clinical follow up.</p>","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"16-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153224/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145634657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypertension and its association with anthropometric indices among Nigerian adolescents.","authors":"Peace N Ani, Chidubem N Ezema, Adaobi M Okafor, Ngozi M Nnam","doi":"10.4314/mmj.v37i1.6","DOIUrl":"10.4314/mmj.v37i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hypertension has become increasingly common among adolescents such that it poses a significant health concern. To develop effective prevention and management strategies, it is essential to understand the association between hypertension and various factors. This study therefore sought to investigate the prevalence of hypertension and its association with anthropometric indices among Nigerian adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among Nigerian adolescents aged 10-19 years in 2022, using a multi stage sampling method. Anthropometric measurements were obtained using mobile stadiometer, bathroom weighing scale, measuring tape, and personal body fat caliper while blood pressure was determined using digital blood pressure monitor. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM Statistical Product for Service Solution, version 23 and significance was accepted at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 455 respondents (58.5% females & 41.5% males) with mean age of 14.7±2.3 years participated in the study. Their mean weight (kg), height (cm) and BMI (kg/m2) were 55.1 ± 11.5, 162.7±71.3, and 21.5±3.1, respectively. More females than males had hypertension (19.9% vs. 12.7%), whereas more males than females had pre-hypertension (19.0% vs. 17.7%). Obese adolescents had significantly (p = 0.000) higher prevalence of hypertension (18.2%) compared to pre-hypertension (1.2%). Adolescents who had abnormal triceps and sub-scapular skinfold thicknesses also had significantly (p = 0.000) higher prevalence of hypertension (11.7% vs. 7.8%) compared to pre-hypertension (4.8% vs. 3.6%) and normal blood pressure (2.4% vs. 0.3%). No significant (p > 0.05) association was observed between the waist-hip ratio and blood pressure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Blood pressure showed positive correlation with anthropometric indices except for waist- hip ratio, which had no significant association with blood pressure. Regular screening for hypertension among at-risk adolescents and early initiation of treatment for affected individuals should be conducted to prevent potential complications in later life.</p>","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"36-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145634731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turkısh translatıon and valıdatıon of the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC) Questıonnaıres.","authors":"Seyda Yilmaz Ozal, Nihan Kafa, Fuat Yuksel, Nevin Guzel","doi":"10.4314/mmj.v37i1.7","DOIUrl":"10.4314/mmj.v37i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exposure to repetitive activities and heavy workloads makes athletes vulnerable to overuse injuries in time. Well-timed detection of these injuries is crucial to maintaining their sports career healthily. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre questionnaires for Overuse Injury (OSTRC-O) and Health Problems (OSTRC-H) are universally used as valid and reliable tools in athlete health screening. We aimed to make them available to Turkish athletes and assess their psychometric properties.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The questionnaires were adapted to Turkish based on systematic guidelines. Seventy-two athletes were recruited from various sports branches. The internal consistency, reproducibility, and validity of the questionnaires were checked. Their total scores were compared with the scores of the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ) and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) for concurrent validity. Thirty-three participants were screened for six weeks to detect score changes and calculate effect sizes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Cronbach alpha values of the OSTRC-O and OSTRC-H were very high (.90 and .91, respectively). Test-retest reliability was excellent for both questionnaires (.98, p<.01). There was a moderate correlation between OSTRC-O and OSTRC-H scores with CMDQ and NHP (p<.01). The area under the curve (AUC) values were higher than .70 for all scales. The effect size values were moderate for all scales.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Turkish versions of the OSTRC-O and OSTRC-H questionnaires are valid and reliable tools for Turkish-speaking athletes in different sports branches.</p>","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"44-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153226/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145635068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular disease risk factors and the ten-year Cardiovascular disease risk among employees of a public university in Blantyre, Malawi.","authors":"Milca Mzunga, Gomezgani Msiska, Cecilia M Phiri, Victoria Mukhula, Angel J Mtonga, Dikani Salema, George Chirambo, Asante Makuta, Fanuel Lampiao, Adamson Muula, Mwapatsa Mipando, Kondwani Gh Katundu","doi":"10.4314/mmj.v37i1.1","DOIUrl":"10.4314/mmj.v37i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) are the leading cause of death globally and disproportionately affect developing countries such as Malawi. Screening and management of significant ASCVD risk factors is essential. In Malawi, the prevalence of ASCVD risk factors among university staff, an economically important population, has not been well reported. This study investigated the prevalence of risk factors for ASCVDs and the ASCVD risk among employees of the Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, in Blantyre, Malawi.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2022 with 105 participants. Sociodemographic data, medical history, and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Blood samples were analyzed for HbA1C and serum lipids. Associated risk factors for ASCVD were assessed. The 10-year risk for ASCVD was calculated based on the Framingham Risk Table to predict 10-year cardiovascular outcomes. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression to evaluate associations while adjusting for potential confounders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overweight and obesity were prevalent in 78% of the participants, while 43% and 42% of the participants had blood pressure readings in the pre-hypertension and hypertension categories, respectively. A proportion of 21% and 8% of the participants had HbA1c readings in the category of pre-diabetes and diabetes, respectively. Dyslipidaemia was detected in 72% of the participants. Regarding ASCVD risk, 58% had intermediate risk, while 13% had high risk. Being overweight or obese and age over 30 years predicted intermediate to high ASCVD risk (AOR 1.24 (95% CI 1.04 - 1.49) p=0.02, and (AOR 1.51 (95% CI 1.16 - 1.97) p < 0.01, 0.0001 respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reveals a high prevalence of ASCVD risk factors among KUHeS employees, with two-thirds of the population having an intermediate or high 10-year ASCVD risk. Routine screening and tailored management strategies are essential to reduce the ASCVD risk and burden in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153218/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145634651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB)-Positive Individuals within the Healthcare Catchment Area of Mzuzu Central Hospital, Malawi.","authors":"Ning Zhang, Thomas Stuart Mughogho, Rashid Kaseka, Dokani Michael Ndovi, Zhonglin Wang, Jian Hu, Xiaoqin Wang","doi":"10.4314/mmj.v37i1.2","DOIUrl":"10.4314/mmj.v37i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the characteristics of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-positive population within the healthcare service area of Mzuzu Central Hospital in Malawi, with the objective of providing a scientific foundation for tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control strategies in the region.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study encompassed 4,711 patients who underwent GeneXpert (GeneXpert MTB/RIF or GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra) testing. Data on laboratory results, demographics, HIV status, and residential addresses were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 4,711 patients, 424 (9%) tested MTB-positive. A strong correlation was observed between MTB and HIV infection, as HIV/TB co-infection accounted for 47.9% of MTB-positive cases (χ²=46.311, p<0.001). The MTB positivity rate for males, at 12.4% (291/2341), is significantly higher (χ²=66.858, p<0.001) than that for females, which stands at 5.6% (133/2370), irrespective of HIV status. The age distribution of MTB-positive patients peaked in the 21-55 age bracket, with a median age of 37.0 (29.0, 47.0). The third quarter of each year, particularly September exhibited the highest positivity rate of 13.1%. Within Mzimba District, 87.8% of TB patients resided in Mzuzu city, with Luwinga (21.8%), Mchengautuwa (12.5%), and Zolozolo (9.9%) being the top three townships. Most newly diagnosed cases received treatment (85.1%), but the rifampicin resistance rate (4.7%) exceeded the national average.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Within the healthcare catchment area of Mzuzu Central Hospital, MTB infection is significantly associated with HIV. Males show a higher MTB positivity rate than females. The study identifies high-risk age groups, temporal trends, and geographical TB patterns. Rifampicin resistance is a critical issue needing urgent attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"10-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145634662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cost of unnecessary test orders: a retrospective study.","authors":"Adil Aydoğdu, Bayram Şahın","doi":"10.4314/mmj.v37i1.4","DOIUrl":"10.4314/mmj.v37i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Limited resources available to meet unlimited human needs necessitate the prevention of unnecessary use in the field of health. One of the unnecessary expenditures in health is the use of laboratory tests. The aim of this study is to determine the level of unnecessary laboratory test requests and the risk factors affecting unnecessary use in a university hospital.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In the study, the 15 most frequently used biochemistry tests in a university hospital were evaluated retrospectively. The Rational Laboratory Test Request Procedure of the Ministry of Health was used to determine the use of unnecessary tests. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors affecting unnecessary test use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis results showed that the ratio of unnecessary use of 15 biochemistry tests was 9.1%, and the cost of unnecessary tests was 584.186,3 TL (114.997,3 $). It was found that the probability of requesting unnecessary tests differed significantly according to the branches of the tests requested, the age and gender of the patients and the academic title of the physicians (p<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It is thought that the study will provide important clues in the development of managerial interventions to prevent unnecessary test usage and control costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"23-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145635038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}