Malawi Medical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Determination of Factors Affecting Covid-19 Vaccine Literacy and in Pandemics Vaccine Hesitation Levels of Adults: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Dilay Açil, Ayşe Çal, Burcu Cengız","doi":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.6","DOIUrl":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The vaccination status and risk perception towards the vaccine of individuals varies according to their level of knowledge about the vaccine. But the anti-vaccination or vaccine hesitancy movement that has emerged in pandemic period. It was aimed to evaluate the factors affecting Covid-19 vaccine literacy and vaccine hesitation levels of adults in pandemics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted with individuals working in a public institution between June and September 2022 as a cross-sectional design (n=435). The data were collected through the Introductory Information Form, the Covid-19 Vaccine Literacy Scale and the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale in Pandemics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The rate of the participants who had the Covid-19 vaccine was found to be 96.8%. The total mean score of the Covid-19 Vaccine Literacy Scale was found to be 2.71±.49 and the Vaccine Hesitancy in Pandemics Scale total mean score to be 27.94±5.19. The Covid-19 vaccine literacy level of the participants had a statistically significant effect on the vaccine hesitancy in pandemics (p<.05). Vaccine hesitancy may be associated with many different variables; educational status and vaccine literacy are predictors of vaccine hesitancy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Covid-19 vaccine literacy was found to be moderate in the group examined, and it affected the level of vaccine hesitancy and the predictors of them. It is crucial that the health professionals especially nurses and social media resources preferred by the society as a source of information convey accurate and up-to-date information to individuals. Nurses should be a facilitator for community getting right and currrent knowledge of vaccines via social media, face to face contact, scientific programmes.</p>","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"37 3","pages":"162-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12547324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145635117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Dysmenorrhea on Participation in Academic Activities by Female Undergraduate Pharmacy Students in Nigerian Universities: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Assessment.","authors":"Jennifer Chinaecherem Onyehalu, Abdulmuminu Isah, Ezinwanne Jane Ugochukwu, Chukwuemeka Augustine Nwachuya, Chisom Victoria Aniefuna, Dickson Onyedikachi Ugwu, Uzochukwu Emmanuel Chima, Anthony Uche Umeh, Hadiza Usman Ma'aji, Maryam Jummai Imam","doi":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.3","DOIUrl":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dysmenorrhea is a gynecological condition with symptoms ranging from mild pain to severe pain. In students especially those enrolled in rigorous academic programs like pharmacy, the condition may disrupt their academic participation and performance. However, there have been limited evidence on how it impedes this population's academic activities.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess the impact of dysmenorrhea on participation in academic activities among pharmacy students in Nigerian universities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted using a cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire-based design among pharmacy students in Nigeria universities. Cluster random sampling technique (one school of pharmacy per each of the six geopolitical zones) was employed in selecting the participating pharmacy schools. Descriptive analysis was done to summarize the data. Chi-square test was performed to identify the relationships between various study variables across the universities. Binary logistic regression was used to determine predictors of the impact of dysmenorrhea on the respondents' participation in academic activities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 1387 respondents, the majority [972(70.08%)] were aged 20-25 years. Almost all respondents [1311(90.52%)] were single. Most of them [975 (70.30%)] saw their menses for the first time at ages 12-15 years. Among the respondents, 1220(87.96%) reported experiencing dysmenorrhea (p=0.017). Of these, 669(54.84%) had their onset of pain on the first day of their menses (p=0.017). Moderate [587(48.11%)] and severe [432(35.41%)] pain were reported. The reported impacts of dysmenorrhea included decrease in physical activities [1151(94.34%)], decreased concentration during lectures [1079(88.44%)], decrease in studying time [1011(82.87%)], absence from classes [643(52.70%)], and poor examination performance [299(24.51%)]. Predictors of the impact of dysmenorrhea were age, institution, level of study and pain intensity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study revealed a high prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea, characterized by predominantly moderate pain lasting 1-2 days. The impacts included decreased physical activities, reduced concentration in lectures, decreased study time, class absenteeism, and poor examination performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"37 3","pages":"136-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12547317/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145635115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Hepatitis C Virus Infection on Liver Function, T Cell Immunity, and Mortality Risk in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients.","authors":"Ning Zhang, Hua Liu, Syleenah Molebogeng Moloto, Jian Hu, Jie Zheng, Yingli He, Xiaoqin Wang","doi":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.2","DOIUrl":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This retrospective study explored the clinical impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients through comprehensive analysis of liver/renal function parameters, cellular immunity profiles, and long-term survival outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study enrolled 28 HCV-infected MHD patients (MHD-HCV group), 28 HCV-negative MHD patients (MHD group), and 21 healthy controls (NC group) retrospectively. Liver and renal functions, lymphocyte subset analysis, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were assessed. Overall survival at a median follow-up of 4 years was compared between the MHD-HCV and MHD groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Biochemical analysis demonstrated significantly elevated liver enzymes in the MHD-HCV group compared to MHD group, with mean alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels of 26.6 ± 18.6 vs. 10.1 ± 7.1U/L (<i>P</i> < <i>0.001</i>) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels of 20.0 ± 9.0 vs. 11.8 ± 5.5U/L (<i>P = 0.001</i>). Furthermore, the MHD-HCV group had elevated total bile acid (7.70 ± 7.17 vs. 3.44 ± 1.75, <i>P = 0.007</i>), total protein (67.9 ± 5.2 vs. 63.9 ± 5.6, <i>P = 0.012</i>), globulin (31.1 ± 5.9 vs. 26.5 ± 3.6, <i>P = 0.003</i>). Immunological profiling revealed significant upregulation of both regulatory T cells (Tregs: 4.48 ± 2.94 vs. 2.48 ± 1.81, <i>P < 0.001</i>) and interleukin-10 (IL-10: 78.7 ± 45.1 vs. 34.2 ± 15.2, <i>P < 0.001</i>). The patients in the MHD-HCV group had higher mortality risk compared with those in the MHD group (χ²=4.383, <i>P = 0.036</i>).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HCV infection in MHD patients leads to non-negligible liver dysfunction, elevated Tregs and IL-10, as well as higher mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"37 3","pages":"129-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12547322/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145635145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dr Martha Makwero talks to Thengo Kavinya on her career.","authors":"","doi":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/mmj.v37i3.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"37 3","pages":"207-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12547325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145635183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A reproducible R workflow to preserve variable and value labels in Stata, SPSS, and SAS datasets for transparent and reproducible health research.","authors":"Wingston Felix Ng'ambi, Adamson Sinjani Muula","doi":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.10","DOIUrl":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Large-scale health surveys like the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and WHO STEPS are essential for tracking health trends and guiding policies in low- and middle-income countries. However, when these datasets are imported into tools like R, they often lose crucial metadata, variable and value labels, turning clear categories into cryptic codes. This slows analysis, risks errors, and weakens data reuse.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We developed a reproducible workflow in R to import and process survey data while preserving variable and value labels. Using open-source packages such as haven, labelled, and tidyverse, we automated reading of datasets, extraction of metadata, replacement of codes with readable labels, and renaming of variables with full descriptions. The workflow was designed to be modular, easy to adapt, and accessible for analysts with basic R skills.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We tested the workflow on the contraceptive use module from the 2015/16 Malawi DHS and the tobacco use module from Malawi's Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Without our process, variables appeared as vague codes (e.g., v312) and responses as plain numbers. After applying our workflow, these were transformed into clear, labelled categories like \"Injectable\" or \"Never Married.\" Frequency tables generated from the cleaned data were easier to interpret and share. This automated approach saved several hours of manual recoding and reduced the risk of errors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>By maintaining metadata, our workflow improves transparency, reproducibility, and efficiency in digital health research. This supports better training, clearer communication, and more reliable use of health data for policy and program decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"37 3","pages":"193-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12547319/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145635037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Doctor's Level of Knowledge on Radiation Protection with Respect to CT Examinations at Mzuzu Central Hospital.","authors":"Blessed Kondowe, Brave Kadoko Nyirenda, Elijah Ndlovu Kampala, Zhe Liu, Jin Shang","doi":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.1","DOIUrl":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Radiation protection is the most important practice in medical imaging, and referring physicians responsible for requesting radiological examinations, including computed tomography (CT), must be aware of and compliant with it in order to minimize future carcinogenic risks. This study aimed at assessing medical doctors' level of knowledge on radiation protection with respect to CT examinations at Mzuzu Central Hospital (MCH).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted at MCH in July 2019. A questionnaire was used to collect relevant data from CT medical doctors. All medical doctors registered with the Medical Council of Malawi (MCM) were included in the study. The purposive sampling method was used due to the small number of medical doctors at the facility. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 was used for descriptive analysis. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Out of 24 medical doctors, 23 (95.8%) of them were aware of radiation protection, and 21 (87.5%) were involved in CT examination prescription at MCH. However, 11 (45.8%) of the medical doctors are not aware that more medical radiation is contributed by CT scans. Similarly, the study found that 13 (54.2%) of the doctors do not always consider radiation protection principles of justification and as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) when prescribing CT examinations. Furthermore, 20.8% of the medical doctors do not know the role of non-radiation imaging modalities like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound scanning (USS).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Much as the majority of the medical doctors are aware of radiation protection, most of them are not aware that CT scanners emit more radiation than general x-rays, with 54.2% adhering to fundamental principles of radiation protection. About 20.8% of the doctors are not conversant with the role of non-radiation imaging modalities like MRI or USS and when to use them.</p>","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"37 3","pages":"122-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12547316/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145635077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BiInferApp: A Shiny Application for Bidirectional Inference between P-values and Confidence Intervals for epidemiological measures of effects in R software.","authors":"Wingston Felix Ng'ambi, Adamson Sinjani Muula","doi":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.9","DOIUrl":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper introduces an interactive Shiny web application designed to facilitate bidirectional statistical inference by allowing users to derive p-values from reported confidence intervals and vice versa. The tool serves as a practical resource for researchers, students, and reviewers aiming to verify or reconstruct statistical evidence from in-review and published results. The app supports common scenarios in epidemiology, clinical trials, and social science research, with a focus on odds ratios, and risk ratios. The publication discusses the underlying statistical formulas, app functionality, user interface design, and potential for integration into meta-analysis and reproducibility pipelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"37 3","pages":"189-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12547321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145635021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Pet Ownership on Quality of Life and Personality Traits in Individuals.","authors":"Dilek Baykal, Şeyma Demiralay, İlkay Keser","doi":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.4","DOIUrl":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The management of chronic diseases is important in managing global health and reducing mortality. The management of chronic diseases is an important factor affecting the quality of life. The perception of chronic diseases reveals the management of the disease process, reactions the individual reveals, and the differences in coping styles. Different approaches to events arise from different personality traits. In addition to medical treatment, psychosocial treatments/interventions are recommended in compliance with chronic diseases that reduce the quality of life and the management of symptoms. One of these intervention methods is animal-supported interventions based on human-animal interaction.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to examine the effect of pet ownership on quality of life and personality traits in individuals with chronic diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were collected in face-to-face interviews in a private hospital in İstanbul, Turkiye between October 2021 and 2022. A descriptive characteristics information form, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviated (EPQR-A, and the Quality-of-Life Scale Short Form (SF-12) were used for data collection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the study, there was a significance between the SF12-Mental composite score of individuals with chronic diseases who were not with their pets and stated that they had difficulty in pet care. There was also a significance between those who stated that they had difficulty in pet care and SF12-Physical composite score, extraversion, and lie subscales. There was a significance between SF12-Mental composite score and those who had a dog, cat, hamster, or rabbit and between SF12-Physical composite score and those who had a dog, cat, or hamster.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The status of being with their pets, having difficulty in their care, and thinking that pets limited their lives affect the quality of life of people with chronic diseases. In addition, the personality traits of these patients change according to the pets they have and their quality of life is affected.</p>","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"37 3","pages":"145-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12547320/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145634570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Development of Local Diagnostic Reference Levels for Common Adult Computed Tomography Examinations at Mzuzu Central Hospital, Malawi.","authors":"Blessed Kondowe, Clement Dominic Chaphuka, Patrick Manda, Brave Kadoko Nyirenda, Sope Msuku, Master R O Chisale, Zhe Liu, Jin Shang","doi":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.5","DOIUrl":"10.4314/mmj.v37i3.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diagnostic reference level (DRL) is an important tool used to identify abnormally high radiation doses, aid dose audits, and trigger investigations in diagnostic radiological imaging. This study aimed to develop local DRLs for the adult head, chest, and abdomen computed tomography (CT) examinations without contrast material at Mzuzu Central Hospital (MCH).</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This retrospective study was conducted at MCH radiology department using a NeuViz 16-slice Essence CT scanner from September 2023 to March 2024. The consecutive sampling method was used to extract data from patients' head, chest, and abdominal images from advanced visualization workspace (AVW) and Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) using a checklist. All images were anonymized, and the data was kept in password-locked folders. Data was exported into SPSS version 26.0 software for analysis. Continuous variables were expressed as means and medians. Categorical variables were presented in form of tables as frequencies. The local DRLs were obtained by calculating the median radiation dose values by anatomical region.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 802 patients enrolled in this study, 361 (45%) had head CT examinations, 187 (23%) had chest CT examinations, and 254 (32%) had abdomen CT examinations without contrast. Local DRLs obtained by calculating the median of volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) for the head, chest, and abdomen CT examinations were 31 mGy, 5 mGy, 7 mGy, and 699 mGy.cm, 227 mGy.cm, and 331 mGy.cm, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Local DRLs for the head, chest, and abdomen have been developed for a NeuViz 16 Essence multi-detector CT scanner at MCH. The CTDIvol and DLP median values were lower or comparable to other single-facility, regional, and international values. This study should serve as a baseline for developing national adult CT DRLs for Malawi.</p>","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"37 3","pages":"154-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12547318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145635174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Histological Changes Resulting from the Effect of the Drug Pregnyl on the Histological Structure of The Lungs in the White Mouse Mus Musculus","authors":"Ashwak T. Hamadi, Ibtisam Khalaf Abd ali, Thekra Atta Ibrahim","doi":"10.47310/jpms2025140720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47310/jpms2025140720","url":null,"abstract":"The present investigation aimed to identify the effect of the drug pregnyl on the histological structure of the lungs in male Swiss mice (Mus musculus). The study included the use of 14 mice divided into two groups, with 14 mice in each group, and the animals of each group were placed in a separate cage. The first group, which is the control group, its animals were treated with distilled water only for 30 days, while the mice of the second group, which is the experimental group, were injected by concentration of 0.2 mg of pregnyl/kg of body weight intraperitoneally, for 30 days too. On the last day, the animals were sacrificed, their lungs were extirpation, and their tissue sections were prepared. The results obtained from the histological study showed that all animals treated with pregnyl exhibited pathological histological changes in the lungs, represented by degeneration and necrosis of the cells lining some bronchi and the separation of some cells from the epithelial layer. It was also noted that there was a gap between the epithelial tissue and the submucosal layer. The results of the study showed the occurrence of edema between the alveoli and alveolar sacs and an increase in the thickness of the wall between the alveoli. On the other hand, congestion and bleeding occurred in the blood vessels, and cellular infiltration was observed between the alveoli and alveolar sacs. It was also noted that there was a break in the wall of the alveoli and alveolar sacs and their accumulation inside the alveolar cavity. It was also noted that there was a collection of inflammatory cells and blood congestion between the alveoli and alveolar sacs. It was also noted that there was a rupture between the alveoli and the occurrence of blood bleeding. The blood vessel was distorted and congested with the appearance of a blood clot inside the blood vessel, in addition to the occurrence of fibrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells around the vessel. In addition, active transport vesicles inside the vessels appeared, indicating a high activity of the blood vessel lining.","PeriodicalId":18185,"journal":{"name":"Malawi Medical Journal","volume":"14 07","pages":"127-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://jpmsonline.com/article/download/791/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147896764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}